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<li><a href="#introduction" id="toc-introduction" class="nav-link active" data-scroll-target="#introduction"><span class="header-section-number">10.1</span> Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#technical-remarks" id="toc-technical-remarks" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#technical-remarks"><span class="header-section-number">10.2</span> Technical Remarks</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-10.3" id="toc-sec-10.3" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#sec-10.3"><span class="header-section-number">10.3</span> Ostraka</a></li>
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<li><a href="#sec-10.5" id="toc-sec-10.5" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#sec-10.5"><span class="header-section-number">10.5</span> Figural Dipinti and Graffiti</a></li>
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<h1 class="title"><span id="sec-chapter-10" class="quarto-section-identifier"><span class="chapter-number">10</span> <span class="chapter-title">Ostraka and Graffiti</span></span></h1>
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<p>Roger S. Bagnall and Dorota Dzierzbicka </p>
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<p><strong><em>This is an online digital edition from ISAW Digital Monographs. The print edition of this work can be consulted at <a href="https://isaw.nyu.edu/publications/isaw-monographs/ain-el-gedida">https://isaw.nyu.edu/publications/isaw-monographs/ain-el-gedida</a></em></strong></p>
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<h2 data-number="10.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="introduction"><span class="header-section-number">10.1</span> Introduction</h2>
<p id="p1">
The ostraka uncovered at ʿAin el-Gedida in 2006–2008 fall into the common categories represented in this type of texts: a short letter (<strong><a href="#ost-1">1</a></strong>), accounts (<strong><a href="#ost-2">2-3</a></strong>), lists (<strong><a href="#ost-4">4</a></strong>) and receipts (<strong><a href="#ost-5">5-9</a></strong>). Texts on three of the ostraka (<strong><a href="#ost-10">10-12</a></strong>) were classified as uncertain because of their fragmentary or laconic nature. Ten were written in Greek and two in Coptic.
</p>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p id="p2">
Eleven out of twelve ostraka are dated to the fourth century, either on palaeographic and internal grounds or based on their archaeological context. One ostrakon (<strong><a href="#ost-9">9</a></strong>, see comm. l. 1) is assigned to the third century because of the monetary value of rent mentioned in the text. The ostrakon’s early dating is in agreement with the chronology of its context, as it appears to belong to the phase when the building where it was found was a temple, possibly dated to the second–third century (see <a href="6_west-complex.html#sec-6.5" class="quarto-xref"><span>Section 6.5</span></a> and <a href="6_west-complex.html#sec-6.7" class="quarto-xref"><span>Section 6.7</span></a>). Undated ostraka from surface clearance or unreliable contexts (<strong><a href="#ost-1">1</a></strong>, <strong><a href="#ost-3">3</a></strong>, <strong><a href="#ost-10">10</a></strong>, <strong><a href="#ost-12">12</a></strong>) were assigned to the fourth century both on palaeographic grounds and because the bulk of the pottery and coins recovered from ʿAin el-Gedida (<a href="./8_la-ceramique.html">Chapter 8</a> and <a href="./9_coins.html">Chapter 9</a>) indicate that the site was occupied in that century. Moreover, the Coptic texts are very unlikely to date before the fourth century, and there are some reasons to think that <strong><a href="#ost-1">1</a></strong> might be later. The absence of any other material datable later than the late fourth or early fifth century at the site, however, leads us to prefer an earlier date to that chronological zone, which is also consistent with the general horizon of the latest ostraka at Kellis and Trimithis. Ostraka from secure contexts were dated more precisely on the basis of numismatic evidence (<strong><a href="#ost-4">4</a></strong>, <strong><a href="#ost-8">8</a></strong>, <strong><a href="#ost-11">11</a></strong>) and their chronology is discussed in greater detail below.
</p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="margin-aside">p. 508</span></div></div>
<p id="p3">
Four documents (<strong><a href="#ost-2">2</a></strong>, <strong><a href="#ost-5">5</a></strong>, <strong><a href="#ost-6">6</a></strong>, <strong><a href="#ost-7">7</a></strong>), three of which come from the same building, carry indiction dates. Given the practice recorded at other sites in the Dakhla Oasis (see discussion in <em>O.Trim.</em> 1, Introduction), it is reasonable to place them in the second half of the fourth century. At nearby Kellis we have no secure evidence for the use of the indiction cycle before the middle of the fourth century. In addition, the apparent continued use of regnal years up to the reign of Constantius in Trimithis ostraka seems to confirm the generally late arrival of indiction reckoning in the Dakhla Oasis. If the impression from the Kellis material is not misleading, and if ʿAin el-Gedida followed Kellis in this practice, then the years mentioned in these four documents fall in the second half of the fourth century.
</p>
<p id="p4">
<strong><a href="#ost-2">2</a></strong>, <strong><a href="#ost-6">6</a></strong>, and <strong><a href="#ost-7">7</a></strong>, discovered in two different rooms of one building complex, may be chronologically related to one another. The 12th and 13th indictions (353/4 and 354/5, 368/9 and 369/370, or 383/4 and 384/5) appear in no. <strong><a href="#ost-2">2</a></strong>, found in room B3, and the 11th indiction (352/3, 367/8 or 382/3) is attested in no. <strong><a href="#ost-7">7</a></strong> from room B1 of the same complex. These two ostraka were found in layers of occupational/ post-occupational debris directly above floor levels (<strong><a href="#ost-2">2</a></strong>: room B3, DSU10; <strong><a href="#ost-7">7</a></strong>: room B1, DSU14). <strong><a href="#ost-6">6</a></strong>, in turn, was embedded in the plaster of a niche in room B1, which may be later than the wall this niche was in, but certainly not post-occupation. The second indiction mentioned in this document likely corresponds to 358/9, 373/4 or 388/9. Therefore, given the context and the relatively short life span of this type of document, it is possible that the three ostraka refer to years of the same indiction cycle. The find patterns at Kellis and Trimithis on the whole lead us to think the indiction cycle of 357–372 is the most likely choice.
</p>
<p id="p5">
No. <strong><a href="#ost-5">5</a></strong>, found in Room B4, also mentions the 13th indiction (354/5 or 369/370; the earlier possible but less probable dates are 324/5 and 339/40), but it need not be the same year as in <strong><a href="#ost-2">2</a></strong>, since B4 was not part of the same complex.
