All datasets, projects, books, articles, and tools identified during research (2026-03-25).
| # | Name | City/Scope | Format | Has Etymology? | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Barcelona Nomenclator (Open Data) | Barcelona | CSV | YES (DESCRIPCIO1/2) | https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/data/ca/dataset/nomenclator-bcn |
| 2 | Donostia Historia de Nombres de Calle | San Sebastian | CSV | YES (Historia field) | https://www.donostia.eus/datosabiertos/recursos/historia_nomcalle/kaleizenhistorioa.csv |
| 3 | Paris Denominations des voies actuelles | Paris | CSV/JSON/API | YES (origin field) | https://opendata.paris.fr/explore/dataset/denominations-emprises-voies-actuelles/ |
| 4 | Vienna Geschichte Wiki (Strassennamen) | Vienna | Wiki + RDF | YES (detailed articles) | https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Straßennamen |
| 5 | OSM name:etymology:wikidata tags | Global | OSM/Overpass | YES (via Wikidata) | https://taginfo.openstreetmap.org/keys/name:etymology:wikidata |
| 6 | EDJNet Mapping Diversity | 30 EU cities | Excel/R | Partial (persons) | https://mappingdiversity.eu/ |
| 7 | Streetonomics | Paris/Vienna/London/NYC | CSV | YES (persons) | https://social-dynamics.net/streetonomics/data |
| 8 | Lviv Historical Urbanonymy | Lviv | Zenodo | YES (historical) | https://zenodo.org/records/17512160 |
| 9 | StNamesLab StreetNamesDatabase | Europe/N.America | CSV | NO (names only) | https://github.com/StNamesLab/StreetNamesDatabase |
| # | Name | What | Format | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | Callejero Oficial del Ayuntamiento | Current and historical Madrid vials, codes, districts/barrios, and alta/baja dates | CSV/SHP/PDF | https://datos.madrid.es/dataset/213605-0-callejero-oficial-madrid |
| 11 | Barrios municipales de Madrid | 131 neighbourhoods, boundaries | CSV/KML/SHP | https://datos.madrid.es/dataset/300496-0-barrios-madrid |
| 12 | CRTM GTFS - Metro | Metro lines, stations, coordinates | GTFS | https://data-crtm.opendata.arcgis.com/ |
| 13 | CRTM GTFS - Metro Ligero | ML lines, stations, coordinates | GTFS | https://data-crtm.opendata.arcgis.com/ |
| 14 | CRTM GTFS - Cercanias | Cercanias lines, stations, coordinates | GTFS | https://data-crtm.opendata.arcgis.com/ |
| 15 | Renfe Data - Estaciones Cercanias Madrid | Station list with coords/addresses | CSV/XLSX | https://data.renfe.com/dataset/estaciones-cercanias-madrid |
| 16 | Nomecalles (Comunidad de Madrid) | 48,622 streets across all municipalities | Web/GIS | https://gestiona.comunidad.madrid/nomecalles_web/ |
| 17 | Nomenclator Geografico CM | Geographic names of the region | DB/WMS | https://datos.gob.es/en/catalogo/a13002908-nomenclator-geografico-de-la-comunidad-de-madrid |
| 18 | Madrid.org Municipality Name History | Municipality names in 1528, 1900, and since | XLS | https://www.madrid.org/iestadis/fijas/estructu/general/otros/inombremunicipios.htm |
| 19 | ICGC Street Names of Catalonia | All Catalan street names | Open Data | https://datos.gob.es/en/catalogo/a09002970-nombre-de-calles-de-cataluna |
| # | Name | What | Format | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 | callesdemadrid.cc | 8,014 streets categorized by type | Web | https://callesdemadrid.cc/ |
| 21 | Madripedia - Calles (Historia) | Wiki articles on individual streets | Wiki | https://madripedia.wikis.cc/wiki/Calles_(Historia) |
