diff --git a/dnssec_keyscan.go b/dnssec_keyscan.go
index 5e72249b5..9c9972db6 100644
--- a/dnssec_keyscan.go
+++ b/dnssec_keyscan.go
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func parseKey(r io.Reader, file string) (map[string]string, error) {
 			k = l.token
 		case zValue:
 			if k == "" {
-				return nil, &ParseError{file, "no private key seen", l}
+				return nil, &ParseError{file: file, err: "no private key seen", lex: l}
 			}
 
 			m[strings.ToLower(k)] = l.token
diff --git a/generate.go b/generate.go
index 713e9d2da..a81d2bc51 100644
--- a/generate.go
+++ b/generate.go
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ func (r *generateReader) parseError(msg string, end int) *ParseError {
 	l.token = r.s[r.si-1 : end]
 	l.column += r.si // l.column starts one zBLANK before r.s
 
-	return &ParseError{r.file, msg, l}
+	return &ParseError{file: r.file, err: msg, lex: l}
 }
 
 func (r *generateReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
diff --git a/privaterr.go b/privaterr.go
index d256b652e..350ea5a47 100644
--- a/privaterr.go
+++ b/privaterr.go
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ Fetch:
 
 	err := r.Data.Parse(text)
 	if err != nil {
-		return &ParseError{"", err.Error(), l}
+		return &ParseError{wrappedErr: err, lex: l}
 	}
 
 	return nil
diff --git a/scan.go b/scan.go
index 062d8ff3a..1f92ae421 100644
--- a/scan.go
+++ b/scan.go
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ import (
 	"bufio"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 	"os"
+	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -64,20 +66,26 @@ const (
 // ParseError is a parsing error. It contains the parse error and the location in the io.Reader
 // where the error occurred.
 type ParseError struct {
-	file string
-	err  string
-	lex  lex
+	file       string
+	err        string
+	wrappedErr error
+	lex        lex
 }
 
 func (e *ParseError) Error() (s string) {
 	if e.file != "" {
 		s = e.file + ": "
 	}
+	if e.err == "" && e.wrappedErr != nil {
+		e.err = e.wrappedErr.Error()
+	}
 	s += "dns: " + e.err + ": " + strconv.QuoteToASCII(e.lex.token) + " at line: " +
 		strconv.Itoa(e.lex.line) + ":" + strconv.Itoa(e.lex.column)
 	return
 }
 
+func (e *ParseError) Unwrap() error { return e.wrappedErr }
+
 type lex struct {
 	token  string // text of the token
 	err    bool   // when true, token text has lexer error
@@ -168,8 +176,9 @@ type ZoneParser struct {
 	// sub is used to parse $INCLUDE files and $GENERATE directives.
 	// Next, by calling subNext, forwards the resulting RRs from this
 	// sub parser to the calling code.
-	sub    *ZoneParser
-	osFile *os.File
+	sub  *ZoneParser
+	r    io.Reader
+	fsys fs.FS
 
 	includeDepth uint8
 
@@ -188,7 +197,7 @@ func NewZoneParser(r io.Reader, origin, file string) *ZoneParser {
 	if origin != "" {
 		origin = Fqdn(origin)
 		if _, ok := IsDomainName(origin); !ok {
-			pe = &ParseError{file, "bad initial origin name", lex{}}
+			pe = &ParseError{file: file, err: "bad initial origin name"}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -220,6 +229,24 @@ func (zp *ZoneParser) SetIncludeAllowed(v bool) {
 	zp.includeAllowed = v
 }
 