</p>
<p id="p6">
Place names mentioned in the ostraka are few but worthy of note. One toponym that deserves to be discussed is found in <strong><a href="#ost-9">9</a></strong>, a receipt issued to a Paulos son of Mersis from the <em>georgion</em> of Pmoun Berri (for <em>georgion</em>, see comm. <em>ad loc</em>., l. 3). Pmoun Berri, which stems from Coptic ⲃⲣⲣⲉ (new, young), means ‘New Well’. The toponym is attested in <em>P.Kellis</em> 1 G 5.12 (there spelled Βερι), in <em>O.Trim</em>. 114, and in an unpublished ostrakon from ʿAin es-Sabil found in 2009. However, given the meaning of the name and the hydrology of the region, there may well have been more than one locality with this name in the Dakhla Oasis.<a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1" role="doc-noteref"><sup>1</sup></a> Since the modern Arabic name of the site has essentially the same meaning, one is tempted to identify ʿAin el-Gedida as the <em>georgion</em> of Pmoun Berri. Nonetheless, it also cannot be entirely excluded that the settlement mentioned in the text was located somewhere else. Therefore, the hypothesis that modern ʿAin el-Gedida is an ancient site called Pmoun Berri is likely to be true, although it awaits confirmation in new evidence.
</p>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p id="p7">
Other topographic references in the ʿAin el-Gedida ostraka concern Mothis. This is not surprising, as it was the main urban center and, from the beginning of the fourth century, the capital of the nome the settlement was part of. In <strong><a href="#ost-2">2</a></strong>, the account of wheat and must, Mothis is the destination of a part of the produce. <strong><a href="#ost-5">5</a></strong> is a receipt for <em>annona</em> for the imperial estate of Mothis. Kellis, the closest town, is not mentioned directly in the documents but seems to be connected to ʿAin el-Gedida in a number of ways. The wording, formulas and onomastics in accounts and receipts from ʿAin el-Gedida find numerous parallels in the material from Kellis. For instance, <strong><a href="#ost-2">2</a></strong> resembles the Kellis Account Book in phrasing and composition. The accounting of this text is also very similar to that found in other Kellis documents. The mentions of amounts going “to the house” (εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν) and “to the camp” (εἰς τὰ κάστρα), the appearance of <em>dapanê</em>, payment of salary, and the concept of a balance with the writer (λοιπὲ παρ᾽ ἐμοί) all point to the likelihood that he was another of the estate managers, <em>pronoêtai</em>, who were responsible for the Kellis Account Book (see <em>KAB</em> pp. 70–72) and many other documents from Kellis and Trimithis. What is more, some individuals mentioned in the ostraka are attested at Kellis (see esp. <strong><a href="#ost-4">4</a></strong>).
</p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="margin-aside">p. 509</span></div></div>
<p id="p8">
The ʿAin el-Gedida ostraka are mostly concerned with agricultural and fiscal issues and their subject matter and vocabulary are consistent with that of textual evidence from other sites in the Great Oasis. The foodstuffs mentioned are wheat, barley, and must, commodities are transported on donkeys, and rents are paid in money and chickens. The measures used are consistent with the ones in documentation from other sites in the Dakhla Oasis and discussed most thoroughly in the <em>KAB</em> (pp. 47–51).
</p>
<p id="p9">
The documentary evidence shows that ʿAin el-Gedida was a village or hamlet in the Mothite nome that functioned as a satellite of the larger town of Kellis and was associated with it, and likely with other <em>epoikia</em> surrounding it, through ties of land ownership and tenancy, as well as personal relations. The texts show an agricultural community likely tied to a large estate like the one that produced the <em>KAB</em>. However, at this point it is difficult to say if ʿAin el-Gedida was property of a single individual.
</p>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p id="p10">
A less prominent but recurring theme in the ostraka is the Dakhla garrison. In <strong><a href="#ost-2">2</a></strong>, a part of the produce is sent to “the camp,” presumably the principal base of the military unit described in the <em>Notitia Dignitatum</em> (<em>Or</em>. XXXI, 56 [Seeck, p. 65]) as the <em>Ala</em> I <em>Quadorum</em> placed at Trimithis (erroneously assigned to the Small Oasis in the <em>ND</em>). The camp was in fact at El-Qasr, a few kilometers north of Trimithis, as discoveries by Fred Leemhuis since the 2005–2006 season have shown (see also <em>KAB</em>, p. 73, and <em>O.Kellis</em> 102.5n).<a href="#fn2" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref2" role="doc-noteref"><sup>2</sup></a> The oldest part of El-Qasr is laid out in a fashion strongly reminiscent of a Roman camp, and the investigation of an old well by the Dakhleh Oasis Project in 1980 led to the discovery of signs of Roman occupation. In addition, investigation of this early phase of the site by F. Leemhuis and by the Supreme Council of Antiquities, conducted since 2005, have revealed standing remains of massive Roman brickwork structures, which are to be associated with this camp.<a href="#fn3" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref3" role="doc-noteref"><sup>3</sup></a> The site also yielded Coptic ostraka referring to the imperial <em>kastron</em> that had since become a settlement governed by headmen.<a href="#fn4" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref4" role="doc-noteref"><sup>4</sup></a> Further references to the camp and its garrison are found in ostraka from Trimithis. <em>O.Trim</em>. 1.73 refers to an ala (εἴλη) and its decurion (δεκαδάρχης). In the ʿAin el-Gedida material, the <em>praepositus</em> attested in <strong><a href="#ost-8">8</a></strong> is likely an officer of this unit or of another detachment serving in the Oasis. <strong><a href="#ost-5">5</a></strong>, a receipt for <em>annona</em>, indicates that a detachment of the ala was on duty in Mothis. In the same text, the soldiers who are the recipients of the collected barley are referred to for the first time as horse-archers.