| 22 | Wikipedia - Nomenclator callejero | Overview of naming patterns | Wiki | https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomencl%C3%A1tor_callejero_de_Madrid |
| 23 | Wikipedia - Calles del Madrid medieval | Medieval street origins | Wiki | https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calles_y_plazas_del_Madrid_medieval |
| 24 | Correspondencia con la Historia (RAH) | 58 metro stations - biographical panels | Web | https://www.rah.es/biografias-metromadrid/ |
| 25 | Metro "Estacion del Mes" series | Individual station histories | Web | https://www.metromadrid.es/ |
| 26 | Civitatis - Barrios de Madrid origenes | 6-8 major barrio etymologies | Blog | https://www.civitatis.com/blog/origen-nombre-barrios-madrid/ |
| 27 | El Mirador de Madrid - Distritos | All 21 district histories | Blog | https://elmiradordemadrid.es/distritos-madrid-origen-historia/ |
| 28 | TakeWalks - Madrid Neighborhood Names | 10 neighbourhood etymologies (EN) | Blog | https://www.takewalks.com/blog/madrid-neighborhood-names |
| 29 | Historias Matritenses - Toponimia | Detailed individual toponymy posts | Blog | https://historias-matritenses.blogspot.com/ |
| 30 | Secretos de Madrid - Chamberi | Chamberi etymology (5 theories) | Blog | https://www.secretosdemadrid.es/origen-del-nombre-chamberi/ |
| 31 | Carabanchel Alto - Nombre origen | Carabanchel etymology (4 theories) | Blog | https://carabanchelalto.es/historia/origen-del-nombre-de-carabanchel/ |
| 32 | Madrid Secreto - Metro name changes | All historical metro name changes | Blog | https://madridsecreto.co/cambios-nombre-metro-madrid/ |
| 33 | MadridMobilite - Metro name changes | Exhaustive name change chronology | Blog | https://madridmobilite.com/2016/08/03/los-cambios-de-nombre-en-el-metro-de-madrid-historia-de-su-infraestructura/ |
| 34 | El Independiente - 302 estaciones | Station name origins overview | Article | https://www.elindependiente.com/tendencias/historia/2023/04/17/de-embajadores-a-lavapies-el-origen-del-nombre-de-las-302-estaciones-del-metro-de-madrid/ |
| 35 | Espana Fascinante - Metro stations | ~15 station etymologies | Article | https://www.espanafascinante.com/articulo/lugares/nombre-estaciones-metro-madrid/20231228103800274097.html |
| 36 | Muy Interesante - Metro personas | ~15 person-named stations | Article | https://muyinteresante.okdiario.com/historia/31347.html |
| 37 | Renfe Blog - Cercanias nombres | 5-6 Cercanias station etymologies | Blog | https://blog.renfe.com/nombres-curiosos-de-estaciones-en-cercanias-madrid/ |
| 38 | The Making of Madrid - Street Signs | Street naming history (EN) | Blog | http://themakingofmadrid.com/2020/02/21/when-the-streets-had-no-names/ |
| 39 | Wikilengua - Toponimos Madrid | District/barrio name list | Wiki | https://www.wikilengua.org/index.php/Top%C3%B3nimos_de_Espa%C3%B1a/Madrid/Madrid |
| 40 | Calles de Sevilla | Seville street etymologies | Web | https://callesdesevilla.com/ |
| 41 | Bilbao Izan - Por que se llama | Bilbao street name origins | Web | https://www.bilbao.eus/cs/Satellite?c=Page&cid=1272986939596&language=es |
For the current non-verified station lookup priority, see research/physical-books-guide.md. For the grouped queue of probable station reference work, see research/probable-reference-queue.md. This table is a source catalogue, not a recommended reading order; some older book-length works below are now digitized.
