README.md

Advanced Asynchronous Behavior (Node.js + ECMAScript Semantics)

This section focuses on the parts of async JavaScript that break simplistic mental models.

Topics:

• Promise internals and resolution procedure
• Async/await desugaring and ordering
• Microtask starvation
• Backpressure
• Async iterators and stream-style pumping with cancellation

The goal is not syntax fluency; it is deterministic reasoning under scheduler pressure.

1) Promise internals (spec-aligned, practical)

Promise states

A promise is always in exactly one state:

• pending
• fulfilled (with a value)
• rejected (with a reason)

It transitions at most once from pending to settled.

Handler queues

Each .then(onFulfilled, onRejected) registers reactions. Reactions run asynchronously in a microtask turn after settlement.

Important guarantee:

• Even when a promise is already fulfilled, .then(...) callbacks do not run synchronously (Zalgo avoidance).

Promise resolution procedure (assimilation)

When resolving with x, Promise machinery must decide how to adopt x:

1. If x is the same promise (self-resolution), reject with TypeError.
2. If x is an object/function with callable then, treat it as a thenable.
3. Call then with resolve/reject wrappers.
4. First call wins; later calls are ignored.
5. If reading/calling then throws before settlement, reject.

This is why direct thenable.then(resolve, reject) without guards is unsafe.

Microtask scheduling and Zalgo avoidance

Microtasks run after current JS stack and before timers/IO callbacks.

Zalgo avoidance means callbacks run predictably async:

'use strict';

const p = Promise.resolve(1);
let sync = true;

p.then(() => {
  console.log(sync); // false
});

sync = false;

2) Async/await desugaring

async function f() always returns a promise. await expr is conceptually:

• evaluate expr
• convert to promise (Promise.resolve(expr) semantics)
• suspend function
• resume continuation in a microtask when settled

try/catch with await

'use strict';

async function run() {
  try {
    const value = await mayReject();
    return value;
  } catch (err) {
    return 'recovered';
  }
}

catch handles rejection from awaited promise like synchronous throw at the suspension point.

Sequential vs parallel awaits

Sequential pattern:

const a = await taskA();
const b = await taskB();

taskB starts only after taskA resolves.

Parallel pattern:

const pa = taskA();
const pb = taskB();
const [a, b] = await Promise.all([pa, pb]);

Both tasks start immediately before awaiting.

Tricky ordering example #1

'use strict';

console.log('sync-1');
Promise.resolve().then(() => console.log('promise-then'));
queueMicrotask(() => console.log('queueMicrotask'));
setTimeout(() => console.log('timeout'), 0);
setImmediate(() => console.log('immediate'));
console.log('sync-2');

Deterministic parts:

• sync-1, sync-2 first
• microtasks before timer/immediate

Relative ordering between setTimeout(0) and setImmediate can differ by phase/context; do not hardcode broad claims.

Tricky ordering example #2

'use strict';

async function demo() {
  console.log('A');
  await null;
  console.log('B');
}

demo();
Promise.resolve().then(() => console.log('C'));
console.log('D');

Output ordering:

• A
• D
• then microtasks: B and C ordering depends on enqueue order from this turn (engine/spec mechanics).

The safe statement: await continuation is microtask-scheduled, never synchronous.

3) Microtask starvation

Node microtasks vs macrotasks

Microtasks include:

• Promise reactions (.then/.catch/.finally)
• queueMicrotask

Macrotask-like phases include timers, poll/IO callbacks, check (setImmediate).

If code recursively schedules microtasks without yielding, it can starve timers/IO.

'use strict';

let count = 0;
function loop() {
  count++;
  if (count < 1_000_000) queueMicrotask(loop);
}
loop();
setImmediate(() => console.log('late')); // may be delayed until microtask chain ends

Detecting and mitigating starvation

Symptoms:

• Timer/IO callbacks delayed while CPU active
• Event loop lag spikes

Mitigation pattern:

• Yield every N microtasks to macrotask queue (setImmediate or setTimeout(0)).

if (i % yieldEvery === 0) {
  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
}

4) Backpressure concepts (Node-centric)

Backpressure is flow control: producer should not outrun consumer.

Without backpressure:

• buffers grow
• memory rises
• latency and GC pressure worsen

HighWaterMark and drain (conceptual)

In writable-like flows, write(chunk) returning false means:

• internal buffer is at/above high water mark
• producer must pause
• resume when drain occurs

Push vs pull flow

Push-based:

• source emits regardless of downstream state
• must negotiate pause/resume or fail on overflow

Pull-based:

• consumer asks for next item
• naturally applies demand control

Practical patterns

• bounded queues (highWaterMark)
• explicit stop signal (push returns false)
• awaitable drain before resuming
• cancellation via AbortSignal

5) Async iterators and streams

for await...of

Consumes async iterables sequentially with implicit await on each next().

for await (const chunk of iterable) {
  // process chunk
}

Async generators

async function* generate() {
  yield 1;
  yield 2;
}

Converting push source to async iterable

Push source shape:

const unsubscribe = subscribe((value) => {
  // called when source emits
});

Bridging concerns:

• buffer management
• overflow policy
• cleanup in return()

For this module's exercises, overflow policy is explicit error:

• if buffer is full and source pushes another value, iterator enters errored state with Backpressure overflow
• iterator unsubscribes once

Converting async iterable to stream-like sink

Pump loop concerns:

• write backpressure (write false => await drain)
• cancellation (AbortSignal)
• cleanup (close())

6) Common incorrect assumptions

• "await makes code multithreaded."
• "Promise callbacks can run synchronously if already resolved."
• "Microtasks are always harmless and tiny."
• "If memory grows in async pipeline, it is always a leak." (could be temporary buffering/backpressure issue)
• "Promise.all runs tasks one by one." (it does not)

7) Interview mental model

When asked about ordering:

1. Separate synchronous stack, microtasks, and macrotasks/phases.
2. Explain enqueue points (where continuation is scheduled).
3. State which ordering guarantees are strict vs environment-dependent.

When asked about starvation:

• repeated microtasks can delay timers/IO
• mitigation is explicit yielding to macrotask queue

When asked about backpressure:

• describe producer signal (false, pause, or overflow error)
• bounded buffering + resume protocol + cancellation

What not to claim:

• "await is parallel by default"
• "timer vs immediate ordering is globally fixed"
• "GC/backpressure details are identical in all JS runtimes"