+// SetIncludeFS provides an [fs.FS] to use when looking for the target of
+// $INCLUDE directives.  ($INCLUDE must still be enabled separately by calling
+// [ZoneParser.SetIncludeAllowed].)  If fsys is nil, [os.Open] will be used.
+//
+// When fsys is an on-disk FS, the ability of $INCLUDE to reach files from
+// outside its root directory depends upon the FS implementation.  For
+// instance, [os.DirFS] will refuse to open paths like "../../etc/passwd",
+// however it will still follow links which may point anywhere on the system.
+//
+// FS paths are slash-separated on all systems, even Windows.  $INCLUDE paths
+// containing other characters such as backslash and colon may be accepted as
+// valid, but those characters will never be interpreted by an FS
+// implementation as path element separators.  See [fs.ValidPath] for more
+// details.
+func (zp *ZoneParser) SetIncludeFS(fsys fs.FS) {
+	zp.fsys = fsys
+}
+
 // Err returns the first non-EOF error that was encountered by the
 // ZoneParser.
 func (zp *ZoneParser) Err() error {
@@ -237,7 +264,7 @@ func (zp *ZoneParser) Err() error {
 }
 
 func (zp *ZoneParser) setParseError(err string, l lex) (RR, bool) {
-	zp.parseErr = &ParseError{zp.file, err, l}
+	zp.parseErr = &ParseError{file: zp.file, err: err, lex: l}
 	return nil, false
 }
 
@@ -260,9 +287,11 @@ func (zp *ZoneParser) subNext() (RR, bool) {
 		return rr, true
 	}
 
-	if zp.sub.osFile != nil {
-		zp.sub.osFile.Close()
-		zp.sub.osFile = nil
+	if zp.sub.r != nil {
+		if c, ok := zp.sub.r.(io.Closer); ok {
+			c.Close()
+		}
+		zp.sub.r = nil
 	}
 
 	if zp.sub.Err() != nil {
@@ -402,24 +431,44 @@ func (zp *ZoneParser) Next() (RR, bool) {
 
 			// Start with the new file
 			includePath := l.token
-			if !filepath.IsAbs(includePath) {
-				includePath = filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(zp.file), includePath)
-			}
+			var r1 io.Reader
+			var e1 error
+			if zp.fsys != nil {
+				// fs.FS always uses / as separator, even on Windows, so use
+				// path instead of filepath here:
+				if !path.IsAbs(includePath) {
+					includePath = path.Join(path.Dir(zp.file), includePath)
+				}
+
+				// os.DirFS, and probably others, expect all paths to be
+				// relative, so clean the path and remove leading / if
+				// present:
+				includePath = strings.TrimLeft(path.Clean(includePath), "/")
 
-			r1, e1 := os.Open(includePath)
+				r1, e1 = zp.fsys.Open(includePath)
+			} else {
+				if !filepath.IsAbs(includePath) {
+					includePath = filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(zp.file), includePath)
+				}
+				r1, e1 = os.Open(includePath)
+			}
 			if e1 != nil {
 				var as string
-				if !filepath.IsAbs(l.token) {
+				if includePath != l.token {
 					as = fmt.Sprintf(" as `%s'", includePath)
 				}
-
-				msg := fmt.Sprintf("failed to open `%s'%s: %v", l.token, as, e1)
-				return zp.setParseError(msg, l)
+				zp.parseErr = &ParseError{
+					file:       zp.file,
+					wrappedErr: fmt.Errorf("failed to open `%s'%s: %w", l.token, as, e1),
+					lex:        l,
+				}
+				return nil, false
 			}
 
