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fixes issue #96 
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‎spec/config.js‎

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// formal title, define it here
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// subtitle : "White Paper",
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// if you wish the publication date to be other than the last modification, set this
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publishDate: "2025-11-20",
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publishDate: "2026-01-08",
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// if the specification's copyright date is a range of years, specify
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// the start date here:
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copyrightStart: "2024",

‎spec/docs/20260108/index.html‎

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‎spec/docs/20260108/resources/css/extras.css‎

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a.sec-ref:before {
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content: "“";
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}
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a.sec-ref:after {
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content: "”";
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}
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span.orcid a {
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text-decoration: none !important;
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border: none !important;
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}
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span.orcid a img {
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transform: translateY(3px);
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}
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html {
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background: white !important;
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}

‎spec/docs/20260108/resources/images/orcid_logo.png‎

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‎spec/docs/index.html‎

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‎spec/rendered.html‎

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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" dir="ltr"><head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta name="generator" content="ReSpec 35.6.0">
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<meta name="generator" content="ReSpec 35.6.1">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
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<style>
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span.example-title{text-transform:none}
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<script data-goatcounter="https://rml-fields.goatcounter.com/count" async="" src="//gc.zgo.at/count.js"></script>
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<noscript>
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&amp;lt;img src="https://rml-fields.goatcounter.com/count?p=/test-noscript"&amp;gt;
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&lt;img src="https://rml-fields.goatcounter.com/count?p=/test-noscript"&gt;
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</noscript>
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<style id="respec-mainstyle">
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"processVersion": 2024,
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"specStatus": "CG-DRAFT",
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"shortName": "rml-lv",
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"publishDate": "2025-11-20",
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"publishDate": "2026-01-08",
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"copyrightStart": "2024",
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"edDraftURI": "https://w3id.org/rml/lv/spec",
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"editors": [
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"id": "rml-io"
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}
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},
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"publishISODate": "2025-11-20T00:00:00.000Z",
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"generatedSubtitle": "Draft Community Group Report 20 November 2025"
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"publishISODate": "2026-01-08T00:00:00.000Z",
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"generatedSubtitle": "Draft Community Group Report 08 January 2026"
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}</script>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2021/cg-draft"></head>
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<body class="h-entry"><div class="head">
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<h1 id="title" class="title">RML Logical Views</h1>
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<p id="w3c-state">
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/standards/types#reports">Draft Community Group Report</a>
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<time class="dt-published" datetime="2025-11-20">20 November 2025</time>
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<time class="dt-published" datetime="2026-01-08">08 January 2026</time>
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</p>
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<dl>
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<p class="copyright">
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/policies/#copyright">Copyright</a>
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©
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2024-2025
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2024-2026
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the Contributors to the RML Logical Views
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Specification, published by the
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<p data-format="markdown"><p>This is an early draft,
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yet efforts are made to keep things stable.</p>
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</p>