| # | Title | Author | Year | Scope |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 42 | Toponimia madrilena: proceso evolutivo (2 vols + CD-ROM) | Luis Miguel Aparisi Laporta | 2001-2005 | Major Madrid toponymy reference; physical/catalogue lookup |
| 42a | La toponimia madrilena. Proceso evolutivo | Luis Miguel Aparisi Laporta | 1993 | Article in Anales IEM XXXIII, pp. 515-543; checked locally, useful for methodology/source base, not station-entry lookup |
| 43 | Los nombres de las calles de Madrid | Maria Isabel Gea Ortigas | 1993-2020 | Street-name entries; physical/current editions |
| 44 | Metro de Madrid: Por que sus estaciones se llaman asi? | Jose Felipe Alonso Fernandez-Checa | 2023 | Metro station-name cross-check, ISBN 978-84-9873-497-3 |
| 45 | El alma del suburbano madrileno | Comunidad de Madrid | 2025 | First 42 Metro stations (1919-1944) |
| 46 | Origen historico y etimologico de las calles de Madrid | Antonio de Capmany | 1863 | Digitized historical street-name work |
| 47 | Las calles de Madrid | Pedro de Repide | early 20th c. | Classic literary guide |
| 48 | Los nombres de las calles de Madrid | Federico Bravo Morata | 1984 | Comprehensive 1980s guide |
| 49 | Las calles de Madrid: noticias, tradiciones y curiosidades | Penasco de la Puente & Cambronero | 1889 | Digitized historical street-name work |
| 50 | Diccionario de Madrid | Juan Antonio Cabezas | 1972 | Dictionary format |
| 51b | Metro de Madrid 1919-2009: Noventa anos de historia | Aurora Moya Rodriguez | 2009 | 544pp definitive Metro history (ISBN 978-84-613-6154-0) |
| 52b | Metro de Madrid 1919-1989: Setenta anos de historia | Aurora Moya Rodriguez | 1990 | 339pp first comprehensive Metro history (ISBN 9788440482853) |
| 53b | El Metro de Madrid: Medio siglo al servicio de la ciudad | Marino Gomez-Santos | 1969 | Earliest comprehensive metro history |
| 54b | 90 anos de Metro en Madrid | Mohedas Garcia, Zamorano et al. | 2009 | 96pp large-format photo history (ISBN 978-84-9873-089-0) |
| 55b | 100 Anos de Metro en Madrid: De Cuatro Caminos al centenario | Mohedas Garcia, Zamorano et al. | 2019 | 112pp centenary edition (ISBN 978-84-9873-420-1) |
| 56b | Antonio Palacios. Metro y metropoli | Susana Olivares Abengozar | 2019 | Metro architecture by Palacios (ISBN 978-84-09-10341-6) |
| 57b | La Huella de Metro: Una mirada a los origenes (trilogy) | Olivares, Molina Sanchez | 2019+ | Urban development through metro (ISBN 978-84-09-17141-5) |
| 58b | La compania Metropolitano Alfonso XIII: historia economica | Ester Mendez Perez | UNED | Economic history 1917-1977 (ISBN 978-84-362-4051-1) |
| 59b | 100 Anos de la Linea Norte-Sur: De Cuatro Caminos a Sol | Antonio Martinez Moreno | 2019 | Line 1 first 8 stations monograph (ISBN 978-1-698-37901-2) |
| 60b | 100 anos linea Norte-Sur: De Sol al Puente de Vallecas | Antonio Martinez Moreno | 2021 | Line 1 southern extension (ISBN 979-8-731-57195-1) |
| 61b | El Ferrocarril como elemento cohesionador del territorio | Antonio Martinez Moreno | 2019 | Metro and urban development (ISBN 978-84-949318-0-2, FREE PDF) |
| 62b | Historias de las calles de Madrid | Jose Luis Rodriguez-Checa | 2021 | 959 streets with origins (ISBN 978-84-9873-455-3) |
| 63b | Origen de las calles de Madrid | Manuel Montero Vallejo | 2005 | Medieval street origins (ISBN 978-84-964-7009-5) |
| 64b | Tranvias de Madrid | Carlos Lopez Bustos | 1986/1998 | 287pp tram history with routes |
| 65b | Aquellos Tranvias de Madrid | Diego Gutierrez | Ediciones La Libreria | Trams 1870-1971 (ISBN 978-84-894-1177-7) |
| 66b | Ferrocarril y Madrid: Historia de un progreso | Matilla Quiza, Polo Muriel et al. | 2002 | 290pp railway history (ISBN 978-84-498-0648-3) |
| 67b | La mujer en Metro | Metro de Madrid | 2020 | Women in Metro history (ISBN 978-84-948896-5-3) |
| 68b | Los Nombres de las estaciones del Metro (BARCELONA) | Josep Maria Espinas | 1988 | Barcelona Metro station name etymologies - model (ISBN 84-404-2755-7) |