</p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="margin-aside">p. 510</span></div></div>
<p id="p11">
Lastly, the Coptic letter <strong><a href="#ost-1">1</a></strong> mentions apa Alexandros and apa Kire, who were most likely members of a monastic community (see comm. l.1). A monastery is mentioned several times in the material from Kellis. The <em>KAB</em> lists a <em>top</em>(<em>os</em>) <em>Mani</em> (<em>KAB</em> ll. 320 and 513), interpreted as a Manichaean monastery,<a href="#fn5" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref5" role="doc-noteref"><sup>5</sup></a> as a tenant of the estate and a certain Petros the <em>monachos</em> paying amounts of dates and olives on its behalf (<em>KAB</em> ll. 975-6, 1109, 1433). Another <em>monachos</em>, Timotheos, is an intermediary for a certain Nos paying turnips (ll. 1080). A monastery is mentioned in <em>P.Kellis</em>. 5 C. 12.6 (also see <em>P.Kellis</em> 1 G. 12.18–19) from ca. 360–365 and another monk, Psais, is attested in <em>O.Kellis</em> 121.5. The modern village of Tineida (perhaps derived from Copt. ⲧϩⲉⲛⲉⲉⲧⲉ, “monastery”) is considered a candidate for an ancient monastic site. It has also been suggested that modern el-Hindaw, located to the west of ʿAin el-Gedida, may represent Coptic ⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ (“the monastery”).<a href="#fn6" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref6" role="doc-noteref"><sup>6</sup></a>
</p>
</section>
<section id="technical-remarks" class="level2 page-columns page-full" data-number="10.2">
<h2 data-number="10.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="technical-remarks"><span class="header-section-number">10.2</span> Technical Remarks</h2>
<p id="p12">
The headers in the catalogue of ostraka below are consistent with those of <em>O.Trim</em>. In addition to characterizing the physical appearance of the sherds, they supply the following contextual information: inventory number (Inv.), area (A or B), room, stratigraphic unit (DSU or FSU), field number (FN), and fabric code.
</p>
<p id="p13">
The inventory number is a unique number in a sequence given to all objects found on the site. Inventory numbers 4, 7–10, 17, 25 and 28 were excavated in the 2006 season, number 529 comes from the 2007 season, and 660, 830, and 1007 from 2008. Ostraka found in area A were recovered during surface clearance and did not come from a sound stratigraphy (see <a href="1_introduction.html#sec-1.5" class="quarto-xref"><span>Section 1.5</span></a> in this volume for the division into areas A and B). In area B, ostraka were uncovered in archaeological contexts described in <a href="2_survey.html#sec-2.3" class="quarto-xref"><span>Section 2.3</span></a>, <a href="3_mound-1.html#sec-3.1.1" class="quarto-xref"><span>Section 3.1.1</span></a>, <a href="4_excavations-outside.html#sec-4.2" class="quarto-xref"><span>Section 4.2</span></a>, <a href="./6_west-complex.html">Chapter 6</a>. The context is discussed in greater detail only where it is relevant to the dating of the texts. The abbreviation DSU stands for Deposition Stratigraphic Unit and FSU is Feature Stratigraphic Unit (see <a href="1_introduction.html#sec-1.5" class="quarto-xref"><span>Section 1.5</span></a>); field object numbers (FN) are numbers assigned in the field (starting from 1 each season) in order to document the location of objects <em>in situ</em>. Ostraka discovered in sieving in area B and in surface clearance in area A do not have field object numbers. The fabric codes are explained in <a href="./8_la-ceramique.html">Chapter 8</a>.
</p>
<p id="p14">
The texts are presented according to the standard papyrological practice. The use of symbols is consistent with the Leiden Convention:
</p>
<table class="caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 38%">
<col style="width: 61%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Symbol</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>( )</td>
<td>Resolution of an abbreviation or symbol</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>[ ]</td>
<td>Lacuna in the text</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>[[ ]]</td>
<td>Letters cancelled by the scribe</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span class="underdot">αβγδε</span></td>
<td>Letters the reading of which is uncertain</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>. . . . .</td>
<td>Letters of which part or all remain but are illegible</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>[ ± 5 ]</td>
<td>Approximate number of letters lost in a lacuna and not restored</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p></p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="margin-aside">p. 511</span></div></div>
<p id="p15">
Abbreviations are resolved in the text. Line notes indicate the form used in the text and correct non-standard Greek except in the case of personal names. Egyptian proper names without terminations (i.e., undeclined or not hellenized) are not accented. Greek names and words written in a non-standard spelling are accented as if the correct form had been written. In translations, Greek and Egyptian names are transliterated directly, while Roman names are given in Latin form.