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</section><nav id="toc"><h2 class="introductory" id="table-of-contents">Table of Contents</h2><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sotd">Status of This Document</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#overview"><bdi class="secno">1. </bdi>Overview</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#conventions"><bdi class="secno">1.1 </bdi>Document conventions</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#conformance"><bdi class="secno">1.2 </bdi>Conformance</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#problem"><bdi class="secno">2. </bdi>Problem</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#nested-data-structures"><bdi class="secno">2.1 </bdi>Nested data structures</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#mixed-data-formats"><bdi class="secno">2.2 </bdi>Mixed data formats</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#joining-of-data-sources"><bdi class="secno">2.3 </bdi>Joining of data sources</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#logicalviews"><bdi class="secno">3. </bdi>Logical views</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#logicalviewiterator"><bdi class="secno">3.1 </bdi>Logical view iterator</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#logicalviewexpressions"><bdi class="secno">3.2 </bdi>Logical view expressions</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#fields"><bdi class="secno">4. </bdi>Fields</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#fieldparents"><bdi class="secno">4.1 </bdi>Field parents</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#fieldnames"><bdi class="secno">4.2 </bdi>Field names</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#fieldrecords"><bdi class="secno">4.3 </bdi>Field records</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#fieldreferenceformulations"><bdi class="secno">4.4 </bdi>Field reference formulations</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#viewjoins"><bdi class="secno">5. </bdi>Logical view joins</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dfn-join-type"><bdi class="secno">5.1 </bdi>Join types</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#logical-view-join-examples"><bdi class="secno">5.2 </bdi>Logical view join examples</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#left-join"><bdi class="secno">5.2.1 </bdi>Left join</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#inner-join"><bdi class="secno">5.2.2 </bdi>Inner join</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#two-left-joins"><bdi class="secno">5.2.3 </bdi>Two left joins</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#annotations"><bdi class="secno">6. </bdi>Structural Annotations</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#invariance-principle"><bdi class="secno">6.1 </bdi>Invariance Principle</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#irisafe"><bdi class="secno">6.2 </bdi>IriSafe</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#primarykey"><bdi class="secno">6.3 </bdi>PrimaryKey</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#unique"><bdi class="secno">6.4 </bdi>Unique</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#notnull"><bdi class="secno">6.5 </bdi>NotNull</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#foreignkey"><bdi class="secno">6.6 </bdi>ForeignKey</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#inclusion"><bdi class="secno">6.7 </bdi>Inclusion</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#references"><bdi class="secno">A. </bdi>References</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#normative-references"><bdi class="secno">A.1 </bdi>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#informative-references"><bdi class="secno">A.2 </bdi>Informative references</a></li></ol></li></ol></nav>
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</section><nav id="toc"><h2 class="introductory" id="table-of-contents">Table of Contents</h2><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sotd">Status of This Document</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#overview"><bdi class="secno">1. </bdi>Overview</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#conventions"><bdi class="secno">1.1 </bdi>Document conventions</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#conformance"><bdi class="secno">1.2 </bdi>Conformance</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#problem"><bdi class="secno">2. </bdi>Problem</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#nested-data-structures"><bdi class="secno">2.1 </bdi>Nested data structures</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#mixed-data-formats"><bdi class="secno">2.2 </bdi>Mixed data formats</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#joining-of-data-sources"><bdi class="secno">2.3 </bdi>Joining of data sources</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#logicalviews"><bdi class="secno">3. </bdi>Logical views</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#logicalviewiterator"><bdi class="secno">3.1 </bdi>Logical view iterator</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#logicalviewexpressions"><bdi class="secno">3.2 </bdi>Logical view expressions</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#fields"><bdi class="secno">4. </bdi>Fields</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#fieldparents"><bdi class="secno">4.1 </bdi>Field parents</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#fieldnames"><bdi class="secno">4.2 </bdi>Field names</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#fieldrecords"><bdi class="secno">4.3 </bdi>Field records</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#fieldreferenceformulations"><bdi class="secno">4.4 </bdi>Field reference formulations</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#viewjoins"><bdi class="secno">5. </bdi>Logical view joins</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dfn-join-type"><bdi class="secno">5.1 </bdi>Join types</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#logical-view-join-examples"><bdi class="secno">5.2 </bdi>Logical view join examples</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#left-join"><bdi class="secno">5.2.1 </bdi>Left join</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#inner-join"><bdi class="secno">5.2.2 </bdi>Inner join</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#two-left-joins"><bdi class="secno">5.2.3 </bdi>Two left joins</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#annotations"><bdi class="secno">6. </bdi>Structural Annotations</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#invariance-principle"><bdi class="secno">6.1 </bdi>Invariance Principle</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#irisafe"><bdi class="secno">6.2 </bdi>IriSafe</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#primarykey"><bdi class="secno">6.3 </bdi>PrimaryKey</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#unique"><bdi class="secno">6.4 </bdi>Unique</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#notnull"><bdi class="secno">6.5 </bdi>NotNull</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#foreignkey"><bdi class="secno">6.6 </bdi>ForeignKey</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#inclusion"><bdi class="secno">6.7 </bdi>Inclusion</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#references"><bdi class="secno">A. </bdi>References</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#normative-references"><bdi class="secno">A.1 </bdi>Normative references</a></li></ol></li></ol></nav>
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<section id="overview-0"><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="overview"><bdi class="secno">1. </bdi>Overview</h2><a class="self-link" href="#overview" aria-label="Permalink for Section 1."></a></div><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
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<section id="document-conventions"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="conventions"><bdi class="secno">1.1 </bdi>Document conventions</h3><a class="self-link" href="#conventions" aria-label="Permalink for Section 1.1"></a></div><p>We assume readers have basic familiarity with RDF and RML concepts.</p>