| # | Title | Author(s) | Year | Focus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51 | Algunos toponimos madrilenos de origen celta | Joaquin Caridad Arias | 2004 | Celtic origins (Aravaca, Carabanchel, Chamberi, Vallecas) |
| 52 | En torno a la toponimia madrilena | Jairo Javier Garcia Sanchez | 2010 | State of Madrid toponymic research |
| 53 | Toponimia geografica madrilena (multi-part) | Fernando Jimenez de Gregorio | various | 10,000+ index cards, Madrid province |
| 54 | La informacion codificada en la toponimia urbana (thesis) | Ayar Rodriguez de Castro | 2017 | Methodology for urban toponymy analysis |
| 55 | Cultura historica y nombres de calles (Barcelona & Madrid) | Univ. Navarra | 2022 | Comparative study of naming patterns |
| 56 | Streetonomics (PLOS ONE) | Various | 2021 | 4,932 streets in 4 cities |
| 57 | Tabulating and visualizing street-name data | Carmona-Derqui et al. | 2023 | StNamesLab methodology |
| 58 | Street Naming Practices: A Systematic Review | Various | 2021 | 121 articles reviewed |
| 59a | Antonio Palacios Ramilo (1874-1945): la arquitectura del metropolitano (PhD) | Susana Olivares Abengozar | 2015 | UPM doctoral thesis on Metro architecture |
| 60a | La arquitectura del Metro de Madrid: conservacion y restauracion (TFG) | Alejandro Iniesta Munoz | 2018 | UPM thesis, FREE PDF |
| 61a | Los inicios del Metro en Espana: Madrid 1919 / Barcelona 1924 (TFG) | Eduardo Casado Lopez | UPM | Comparative metro origins, FREE PDF |
| 62a | Diego de Leon: historia de las estaciones de Metro | Revista Madrid Historico No. 110 | 2024 | Individual station article series |
| 63a | Concha Espina: historia de las estaciones de Metro | Revista Madrid Historico No. 112 | 2024 | Individual station article series |
| # | Name | What | URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| 59 | Open Etymology Map | Global interactive map (OSM + Wikidata) | https://etymology.dsantini.it/ |
| 60 | MapComplete Etymology | Crowdsourcing editor for OSM etymology | https://mapcomplete.org/etymology |
| 61 | OSMetymology | Generate etymology maps from OSM+Wikidata | https://github.com/PeterBrodersen/osmetymology |
| 62 | EqualStreetNames | Gender visualization for 63 cities | https://github.com/EqualStreetNames/equalstreetnames |
| 63 | Paristique | Paris interactive etymology map | https://www.paristique.fr/ |
| 64 | carrers.barcelona | Barcelona enhanced nomenclator | https://carrers.barcelona/ |
| 65 | HISDI-MAD (CSIC) | Historical cartography GIS 1860-present | https://idehistoricamadrid.csic.es/ |
| 66 | EsconD Planos de Madrid | Georeferenced historical maps 1622-1940s | https://www.escond.es/planosdemadrid |
| 67 | Wikidata SPARQL | Query P138 "named after" globally | https://query.wikidata.org/ |
| 68 | Overpass API | Query OSM name:etymology tags | https://overpass-turbo.eu/ |
| # | Name | What | URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| 69 | HISDI-MAD | Historical spatial data 1860-present | https://idehistoricamadrid.csic.es/ |
| 70 | EsconD Planos de Madrid | Maps from 1622 (Mancelli) to 1940s | https://www.escond.es/planosdemadrid |
| 71 | Ayto Madrid Cartoteca | Official municipal map archive | https://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Vivienda-urbanismo-y-obras/Urbanismo/Cartografia/Cartoteca/ |
| 72 | IGN Historical Map Comparator | 10 plans from 1622-1940 vs current | https://www.ign.es/ |
| 73 | CRTM Historical Railway Map 1851-2021 | All railway lines over 170 years | https://www.crtm.es/media/ljvhutqm/plano_historia_ffcc_madrid.pdf |
Sources consulted during the expansion to cover all 243 Metro, 95 Cercanias, and 52 Metro Ligero/Tranvia stations:
| # | Name | What | URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| 74 | Wikipedia - Individual station articles (es/en) | Etymology and history for ~150 stations | https://es.wikipedia.org/ |