</p>
</section>
<section id="sec-10.3" class="level2 page-columns page-full" data-number="10.3">
<h2 data-number="10.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="sec-10.3"><span class="header-section-number">10.3</span> Ostraka</h2>
<hr>
<div id="ost-1" class="page-columns page-full">
<p><strong>1</strong>. A letter concerning <em>pakton</em>.<a href="#fn7" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref7" role="doc-noteref"><sup>7</sup></a> Second half of the fourth century? (<a href="#plt-10.1" class="quarto-xref">Plate <span>10.1</span></a>)<br>
Inv. 4. Area B, room B4, DSU4 (surface).<br>
10.3 x 9.8 cm; complete but faded in places. Text on convex side.<br>
Fabric: coarse A11 with exterior cream slip.</p>
<p id="p16">
The dating of this Coptic letter requires a commentary. Both the onomastics and the mention of <em>pakton</em> point to a date later than the rest of the assemblage. The names Pesente and Kire are not attested until the sixth century (see commentary below) and the term <em>pakton</em> appears for the first time in <em>SB</em> 3.6266 dated to 538 CE. The language of the document also sets it apart, as the great majority of fourth century texts found so far at ʿAin el-Gedida are in Greek. Since the ostrakon is a surface find, it could be later than the abandonment of the site. Nonetheless, given the absence of other much later surface finds, we are reluctant to date it outside the chronological range that we have at the site. The recovered ceramics date from fourth and early fifth century at the latest, which is consistent with the range of hands evidenced by the ostraka. The palaeography of this text can be dated to the late fourth century based on comparanda from Kellis. In addition, both the hand and the opening formula of the letter find parallels in two ostraka found in El-Qasr and dated by Iain Gardner to the late fourth-early fifth century.<a href="#fn8" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref8" role="doc-noteref"><sup>8</sup></a>
</p>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p></p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="margin-aside">p. 512</span></div></div>
<div id="plt-10.1" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-plt figure">
<div aria-describedby="plt-10.1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<a href="assets/images/chapter-10/plt-10.1.jpg" class="lightbox" data-gallery="quarto-lightbox-gallery-1" title="Plate 10.1: Coptic ostrakon (inv. 4) from room B4."><img src="assets/images/chapter-10/plt-10.1.jpg" title="Coptic ostrakon (inv. 4) from room B4." class="img-fluid figure-img"></a>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-plt" id="plt-10.1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Plate 10.1: Coptic ostrakon (inv. 4) from room B4.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<table class="table-borderless caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 5%">
<col style="width: 95%">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td> † <span class="coptic">ⲁⲡⲁ Ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇ̣ⲣ̣[ⲟⲥ]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td> <span class="coptic">ⲡⲕⲩⲫ(ⲁⲗⲁϊⲟⲧⲏⲥ) ⲡⲉⲧⲥϩⲁϊ ⲛ . [ ]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><span class="coptic">ⲗ̣ϊⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲥ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲛ[ⲧⲉ]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4</td>
<td><span class="coptic">ⲁϊⲧⲛⲛⲟⲟⲩϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϣⲱ̣</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><span class="coptic">ⲡ̣ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲏϥⲡⲁⲕⲧⲟⲛ</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><span class="coptic">. .ϣϊⲛ ⲁⲡⲁ Ⲕϊⲣⲉ ϣϊⲧϥ</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><span class="coptic">ⲛ̣ⲏϥ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲙⲡ̣ⲣⲧⲣⲉⲥⲧⲟⲝⲉ̣</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>8</td>
<td><span class="coptic">ⲛⲏ̣ϥ ⲁⲡⲁⲣⲁⲅⲉ ⲙⲙⲉϥ</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><span class="coptic">.&nbsp. . .ⲟⲩϫⲁϊ</span> †</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>“It is apa Alexandros the foreman (κεφαλαιωτής) who writes to --lilos (or --ailos): As for Pesente, I sent him away. If he has rent (πάκτον) … , apa Kire demands/asks for it. And let it not seem appropriate to him to trouble him. Farewell (?).”</p>
<p id="p17">
1 See Derda and Wipszycka 1994. The title Apa does not in itself help to distinguish between ordinary clergy and monastics, but if the date is indeed the fourth century the latter seems more likely. It is interesting that an Alexandros appears in one of the ostraka from the Kellis West Church (<em>O.Kellis</em> 121.6), one line below a Ψάις μονοχ(ός), which the editor takes to be most likely a misspelling of μοναχ(ός). For references to a monastery in the proximity of ʿAin el-Gedida, see Introduction.
</p>
<p id="p18">
2 ⲡⲕⲩⲫ is presumably the abbreviation of the article plus a Greek word, given the use of phi. No word starting in κυφ- seems plausible, but a small group of ostraka found in excavations by the wall of the Roman fort at El-Qasr by the Supreme Council of Antiquities includes one written by <span class="coptic">Ⲡⲁϩⲁⲙ ⲡⲕⲩⲫ</span>( ) and another by <span class="coptic">Ⲡⲁϩⲁⲙ ⲡⲕⲉⲫⲁⲗ</span>( ), showing that upsilon has interchanged with epsilon (see Gardner 2012: 471 and 473). The resolution κεφ(αλαιωτής) thus appears inescapable. The combination of this title with a clerical title, Apa, is remarkable. An Apa Sion is <em>kephalaiotes</em> of dyers in Herakleopolis in SB 16.12717.5, 31-32 (dated 640–650), and an Apa Ol (if it is not the name Apaol) is <em>kephalaiotes</em> in SPP 8.749.4.
</p>
<p id="p19">
2–3 The nu at the end of l.2 is likely the preposition <span class="coptic">ⲛ</span>- introducing the direct object (see opening formula type II, Biedenkopf-Ziehner 1983: 226). The long vertical stroke may belong to a rho or a kappa. No name ending with -lilos or -ailos can be found in Hasitzka’s <em>Koptische Namenbuch</em> and a TM search yields some improbable -ailos names (Σκαίλος, Καίλος, Ισμαιλος, Δαλάιλος). One would consider Λίλος, a variant of Λιλοῦς (a name attested in Kellis, <em>O.Kellis</em> 270.2, <em>P.Kellis</em> 1 G. 47.1), but its attested Coptic counterparts are <span class="coptic">ⲗⲓⲗⲟⲩ</span> and <span class="coptic">ⲗⲉⲗⲟⲩ</span>. Ailos would be an unlikely variant of the Latin name Aelius (all Greek variants retain the iota after the lambda) and it is thus far unattested in Coptic texts. Moreover, it would leave us without an explanation of the last letter (and any lost) in the previous line.
</p>
<p id="p20">
It is a natural supposition that the recipient was at ʿAin el-Gedida, but this need not be the case.
</p>
<p id="p21">
3 Pesente appears in many spellings in the ancient texts, including Πεσύνθιος or Πεσύντιος. The name is not attested in securely dated documents as early as the fourth century. Πεσύνθιος is featured in <em>BGU</em> 2.668ro.12 (Western Thebes), broadly dated to the fourth to seventh centuries. The Coptic spellings are attested in documents dated to the sixth-eighth century (Theban texts <em>KSB</em> 3.1332.2; <em>P.Lond</em> 4.1419 (Greek); <em>O.Medin.HabuCopt</em> 46; <em>O.Theb.Copt</em> 31), with the exception of ⲡⲉⲥⲛⲧⲉ found in <em>P.Mich.Copt</em> 6.1, the dating of which spans from the fourth to the sixth centuries. However, a Πεσόνθις is attested on a mummy label dated as early as the second-third centuries (<em>T.Mom.Louvre</em> 973).