 			zp.sub = NewZoneParser(r1, neworigin, includePath)
-			zp.sub.defttl, zp.sub.includeDepth, zp.sub.osFile = zp.defttl, zp.includeDepth+1, r1
+			zp.sub.defttl, zp.sub.includeDepth, zp.sub.r = zp.defttl, zp.includeDepth+1, r1
 			zp.sub.SetIncludeAllowed(true)
+			zp.sub.SetIncludeFS(zp.fsys)
 			return zp.subNext()
 		case zExpectDirTTLBl:
 			if l.value != zBlank {
@@ -1326,12 +1375,12 @@ func slurpRemainder(c *zlexer) *ParseError {
 	case zBlank:
 		l, _ = c.Next()
 		if l.value != zNewline && l.value != zEOF {
-			return &ParseError{"", "garbage after rdata", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "garbage after rdata", lex: l}
 		}
 	case zNewline:
 	case zEOF:
 	default:
-		return &ParseError{"", "garbage after rdata", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "garbage after rdata", lex: l}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -1340,16 +1389,16 @@ func slurpRemainder(c *zlexer) *ParseError {
 // Used for NID and L64 record.
 func stringToNodeID(l lex) (uint64, *ParseError) {
 	if len(l.token) < 19 {
-		return 0, &ParseError{l.token, "bad NID/L64 NodeID/Locator64", l}
+		return 0, &ParseError{file: l.token, err: "bad NID/L64 NodeID/Locator64", lex: l}
 	}
 	// There must be three colons at fixes positions, if not its a parse error
 	if l.token[4] != ':' && l.token[9] != ':' && l.token[14] != ':' {
-		return 0, &ParseError{l.token, "bad NID/L64 NodeID/Locator64", l}
+		return 0, &ParseError{file: l.token, err: "bad NID/L64 NodeID/Locator64", lex: l}
 	}
 	s := l.token[0:4] + l.token[5:9] + l.token[10:14] + l.token[15:19]
 	u, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 16, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, &ParseError{l.token, "bad NID/L64 NodeID/Locator64", l}
+		return 0, &ParseError{file: l.token, err: "bad NID/L64 NodeID/Locator64", lex: l}
 	}
 	return u, nil
 }
diff --git a/scan_rr.go b/scan_rr.go
index a635e1c5c..97899552a 100644
--- a/scan_rr.go
+++ b/scan_rr.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package dns
 import (
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -15,14 +16,14 @@ func endingToString(c *zlexer, errstr string) (string, *ParseError) {
 	l, _ := c.Next() // zString
 	for l.value != zNewline && l.value != zEOF {
 		if l.err {
-			return s.String(), &ParseError{"", errstr, l}
+			return s.String(), &ParseError{err: errstr, lex: l}
 		}
 		switch l.value {
 		case zString:
 			s.WriteString(l.token)
 		case zBlank: // Ok
 		default:
-			return "", &ParseError{"", errstr, l}
+			return "", &ParseError{err: errstr, lex: l}
 		}
 		l, _ = c.Next()
 	}
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ func endingToTxtSlice(c *zlexer, errstr string) ([]string, *ParseError) {
 	// Get the remaining data until we see a zNewline
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	if l.err {
-		return nil, &ParseError{"", errstr, l}
+		return nil, &ParseError{err: errstr, lex: l}
 	}
 
 	// Build the slice
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ func endingToTxtSlice(c *zlexer, errstr string) ([]string, *ParseError) {
 	empty := false
 	for l.value != zNewline && l.value != zEOF {
 		if l.err {
-			return nil, &ParseError{"", errstr, l}
+			return nil, &ParseError{err: errstr, lex: l}
 		}
 		switch l.value {
 		case zString:
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ func endingToTxtSlice(c *zlexer, errstr string) ([]string, *ParseError) {
 		case zBlank:
 			if quote {
 				// zBlank can only be seen in between txt parts.
-				return nil, &ParseError{"", errstr, l}
+				return nil, &ParseError{err: errstr, lex: l}
 			}
 		case zQuote:
 			if empty && quote {
@@ -81,13 +82,13 @@ func endingToTxtSlice(c *zlexer, errstr string) ([]string, *ParseError) {
 			quote = !quote
 			empty = true
 		default:
-			return nil, &ParseError{"", errstr, l}
+			return nil, &ParseError{err: errstr, lex: l}
 		}
 		l, _ = c.Next()
 	}
 
 	if quote {
-		return nil, &ParseError{"", errstr, l}
+		return nil, &ParseError{err: errstr, lex: l}
 	}
 
 	return s, nil
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ func (rr *A) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	// IPv4.
 	isIPv4 := !strings.Contains(l.token, ":")
 	if rr.A == nil || !isIPv4 || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad A A", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad A A", lex: l}
 	}
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
 }
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ func (rr *AAAA) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	// addresses cannot include ":".
 	isIPv6 := strings.Contains(l.token, ":")
 	if rr.AAAA == nil || !isIPv6 || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad AAAA AAAA", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad AAAA AAAA", lex: l}
 	}
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
 }
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ func (rr *NS) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NS Ns", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NS Ns", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Ns = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ func (rr *PTR) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad PTR Ptr", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad PTR Ptr", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Ptr = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ func (rr *NSAPPTR) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NSAP-PTR Ptr", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NSAP-PTR Ptr", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Ptr = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ func (rr *RP) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	mbox, mboxOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !mboxOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RP Mbox", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RP Mbox", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Mbox = mbox
 
