sds: port probabilities table and BloomFilter constructor from nim-sds

[adklempner]

Port the core probability tables and BloomFilter constructor from nim-sds to TypeScript.

1. Port the probability lookup tables from nim-sds as typed arrays
2. Implement getMOverNBitsForK() helper function to determine optimal bits/element
3. Create BloomFilter class with constructor that:
   • Takes capacity and error rate parameters
   • Supports optional k-hash override
   • Supports optional bits-per-element override
   • Calculates optimal parameters when not specified
   • Initializes backing bit array storage