</p>
<p id="p22">
5 If, as the context would suggest, this ostrakon is to be dated to the fourth century, it may be the earliest known reference to πάκτον in a Greek or Coptic document. Greek references do not occur until the sixth century (<em>SB</em> 3.6266, of 538; <em>P.Lond</em> 5.1727, of 583/4). The Coptic references in Förster, <em>Wörterbuch</em> 601-02, do not include any before the seventh century, although many are undated or only approximately dated. For the meaning of the term, see most recently <span class="citation" data-cites="wegner_2016">Wegner <a href="references.html#ref-wegner_2016" role="doc-biblioref">2016: 191–92</a></span>.
</p>
<p id="p23">
6 The first word of the line could be referring to the <em>pakton</em> as genitive or attribute, in which case one would need a nu as the first letter. However, we have not been able to find any appropriate word in the reverse dictionary of Coptic (M-.O. Strasbach, B. Barc, <em>Dictionnaire inversé du copte</em>, Louvain 1983). The only noun ending with <span class="coptic">ϣⲓⲛ</span> is <span class="coptic">ⲁⲣϣⲓⲛ</span>, “lentil”, but the letter before shai cannot in any case be a rho. Alternatively, the word could be connected to the following noun phrase as a conjugation base, but we do not know any form ending with <span class="coptic">ϣⲓⲛ</span>.
</p>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p id="p24">
The name <span class="coptic">Ⲕⲓⲣⲉ</span> and other Coptic variants are unattested prior to the sixth century, but the Greek name Κῦρος appears over 30 times in fourth-century documents, including several ostraka and inscriptions from the Western Desert (<em>O.Waqfa</em> 66.7; <em>O.Douch</em> 3.222.2 and 346.2; <em>SB</em> 20.14799.2 [Shams ed-Din]; <em>SB</em> 20.14850.1 and 20.14853.1 [Bagawat]). Since variants of the name Kyros contain the morpheme “apa” (<span class="citation" data-cites="derda_wipszycka_1994">Derda and Wipszycka <a href="references.html#ref-derda_wipszycka_1994" role="doc-biblioref">1994: 53</a></span>), the reading <span class="coptic">ⲁⲡⲁⲕⲓⲣⲉ</span> is also a possibility. However, Kire’s appearance in the same context as apa Alexandros may indicate that he too represented an ecclesiastical institution. Possibly apa Kire, whom Pesente was not supposed to trouble, was a monastic superior and the letter concerned rent on monastic property. The addressee of the letter may have interceded on behalf of Pesente.
</p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="margin-aside">p. 513</span></div></div>
<p id="p25">
7 <span class="coptic">ⲛⲏϥ</span> (Sahidic <span class="coptic">ⲛⲁϥ</span>) should be treated here most probably as a <em>dativus ethicus</em>.
</p>
<p id="p26">
The letter mu after <span class="coptic">ⲁⲩⲱ</span> gives a negative jussive here.
</p>
<p id="p27">
<span class="coptic">ⲧⲟⲝⲉ</span> is the Greek δοκέω, meaning “zweckmässig erscheinen, einsichtig sein,” see Förster, <em>Wörterbuch</em> pp. 206-207, with citations of analogous phrases in <em>P.Lond.Copt.</em> 1.479.v.3 (<span class="coptic">ⲛⲡⲣⲧⲉⲥⲇⲟⲝⲏ ⲛⲁⲕ</span>) and 1.1175.3 (<span class="coptic">ⲙⲡⲣⲧⲣⲉⲥⲇⲟⲝⲏ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉⲧⲓ ⲛⲉϭⲁⲙⲟⲩⲗ ⲛⲕⲉⲗⲁⲁⲩ</span>).
</p>
<p id="p28">
8–9 The text at the start of these lines is extremely faded.
</p>
<p id="p29">
8 <span class="coptic">ⲁⲡⲁⲣⲁⲅⲉ</span> for the Sahidic <span class="coptic">ⲉ-ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲅⲉ</span>. <span class="coptic">ⲙⲙⲉϥ</span> (Sahidic <span class="coptic">ⲙⲙⲁϥ</span>) introduces a direct object.
</p>
<p id="p30">
9 <span class="coptic">ⲟⲩϫⲁϊ</span> (literally “health”) seems to be an abbreviated standard epistolary formula <span class="coptic">ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ ϩⲙ ⲡϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ</span>, “Farewell”.
</p>
</div>
<hr>
<div id="ost-2" class="page-columns page-full">
<p><strong>2</strong>. Account of wheat and must. 354/5, 369/70, or 384/5. (<a href="#plt-10.2a-b" class="quarto-xref">Plate <span>10.2</span></a>)<br>
Inv. 7. Area B, room B3, DSU10.<br>
9.5 x 13.2 cm; complete. Text on both sides, oblique to the wheel-marks.<br>
Fabric: A1a with exterior cream slip.</p>
<section id="convex-side" class="level4 page-columns page-full">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="convex-side">Convex side</h4>
<table class="table-borderless caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 6%">
<col style="width: 47%">
<col style="width: 47%">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>ιβS/ ἰνδικτίονος ὑπὲρ λό-</td>
<td>“12th indiction, on account</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>γου διαφόρου σίτ(ου) κάγ(κελλος) α</td>
<td>of interest, 1 cancellus (art.) of wheat.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>ιγ/ ἰνδικτίονος μάτ(ια) β</td>
<td>13th indiction, 2 matia</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4</td>
<td>σὺν δαπάνης καὶ</td>
<td>including expense, and</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>διαφόρου σίτ(ου) κάγ(κελλοι) ε</td>
<td>for interest, 5 cancelli of wheat,</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>μάτ(ια) ζ τοπικῷ</td>
<td>7 matia by the local measure.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>ὥστ’ εἶναι τῶν δύο</td>
<td>Total of the two</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>8</td>
<td>ἰνδικτιόν(ων) κάγ(κελλοι) ϊ</td>
<td>indictions, 10 cancelli,</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>μάτ(ια) ιζ.</td>
<td>17 matia.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>(ὧν) εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν</td>
<td>From which: to the house</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>σίτ(ου) κάγ(κελλοι) δ</td>
<td>4 cancelli of wheat.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>12</td>
<td>ὁμοί(ως) κάγ(κελλοι) β</td>
<td>Likewise, 2 cancelli.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>εἰς Μῶθιν</td>
<td>To Mothis,</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>κάγ(κελλοι) β</td>
<td>2 cancelli.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div id="plt-10.2a-b" class="quarto-layout-panel">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-plt figure">
<div aria-describedby="plt-10.2a-b-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="quarto-layout-row">