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The <a data-link-type="dfn|abstract-op" href="#dfn-declared-name" class="internalDFN" id="ref-for-dfn-declared-name-11">declared name</a> of this field <em class="rfc2119">MUST</em> be different from the <a data-link-type="dfn|abstract-op" href="#dfn-absolute-name" class="internalDFN" id="ref-for-dfn-absolute-name-3">absolute name</a> of every other field in the <a data-link-type="dfn|abstract-op" href="#dfn-child-logical-view" class="internalDFN" id="ref-for-dfn-child-logical-view-2">child logical view</a>.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Similar to how <a href="https://w3id.org/rml/core/spec#joins">joins are defined in RML-Core</a>,
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the <a data-link-type="dfn|abstract-op" href="#dfn-logical-view" class="internalDFN" id="ref-for-dfn-logical-view-14">logical view</a> in the subject position of the <a data-link-type="dfn|abstract-op" href="#dfn-join-property" class="internalDFN" id="ref-for-dfn-join-property-1">join property</a> fulfills the role of <a href="https://w3id.org/rml/core/spec#child-logical-source">child logical source</a> in the <a href="https://w3id.org/rml/core/spec#dfn-join-condition">join condition(s)</a>, but of the <a data-link-type="dfn|abstract-op" href="#dfn-logical-view-join" class="internalDFN" id="ref-for-dfn-logical-view-join-3">logical view join</a>, and is referred to as <dfn id="dfn-child-logical-view" tabindex="0" aria-haspopup="dialog" data-dfn-type="dfn">child logical view</dfn>.
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the <a data-link-type="dfn|abstract-op" href="#dfn-logical-view" class="internalDFN" id="ref-for-dfn-logical-view-15">logical view</a> in the subject position of the <a data-link-type="dfn|abstract-op" href="#dfn-join-property" class="internalDFN" id="ref-for-dfn-join-property-1">join property</a> fulfills the role of <a href="https://w3id.org/rml/core/spec#child-logical-source">child logical source</a> in the <a href="https://w3id.org/rml/core/spec#dfn-join-condition">join condition(s)</a>, but of the <a data-link-type="dfn|abstract-op" href="#dfn-logical-view-join" class="internalDFN" id="ref-for-dfn-logical-view-join-3">logical view join</a>, and is referred to as <dfn id="dfn-child-logical-view" tabindex="0" aria-haspopup="dialog" data-dfn-type="dfn">child logical view</dfn>.
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The <a data-link-type="dfn|abstract-op" href="#dfn-parent-logical-view" class="internalDFN" id="ref-for-dfn-parent-logical-view-2">parent logical view</a> fulfills the role of the <a href="https://w3id.org/rml/core/spec#parent-logical-source">parent logical source</a> in the <a href="https://w3id.org/rml/core/spec#dfn-join-condition">join condition(s)</a>, but of the <a data-link-type="dfn|abstract-op" href="#dfn-logical-view-join" class="internalDFN" id="ref-for-dfn-logical-view-join-4">logical view join</a>.</p>
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<table>
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<thead>
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</thead>
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<tbody><tr>
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<td><code>rml:targetView</code></td>
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<td><code>rml:InclusionAnnotation</code></td>
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<td><code>rml:ForeignKeyAnnotation</code></td>
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<td><code>rml:LogicalView</code></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>rml:targetFields</code></td>
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<td><code>rml:InclusionAnnotation</code></td>
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<td><code>rml:ForeignKeyAnnotation</code></td>
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<td><code>rdf:List</code></td>
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</tr>
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</dd><dt id="bib-turtle">[turtle]</dt><dd>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/"><cite>RDF 1.1 Turtle</cite></a>. Eric Prud'hommeaux; Gavin Carothers. W3C. 25 February 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/">https://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/</a>
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</dd></dl>
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</section><section id="informative-references"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="a-2-informative-references"><bdi class="secno">A.2 </bdi>Informative references</h3><a class="self-link" href="#informative-references" aria-label="Permalink for Appendix A.2"></a></div>
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<dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-rml-io">[RML-IO]</dt><dd>
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<a href="https://w3id.org/rml/io/spec"><cite>RML-IO</cite></a>. W3C. 27 September 2023. Draft Community Group Report. URL: <a href="https://w3id.org/rml/io/spec">https://w3id.org/rml/io/spec</a>
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</dd></dl>
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</section></section><p role="navigation" id="back-to-top">
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<a href="#title"><abbr title="Back to Top">↑</abbr></a>
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</p><div class="dfn-panel" hidden="" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" id="dfn-panel-for-dfn-logical-view" aria-label="Links in this document to definition: logical view">

‎spec/section/annotations.md‎

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The <dfn>target view</dfn> is a [=logical view=] specified through the property `rml:targetView`, whereas the <dfn>target fields</dfn> are an RDF list of field names specified through the property `rml:targetFields`. These two properties are specified as follows:
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| Property | Domain | Range |
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|--------------------|---------------------------|-------------------|
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| `rml:targetView` | `rml:InclusionAnnotation` | `rml:LogicalView` |
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| `rml:targetFields` | `rml:InclusionAnnotation` | `rdf:List` |
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| Property | Domain | Range |
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|--------------------|----------------------------|-------------------|
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| `rml:targetView` | `rml:ForeignKeyAnnotation` | `rml:LogicalView` |
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| `rml:targetFields` | `rml:ForeignKeyAnnotation` | `rdf:List` |
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Therefore, each ForeignKey annotation MUST specify (additionally to the inherited `rml:onFields` property):
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