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ func (rr *RP) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	txt, txtOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !txtOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RP Txt", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RP Txt", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Txt = txt
 
@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ func (rr *MR) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad MR Mr", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad MR Mr", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Mr = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -184,7 +185,7 @@ func (rr *MB) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad MB Mb", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad MB Mb", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Mb = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@ func (rr *MG) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad MG Mg", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad MG Mg", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Mg = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -227,7 +228,7 @@ func (rr *MINFO) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	rmail, rmailOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !rmailOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad MINFO Rmail", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad MINFO Rmail", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Rmail = rmail
 
@@ -237,7 +238,7 @@ func (rr *MINFO) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	email, emailOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !emailOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad MINFO Email", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad MINFO Email", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Email = email
 
@@ -248,7 +249,7 @@ func (rr *MF) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad MF Mf", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad MF Mf", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Mf = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -258,7 +259,7 @@ func (rr *MD) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad MD Md", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad MD Md", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Md = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -268,7 +269,7 @@ func (rr *MX) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad MX Pref", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad MX Pref", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Preference = uint16(i)
 
@@ -278,7 +279,7 @@ func (rr *MX) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad MX Mx", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad MX Mx", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Mx = name
 
@@ -289,7 +290,7 @@ func (rr *RT) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RT Preference", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RT Preference", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Preference = uint16(i)
 
@@ -299,7 +300,7 @@ func (rr *RT) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RT Host", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RT Host", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Host = name
 
@@ -310,7 +311,7 @@ func (rr *AFSDB) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad AFSDB Subtype", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad AFSDB Subtype", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Subtype = uint16(i)
 
@@ -320,7 +321,7 @@ func (rr *AFSDB) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad AFSDB Hostname", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad AFSDB Hostname", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Hostname = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -329,7 +330,7 @@ func (rr *AFSDB) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 func (rr *X25) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	if l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad X25 PSDNAddress", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad X25 PSDNAddress", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.PSDNAddress = l.token
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ func (rr *KX) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad KX Pref", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad KX Pref", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Preference = uint16(i)
 
@@ -349,7 +350,7 @@ func (rr *KX) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad KX Exchanger", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad KX Exchanger", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Exchanger = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -359,7 +360,7 @@ func (rr *CNAME) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad CNAME Target", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad CNAME Target", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Target = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -369,7 +370,7 @@ func (rr *DNAME) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad DNAME Target", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad DNAME Target", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Target = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -379,7 +380,7 @@ func (rr *SOA) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	ns, nsOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nsOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad SOA Ns", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad SOA Ns", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Ns = ns
 
@@ -389,7 +390,7 @@ func (rr *SOA) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	mbox, mboxOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !mboxOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad SOA Mbox", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad SOA Mbox", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Mbox = mbox
 
@@ -402,16 +403,16 @@ func (rr *SOA) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
 		l, _ = c.Next()
 		if l.err {
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad SOA zone parameter", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad SOA zone parameter", lex: l}
 		}
 		if j, err := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 32); err != nil {
 			if i == 0 {
 				// Serial must be a number
-				return &ParseError{"", "bad SOA zone parameter", l}
+				return &ParseError{err: "bad SOA zone parameter", lex: l}
 			}
 			// We allow other fields to be unitful duration strings
 			if v, ok = stringToTTL(l.token); !ok {
-				return &ParseError{"", "bad SOA zone parameter", l}
+				return &ParseError{err: "bad SOA zone parameter", lex: l}
 