<div class="quarto-layout-cell-subref quarto-layout-cell" data-ref-parent="plt-10.2a-b" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: flex-start;">
<div id="plt-10.2a" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-subfloat-plt figure">
<div aria-describedby="plt-10.2a-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<a href="assets/images/chapter-10/plt-10.2a.jpg" class="lightbox" data-gallery="plt-10.2a-b" title="Plate 10.2 (a): Greek ostrakon (inv. 7) from room B3. Convex side."><img src="assets/images/chapter-10/plt-10.2a.jpg" title="Plate 10.2a: Greek ostrakon (inv. 7) from room B3. Convex side." class="img-fluid figure-img" data-ref-parent="plt-10.2a-b"></a>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-subfloat-caption quarto-subfloat-plt" id="plt-10.2a-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
(a) Greek ostrakon (inv. 7) from room B3. Convex side.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quarto-layout-cell-subref quarto-layout-cell" data-ref-parent="plt-10.2a-b" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: flex-start;">
<div id="plt-10.2b" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-subfloat-plt figure">
<div aria-describedby="plt-10.2b-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<a href="assets/images/chapter-10/plt-10.2b.jpg" class="lightbox" data-gallery="plt-10.2a-b" title="Plate 10.2 (b): Greek ostrakon (inv. 7) from room B3. Concave side."><img src="assets/images/chapter-10/plt-10.2b.jpg" title="Plate 10.2b: Greek ostrakon (inv. 7) from room B3. Concave side." class="img-fluid figure-img" data-ref-parent="plt-10.2a-b"></a>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-subfloat-caption quarto-subfloat-plt" id="plt-10.2b-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
(b) Greek ostrakon (inv. 7) from room B3. Concave side.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-plt" id="plt-10.2a-b-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Plate 10.2: Greek ostrakon (inv. 7) from room B3.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p></p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="margin-aside">p. 515</span></div></div>
</section>
<section id="concave-side" class="level4 page-columns page-full">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="concave-side">Concave side</h4>
<table class="table-borderless caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 5%">
<col style="width: 47%">
<col style="width: 48%">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>εἰς τὰ κάστρα κάγ(κελλοι) δ</td>
<td>To the camp, 4 cancelli.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>16</td>
<td>γί(νονται) ὁμοῦ κάγ(κελλοι) ιβ</td>
<td>Total altogether, 12 cancelli.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>(ὧν) ἔσχεν καγ(κέλλους) ια μάτ(ια)</td>
<td>Out of which he got 11 canc., 5 matia; left</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>ε λοιπὲ παρ’ ἐμοὶ σίτ(ου)</td>
<td>in my hands, of wheat</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>τοπικῷ μάτ(ια) ιθ</td>
<td>19 matia by local standard.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>20</td>
<td>ὑπὲρ γλεύκ(ους) κερ(άμια) ϛ</td>
<td>For must, 6 keramia.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>λοιπὲ γλεύκ(ους) κερ(άμια) ε</td>
<td>Balance of must, 5 keramia.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>ει . . . .</td>
<td>To Mothis (?).”</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="table-borderless small-font caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%">
<col style="width: 20%">
<col style="width: 20%">
<col style="width: 20%">
<col style="width: 20%">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>2 σιτ καγ’</td>
<td>3 ματ’</td>
<td>4 l. δαπάνῃ δ ex δι</td>
<td>5 σιτ καγ’</td>
<td>6 ματ’</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>8 ινδικτιο<sup>ν</sup> καγ’</td>
<td>9 ματ’ 10 Ϩ·</td>
<td>11 σιτ καγ’</td>
<td>12 ομοī καγ’</td>
<td>14 καγ</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>15 καγ’</td>
<td>16 γι/ καγ’</td>
<td>17 Ϩ· καγ’ ματ’ ε ex ζ</td>
<td>18 l. λοιπὰ σιτ</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>19 ματ’</td>
<td>20 γλευκ κερ’</td>
<td>21 γλευκ κερ’</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p id="p31">
2, 5 λόγου διαφόρου: See <em>P.Harr</em>. 1.86.5, where it is clearly a monthly interest rate on a loan. The figure presumably represents income to the writer’s employer from a loan in wheat.
</p>
<p id="p32">
4 There may be additional traces at the start, probably washed out. For δαπάνη which refers to expenditures for services by estate staff, see <em>KAB</em>, pp. 32–35.
</p>
<p id="p33">
6 Sc. μέτρῳ. For the “local” measure, see most recently <em>O.Kellis</em> 93.3n. with bibliography.
</p>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p></p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="margin-aside">p. 516</span></div></div>
<p id="p34">
8 The amounts in lines 1-7 total to only 6 cancelli, 9 matia, not the 10 cancelli, 17 matia given in lines 8–9, let alone the 11 cancelli, 5 matia stated below (see note to line 16). One must apparently suppose another ostrakon on which additional amounts were listed.
</p>
<p id="p35">
15 For “the camp,” see <em>KAB</em>, p. 73, and <em>O.Kellis</em> 102.5n. The reference is presumably to the principal base of the unit at Trimithis (see <a href="./1_introduction.html">Introduction</a>).
</p>
<p id="p36">
16 This line is the total of lines 10 to 15. A total of 12 cancelli had been sent to various destinations, even though “he” (as is explained in lines 17–19) received only 11 cancelli, 5 matia, leaving the writer with a balance on hand of 19 matia. The standard used is the expenditure mation, here called the local measure, of 23 or (here) 24 matia per artaba; see <em>KAB</em>, pp. 47–48. The account suggests, however, that the writer was starting with the receipts totalled in lines 8–9, or 10 cancelli, 17 matia, which is 12 matia less than the figure he cites later.
</p>
<p id="p37">
17 The third person singular may refer to the landlord, who got the credit for the amount because of the deliveries. Although it is not impossible that we should correct to ἔσΧον (first person singular), the fragmentary character of the account makes such corrections hazardous.