| 75 | Wikipedia - Line articles (Linea 1-12, Ramal) | Complete station lists and opening dates | https://es.wikipedia.org/ |
| 76 | Toponomasticon Hispaniae (toponhisp.org) | Academic toponymic database for Spanish place names | https://toponhisp.org/ |
| 77 | DiccET - Diccionario Etimologico Toponomastico | Vallecas, Valdecarros, and other Madrid toponyms | https://diccet.com/ |
| 78 | Valdebebas.es | Valdebebas neighbourhood name origin | https://valdebebas.es/blog/valdebebas-origen-nombre |
| 79 | Memorias de Fuenlabrada (blog) | Loranca hamlet history and street names | http://memoriasfuenlabrada.blogspot.com/ |
| 80 | Leganes Activo | San Nicasio legend and Leganes history | https://leganesactivo.com/ |
| 81 | Secretos de Leganes (blog) | Leganes municipality name etymology | https://secretosdeleganes.wordpress.com/ |
| 82 | Noticias para Municipios | La Fortuna (Leganes) founding history | https://noticiasparamunicipios.com/ |
| 83 | ECO Leganes | La Fortuna neighbourhood history | https://ecoleganes.org/ |
| 84 | Madrid No Frills (blog) | Pan Bendito neighbourhood history (EN) | https://madridnofrills.com/ |
| 85 | Puente de Vallecas Blog | Congosto street history, Vallecas toponyms | https://puentedevallecasblog.wordpress.com/ |
| 86 | nosolometro (blog) | Ascao station name research | http://nosolometro.blogspot.com/ |
| 87 | Del Manzanares al Guadarrama (blog) | El Bercial plant etymology | https://delmanzanaresalguadarrama.wordpress.com/ |
| 88 | Ayuntamiento de Getafe | Los Espartales, Conservatorio, Getafe history | https://getafe.es/ |
| 89 | Ayuntamiento de Alcorcon | Alcorcon etymology, Joaquin Vilumbrales | https://www.ayto-alcorcon.es/ |
| 90 | Ayuntamiento de Leganes | San Nicasio, El Carrascal, Casa del Reloj | https://www.leganes.org/ |
| 91 | Ayuntamiento de Fuenlabrada | Fuenlabrada etymology | https://www.ayto-fuenlabrada.es/ |
| 92 | lamoraleja.com | La Moraleja historical origins | https://www.lamoraleja.com/ |
| 93 | Aviacion Digital | Aviacion Espanola station and Cuatro Vientos history | https://aviaciondigital.com/ |
| 94 | Real Aero Club de Espana | Cuatro Vientos aerodrome centenary | https://realaeroclubdeespana.org/ |
| 95 | Museo Virtual de Getafe | Arroyo Culebro archaeological site | https://museo.getafe.es/ |
| 96 | Istituto Italiano di Cultura Madrid | Palacio de Abrantes (Duques de Abrantes) history | https://iicmadrid.esteri.it/ |
| 97 | Rutaspormadrid.wordpress.com | Vallecas etymological and mythic origins | https://rutaspormadrid.wordpress.com/ |
| 98 | madridmobilite.com | Arroyofresno station opening history | https://madridmobilite.com/ |
| 99 | Aena | Cuatro Vientos and Barajas airport history | https://www.aena.es/ |
| 100 | Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia | Ascao/Askao etymology in Bilbao | https://aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/ |
| 101 | fgacedo (blog) | Calle Askao de Bilbao etymological proposal | http://fgacedo.blogspot.com/ |
| 102 | deia.eus | Askao street history in Bilbao | https://www.deia.eus/ |
| 103 | Villar Liebaña, Palaeohispanica (2002) | Pre-Roman *up-/*op- (water/river) toponyms in Hispania | https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=670065 |
| 104 | Carabanchel Historia y Patrimonio (blog) | Carabanchel medieval history, Arroyo de Opañel | https://carabanchelhistoriaypatrimonio.home.blog/ |
| 105 | eldiario.es | Pitis station history, shantytown and neighbourhood | https://www.eldiario.es/ |
| 106 | Madrid Secreto | Pitis station renaming campaigns | https://madridsecreto.co/ |
| 107 | Vocesdelpradillo (blog) | Plaza del Pradillo (Mostoles) historical origins | https://vocesdepradillo.wordpress.com/ |
| 108 | Memorias de Fuenlabrada (blog) | Loranca medieval village, Fuenlabrada founding | https://memoriasfuenlabrada.blogspot.com/ |
| 109 | Fundacion Hospital de San Jose | Alonso de Mendoza biography and hospital founding | https://fundacionhospitaldesanjose.es/ |
