135_schema-extends.md

id	135
title	Schema inheritance via `extends`
status	✅
model	sonnet
depends-on	146 147
summary	Let one kind's schema extend another so common front-matter fields and structure templates live in a base. Single-parent inheritance with child-wins semantics, applied to both inline (plan 146) and file schemas. Errors point at the layer that introduced a conflict.

Schema inheritance via extends

Goal

Let a kind's schema build on a base schema. A project with three RFC variants (draft, ratified, deprecated) should declare the shared fields once in a rfc-base schema and only the differences in the variants.

Background

The mdbase research records this as S-3.

CUE already supports unification. A proto.md schema can compose via import plus struct embedding today. What is missing is an explicit extends: surface that:

• works in inline schemas (plan 146), where import is not the user's primary tool,
• shows up in mdsmith kinds so the inheritance chain is visible without reading every schema,
• gives an actionable error (plan 147) when a child conflicts with its parent.

Non-Goals

• Multiple inheritance. Single parent only. CUE supports multi-parent unification, but the debugging cost is real and the use cases are thin. Composition via <?include?> covers the remaining case.
• Diamond resolution rules. Single inheritance makes them moot.
• Schema versioning. A separate concern, tracked as V-1 in the research.

Design

extends: in a kind

kinds:
  rfc-base:
    schema:
      frontmatter:
        id: '=~"^RFC-[0-9]{4}$"'
        authors: '[...string] & len(authors) >= 1'
        created: date
      structure:
        - "# {title}"
        - "## Context"
        - "## Decision"

  rfc-ratified:
    extends: rfc-base
    schema:
      frontmatter:
        ratified-on: date
        status: '"ratified"'

Two layers of effect:

• The schema engine refines the parent under CUE unification: the child's expression for a shared key is unified with the parent's, and the child must therefore satisfy the parent's constraint. A child that cannot unify with the parent (parent says int, child says string) is a conflict; a child that narrows the parent (parent says "open" | "closed", child says "open") is a valid refinement.
• The kind's rule overrides also inherit (the same deep-merge plan 97 applies). extends: here is the schema-side surface; the rule-side surface remains kinds: order plus deep-merge.

extends: in a proto.md schema

A file schema declares its parent in front matter:

---
extends: rfc-base.proto.md
---
# {title}
...

The path is resolved relative to the schema file. The loader recurses; cycles are detected and reported with the cycle path.

Conflict semantics

frontmatter: keys unify under CUE's standard rules. The effective expression is the unified form; the child must satisfy the parent.

# parent: status: '"open" | "closed"'
# child:  status: '"open"'
# effective: status: '"open"'   (refinement; OK)

# parent: status: '"open" | "closed"'
# child:  status: '"ratified"'
# effective: conflict (no value satisfies both)

structure: does not unify — heading templates compose by sequence, not by constraint, so the child's template replaces the parent's wholesale. To extend a parent's template, copy the parent's lines and add to them. A future plan can revisit if real cases need finer-grained merge.

Surfacing the chain

mdsmith kinds show <name> prints:

rfc-ratified:
  extends: rfc-base
  schema: inline
  effective-frontmatter:
    id: =~"^RFC-[0-9]{4}$"      # from rfc-base
    authors: '[...string]'       # from rfc-base
    created: types.#date         # from rfc-base
    ratified-on: types.#date     # from rfc-ratified
    status: '"ratified"'         # from rfc-ratified

The provenance column lets a reader see which layer contributes each field without reading all schemas. This is the extends: analogue of plan 97's deep-merge provenance for rule settings.

Conflict diagnostics

A child's CUE expression may be unsatisfiable against its parent's. Parent says int; child says string. The diagnostic from plan 147 names both layers:

status: schema cannot unify with parent
  parent rfc-base: '"open" | "closed"'
  child  rfc-ratified: 'int'
schema: kinds[rfc-ratified] / extends[rfc-base]

The reader sees the field, both expressions, and both layer names without grepping.

Tasks

1. Add an Extends string field to the kind config struct in internal/config/.
2. Add an extends: front-matter field to the proto.md schema parser in internal/rules/requiredstructure/.
3. Implement parent resolution:

• inline kinds resolve extends: against the kinds: map by name,
• file schemas resolve against a path relative to the schema file.

4. Detect cycles and report with the full cycle path (a → b → c → a). Reject before any evaluation.
5. Unify child schema onto parent for both frontmatter: and require:. Replace wholesale for structure:. Reject conflicts with the diagnostic shape above (depends on plan 147).
6. Extend mdsmith kinds show <name> to print the inheritance chain and per-field provenance for frontmatter:.
7. Document inheritance in the file-kinds guide with a worked RFC example.
8. Tests:

• inline + file schemas each accept extends: and resolve correctly,
• a child overrides a parent field; the effective schema reflects the child,
• structure: replacement (not merge) is the observed behavior, with a regression test,
• cycle detection produces the expected error before any unification runs,
• conflict diagnostics name both layers.

Acceptance Criteria

• An inline kind with extends: inherits its parent's frontmatter: keys; the child can override individual keys.
• A file schema with extends: <path> inherits identically.
• A child's structure: wholly replaces the parent's structure: (regression test asserts the parent's headings are absent from the effective schema).
• A cycle in extends: (single or multi-hop) produces an error naming the cycle path.
• A child whose CUE expression cannot unify with its parent's produces a diagnostic naming both layers (depends on plan 147).
• mdsmith kinds show <name> prints the inheritance chain and per-field provenance.
• All tests pass: go test ./...
• go tool golangci-lint run reports no issues.