</p>
<p id="p38">
18 The phrase λοιπε παρ’ ἐμοί, meaning “in my hands”, seems to imply that the remaining 19 matia still need to be paid or delivered. For the spelling λοιπὲ see, e.g., <em>O.Kellis</em> 143r.5.
</p>
<p id="p39">
22 ε<span class="underdot">ἰς Μῶθ</span>(ιν) is possible, but only the faintest traces of the last four letters are preserved.
</p>
</section>
</div>
<hr>
<div id="ost-3" class="page-columns page-full">
<p><strong>3.</strong> Account of donkeyloads. Fourth century. (<a href="#plt-10.3" class="quarto-xref">Plate <span>10.3</span></a>)<br>
Inv. 10. Area A, room A25, clearance.<br>
7.5 x 7.4 cm; complete? Text on convex side.<br>
Fabric: B10.</p>
<p id="p40">
Traces of what appears to be ink on the upper edge (above the omicron in Δ<span class="underdot">ε</span>ίου) may indicate that the text was originally longer and we are left with its last four lines. The beginning of the first two lines and the middle of the fourth line are almost completely faded and only traces are visible. Most of the names are read with doubts. The way the words are spaced out in the lines looks as if the scribe had written the number of donkeyloads in each line prior to putting down the names.
</p>
<table class="table-borderless caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 5%">
<col style="width: 95%">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><span class="underdot">Τιθ</span>οῆς <span class="underdot">Ψάιτ</span>(ος) Δ<span class="underdot">ε</span>ίου κτῆ(νος) α</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><span class="underdot">Π</span><span class="underdot-space">◌̣</span><span class="underdot-space">◌̣</span><span class="underdot">ις</span> Βη<span class="underdot">σᾶτ</span>(ος) κτῆ(νος) α</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>Ψύρος Π<span class="underdot">εθεῦτ</span>(ος) κτῆ(νος) α</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4</td>
<td>Πτολ<span class="underdot">ᾶς</span> [ ± 4 ] κτῆ(νος) α</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="table-borderless small-font caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%">
<col style="width: 20%">
<col style="width: 20%">
<col style="width: 20%">
<col style="width: 20%">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1 ψαι<sup>τ</sup></td>
<td>κτη<sup>/</sup></td>
<td>2 βησα<sup>τ</sup> κτη<sup>/</sup></td>
<td>3 πεθευ<sup>τ</sup> κτη<sup>/</sup></td>
<td>4 l. Πτολλᾶς κτη<sup>/</sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>“Tithoes son of Psais, grandson of Deios, 1 donkeyload; P--is son of Besas, 1 donkeyload; Psyros son of Petheus, 1 donkeyload; Ptolas son of --, 1 donkeyload.”</p>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p></p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="margin-aside">p. 517</span></div></div>
<div id="plt-10.3" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-plt figure">
<div aria-describedby="plt-10.3-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<a href="assets/images/chapter-10/plt-10.3.jpg" class="lightbox" data-gallery="quarto-lightbox-gallery-4" title="Plate 10.3: Greek ostrakon (inv. 10) from the clearance of room A25."><img src="assets/images/chapter-10/plt-10.3.jpg" title="Plate 10.3: Greek ostrakon (inv. 10) from the clearance of room A25." class="img-fluid figure-img"></a>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-plt" id="plt-10.3-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Plate 10.3: Greek ostrakon (inv. 10) from the clearance of room A25.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p id="p41">
Each line gives a name and patronymic followed by the abbreviation HTL( ), to be expanded as κτῆ(νος), and the number 1. A somewhat more informative account of donkeyloads can be found in O.Kellis 102 (and cf. 103), where κτῆ(νος) should be rendered as “donkey” throughout. Camels in the ostraka from the Oasis are always specifically designated as such. It seems unlikely that the account refers to the delivery of donkeys themselves, but rather to donkeyloads of some goods known to the writer but not mentioned here.
</p>
<p id="p42">
1 Tithoes son of Psais is a common enough combination of names to justify adding a grandfather’s name. Deios is frequent, but not attested in the Oasis.
</p>
<p id="p43">
2 The name is illegible.
</p>
<p id="p44">
3 Psyros is a rare name found in the Oasis (only <em>P.Kellis</em> 1 G. 33.1, but two letters uncertain). Syros, however, is fairly common.
</p>
<p id="p45">
4 Ptollas, normally spelled with two lambdas, is not uncommon, but thus far absent from the Western Desert.
</p>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p></p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="margin-aside">p. 518</span></div></div>
</div>
<hr>
<div id="ost-4" class="page-columns page-full">
<p><strong>4.</strong> List of names. Second half of fourth century. (<a href="#plt-10.4" class="quarto-xref">Plate <span>10.4</span></a>).<br>
Inv. 1007. Area B, room B19, DSU165.<br>
6.5 x 8.3 cm; complete. Text on convex side.<br>
Fabric: A1b.</p>
<table class="table-borderless caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 5%">
<col style="width: 95%">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>Ψάις Λουια Πεκύ(σιος)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>Πεκῦσις ἀδελφ(ός)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>Γενα Κόρακος</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4</td>
<td>Γενα Τιθοῆτος</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>Βῆς Φιλοτίμου</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>[[Ψ<span class="underdot">ά</span>ι<span class="underdot">ς</span> <span class="underdot">Ἀν</span>ο<span class="underdot">ύ</span>φ<span class="underdot">ιος</span> ]]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>Βελλῆς Λη<span class="underdot">π</span>( )</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>8</td>
<td>Χάρης Ζα( )</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="table-borderless small-font caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%">
<col style="width: 25%">
<col style="width: 25%">
<col style="width: 25%">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1 πεκυ/</td>
<td>2 αδελφ/</td>
<td>7 ληπ/</td>
<td>8 ζα/</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>“Psais son of Louia grandson of Pekysis; Pekysis, brother; Gena son of Korax; Gena son of Tithoes; Bes son of Philotimos; Psais son of Anouphis; Belles son of Lep--; Chares son of Za--.”</p>
<div id="plt-10.4" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-plt figure">
<div aria-describedby="plt-10.4-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<a href="assets/images/chapter-10/plt-10.4.jpg" class="lightbox" data-gallery="quarto-lightbox-gallery-5" title="Plate 10.4: Greek ostrakon (inv. 1007) from room B19."><img src="assets/images/chapter-10/plt-10.4.jpg" title="Plate 10.4: Greek ostrakon (inv. 1007) from room B19." class="img-fluid figure-img"></a>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-plt" id="plt-10.4-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Plate 10.4: Greek ostrakon (inv. 1007) from room B19.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p></p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="margin-aside">p. 519</span></div></div>
<p id="p46">
There is a striking coincidence between the names in this list and those found in the ostraka excavated in the West Church at Kellis, especially the group of accounts in money and in kind in <em>O.Kellis</em> 109–122. See the following notes for details. Although many of the names are commonplace, this cannot be said of Philotimos (line 5). On the basis of the numbers of talents in some of these texts, this group is certainly to be dated after the Constantian monetary reform of ca. 353 and probably in the third quarter of the century. This dating is consistent with the ostrakon’s archaeological context. The stratigraphic unit is a vault collapse with some dumped material, so it could have been used as a chinking sherd (pre-construction) or (more likely) discarded together with some occupational refuse. It seems to be related to the pottery workshop phase, which is the later of the two phases distinguished in room B19 (see <a href="6_west-complex.html#sec-6.3" class="quarto-xref"><span>Section 6.3</span></a> and <a href="6_west-complex.html#sec-6.7" class="quarto-xref"><span>Section 6.7</span></a>).