| 110 | CVC Rinconete - Lorenzo Arribas (2008) | Lavapies toponym etymology analysis | https://cvc.cervantes.es/el_rinconete/ |
| 111 | Turra Historica (2021) | Debunking Jewish quarter myth for Lavapies | https://turrahistorica.es/ |
| 112 | Chamberi30dias | Five theories for Chamberi neighbourhood name | https://chamberi30dias.es/ |
| 113 | CVC Rinconete - Garcia Sanchez (Toponimos CM) | Parla, Coslada, Leganes, Mostoles etymologies | https://cvc.cervantes.es/el_rinconete/anteriores/enero_08/28012008_01.htm |
| 114 | Toponomasticon Hispaniae - Valdemoro | Valdemoro as 'dark valley' (Val + moro adj.) | https://toponhisp.org/es/toponimia-de-las-zonas-central-sur-e-insular-atlantica/toponimo/valdemoro |
| 115 | Toponomasticon Hispaniae - Robledo de Chavela | Basque Echa + Germanic Vela compound | https://toponhisp.org/es/toponimia-de-las-zonas-central-sur-e-insular-atlantica/toponimo/robledo-de-chavela |
| 116 | Toponomasticon Hispaniae - El Escorial | Oak theory (esculus) gaining over slag (scoria) | https://toponhisp.org/es/toponimia-de-las-zonas-central-sur-e-insular-atlantica/toponimo/san-lorenzo-de-el-escorial |
| 117 | CVC Rinconete - El Escorial etymology (2007) | Father Siguenza vs Sarmiento theories | https://cvc.cervantes.es/el_rinconete/anteriores/enero_07/12012007_01.htm |
| 118 | Patxi Mendiburu blog | Chamartin Basque origin analysis (Echamartin 1247) | https://patximendiburu.blogspot.com/ |
| 119 | Hispanopedia - Aranjuez | Basque arantza theory and documentary trail | https://es.hispanopedia.com/wiki/Aranjuez |
| 120 | EducaMadrid - Aranjuez etymology | Note on Aranjuez name origins | https://mediateca.educa.madrid.org/ |
| 121 | Quadernillos - Torrejon/Meco names | Origin of Torrejon, Meco, Daganzo toponyms | https://quadernillos.com/ |
| 122 | Cosladaweb | Coslada history and etymology | https://cosladaweb.es/coslada/ |
| 123 | MadridNorte24horas podcasts | Tres Cantos, Galapagar, Navacerrada, Cercedilla origins | https://www.madridnorte24horas.com/ |
| 124 | Moncloa.com - Alcobendas name | Menendez Pidal and Villar Liebana theories | https://www.moncloa.com/ |
| 125 | Telemadrid - Colmenar Viejo | Colmenar Viejo name origin | https://www.telemadrid.es/ |
| 126 | Etimologias de Chile - Alcala | Arabic al-qal'a fortress etymology | https://etimologias.dechile.net/ |
| 127 | Ayuntamiento de Colmenar Viejo | Colmenar Viejo historical evolution | https://colmenarviejo.com/ |
| 128 | Secretos de Madrid - Embajadores | 15th-century ambassadors quartered during plague | https://www.secretosdemadrid.es/ |
| 129 | Secretos de Madrid - Delicias | Paseo de las Delicias del Rio origins | https://www.secretosdemadrid.es/ |
| 130 | Mirador Madrid - Piramides obelisks | 1831 Marietegui obelisks at Puente de Toledo | https://www.miradormadrid.com/ |
| 131 | Corominas etymological dictionary | Atocha from pre-Roman *taucia | via bibliamedieval.es |
| 132 | Tren de Felipe II - El Escorial | Origin of the word 'Escorial' | https://www.trendefelipeii.com/ |
| 133 | Guadarramistas - Puerto de Cotos | Carlos III boundary markers (1761) | https://guadarramistas.com/ |
| 134 | Ediciones La Libreria - Collado Mediano | Collado Mediano name origin | https://edicioneslalibreria.com/ |
| 135 | Celtiberia.net - Mostoles etymology | Monasteries theory (monisterium > Mostoles) | https://celtiberia.net/ |
| 136 | Raul Cordero - La ciudad de la ballena | La Ballena (Parla) folk legend | cited in esculturayarte.com |
| 137 | Cronistas Oficiales - Los ventorrillos | Ventorro del Cano roadside inn history | https://www.cronistasoficiales.com/ |
| 138 | Ayuntamiento de Pozuelo - History | Pozuelo de Alarcon etymology (1208, Gabriel de Ocana) | https://www.pozuelodealarcon.org/ |
| 139 | que.madrid - Municipal name origins | Curious origins of Madrid municipality names | https://www.que.madrid/ |
| 140 | Valdebebas.es - Name origin | Arroyo de Valdebebas stream etymology | https://valdebebas.es/ |