</p>
<p id="p47">
1 Ψάις Λουια Πεκύ(σιος): see <em>O.Kellis</em> 113.
</p>
<p id="p48">
2 Πεκῦσις ἀδελφ(ός): cf. possibly <em>KAB</em> 1128.
</p>
<p id="p49">
3 Γενα Κόρακος: see <em>O.Kellis</em> 114, 282.
</p>
<p id="p50">
5 Βῆς Φιλοτίμου: see <em>O.Kellis</em> 110, 115.
</p>
<p id="p51">
7 Βελλῆς: see <em>O.Kellis</em> 115, 117, 118, and 119.8; Ληπ( ): see Ληπι( ) in <em>O.Kellis</em> 137.7 and ⲗⲉⲡⲟⲣⲓⲟⲥ in <em>P.Kellis</em> 5 C. 43. Λην( ) seems less probable and yields no satisfying parallels.
</p>
<p id="p52">
6 Ψάις Ἀνούφιος is attested in <em>KAB</em> 578, 1100 and 1158.
</p>
<p id="p53">
8 Χάρης <em>O.Kellis</em> 113; Ζα( ): possible abbreviation of Ζακαῶνος: <em>KAB</em> 148–9, 336, 1098; <em>O.Kellis</em> 115.1; 282.1.
</p>
</div>
<hr>
<div id="ost-5" class="page-columns page-full">
<p><strong>5.</strong> Receipt for <em>annona</em>. 354/5 or 369/370. (<a href="#plt-10.5" class="quarto-xref">Plate <span>10.5</span></a>).<br>
Inv. 9; Area B, room B4, DSU15 (dump layer).<br>
14.1 x 10.2 cm; complete. Text on convex side.<br>
Fabric: A1b with exterior cream slip.</p>
<table class="table-borderless caption-top table">
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<col style="width: 95%">
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<tbody>
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<td></td>
<td>Ἐμέτρησεν <span class="underdot">ἀρτ</span>(άβας) <span class="underdot">η</span> ϊγ (ἰνδικτίονος) Εὐτύχ<span class="underdot">ης</span> ὑπὲρ δεσ-</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>ποτικῆ<span class="underdot">ς</span> φυτϊας Μ<span class="underdot">ώθεως</span> κριθῆς</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>δημοσί(ῳ) μέτρῳ ἀρτάβας ὀκτώ, (γίνονται) (ἀρτάβαι) <span class="underdot">η</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4</td>
<td>[τ]ῆ<span class="underdot">ς</span> ιγ ἰνδικτίονος ε<span class="underdot">ἰς</span> ἀννῶναν τ<span class="underdot">ῶν</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>ἐ<span class="underdot">ν</span> <span class="underdot">Μώ</span>θι <span class="underdot">ἀγγαρ</span>ευόντων ἱπποτοξο<span class="underdot">τῶν</span>.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><span class="underdot">ἔγρα</span>ψα τὴν ἀποχὴν Αὐρ<span class="underdot">ή</span>λιος Λεωνί<span class="underdot">δας</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><span class="underdot">ἄρξ</span>(ας) ἐπιμελητής.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="table-borderless small-font caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 12%">
<col style="width: 12%">
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<tr class="odd">
<td>1 αρτ ϊγS</td>
<td>2 οὐσϊας</td>
<td>3 δημοσι γι/ ⨪</td>
<td>4 ϊνδικτιονος</td>
<td>5 ϊπποτοξοτων</td>
<td>7 αρξ/</td>
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</tbody>
</table>
<p>“Eutyches paid 8 art., 13th ind. for the imperial estate of Mothis, eight artabas of barley by public measure, total, 8 art., for the 13th indiction for the <em>annona</em> of the horsearchers on duty at Mothis (?). I, Aurelius Leonidas, ex-magistrate and epimeletes, wrote the receipt.”</p>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p></p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="margin-aside">p. 520</span></div></div>
<div id="plt-10.5" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-plt figure">
<div aria-describedby="plt-10.5-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<a href="assets/images/chapter-10/plt-10.5.jpg" class="lightbox" data-gallery="quarto-lightbox-gallery-6" title="Plate 10.5: Greek ostrakon (inv. 9) from room B4."><img src="assets/images/chapter-10/plt-10.5.jpg" title="Plate 10.5: Greek ostrakon (inv. 9) from room B4." class="img-fluid figure-img"></a>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-plt" id="plt-10.5-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Plate 10.5: Greek ostrakon (inv. 9) from room B4.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p id="p54">
1 Εὐτύχης: <em>P.Kellis</em> 1 G. 60.3.
</p>
<p id="p55">