 			}
 		} else {
@@ -441,7 +442,7 @@ func (rr *SRV) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad SRV Priority", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad SRV Priority", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Priority = uint16(i)
 
@@ -449,7 +450,7 @@ func (rr *SRV) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next() // zString
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad SRV Weight", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad SRV Weight", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Weight = uint16(i)
 
@@ -457,7 +458,7 @@ func (rr *SRV) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next() // zString
 	i, e2 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e2 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad SRV Port", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad SRV Port", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Port = uint16(i)
 
@@ -467,7 +468,7 @@ func (rr *SRV) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad SRV Target", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad SRV Target", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Target = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -477,7 +478,7 @@ func (rr *NAPTR) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NAPTR Order", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NAPTR Order", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Order = uint16(i)
 
@@ -485,7 +486,7 @@ func (rr *NAPTR) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next() // zString
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NAPTR Preference", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NAPTR Preference", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Preference = uint16(i)
 
@@ -493,57 +494,57 @@ func (rr *NAPTR) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next() // _QUOTE
 	if l.value != zQuote {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NAPTR Flags", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NAPTR Flags", lex: l}
 	}
 	l, _ = c.Next() // Either String or Quote
 	if l.value == zString {
 		rr.Flags = l.token
 		l, _ = c.Next() // _QUOTE
 		if l.value != zQuote {
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad NAPTR Flags", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad NAPTR Flags", lex: l}
 		}
 	} else if l.value == zQuote {
 		rr.Flags = ""
 	} else {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NAPTR Flags", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NAPTR Flags", lex: l}
 	}
 
 	// Service
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next() // _QUOTE
 	if l.value != zQuote {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NAPTR Service", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NAPTR Service", lex: l}
 	}
 	l, _ = c.Next() // Either String or Quote
 	if l.value == zString {
 		rr.Service = l.token
 		l, _ = c.Next() // _QUOTE
 		if l.value != zQuote {
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad NAPTR Service", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad NAPTR Service", lex: l}
 		}
 	} else if l.value == zQuote {
 		rr.Service = ""
 	} else {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NAPTR Service", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NAPTR Service", lex: l}
 	}
 
 	// Regexp
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next() // _QUOTE
 	if l.value != zQuote {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NAPTR Regexp", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NAPTR Regexp", lex: l}
 	}
 	l, _ = c.Next() // Either String or Quote
 	if l.value == zString {
 		rr.Regexp = l.token
 		l, _ = c.Next() // _QUOTE
 		if l.value != zQuote {
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad NAPTR Regexp", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad NAPTR Regexp", lex: l}
 		}
 	} else if l.value == zQuote {
 		rr.Regexp = ""
 	} else {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NAPTR Regexp", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NAPTR Regexp", lex: l}
 	}
 
 	// After quote no space??
@@ -553,7 +554,7 @@ func (rr *NAPTR) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NAPTR Replacement", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NAPTR Replacement", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Replacement = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -563,7 +564,7 @@ func (rr *TALINK) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	previousName, previousNameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !previousNameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad TALINK PreviousName", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad TALINK PreviousName", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.PreviousName = previousName
 
@@ -573,7 +574,7 @@ func (rr *TALINK) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	nextName, nextNameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nextNameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad TALINK NextName", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad TALINK NextName", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.NextName = nextName
 
@@ -591,7 +592,7 @@ func (rr *LOC) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 32)
 	if e != nil || l.err || i > 90 {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC Latitude", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC Latitude", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Latitude = 1000 * 60 * 60 * uint32(i)
 
@@ -602,7 +603,7 @@ func (rr *LOC) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 		goto East
 	}
 	if i, err := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 32); err != nil || l.err || i > 59 {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC Latitude minutes", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC Latitude minutes", lex: l}
 	} else {
 		rr.Latitude += 1000 * 60 * uint32(i)
 	}
@@ -610,7 +611,7 @@ func (rr *LOC) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	if i, err := strconv.ParseFloat(l.token, 64); err != nil || l.err || i < 0 || i >= 60 {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC Latitude seconds", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC Latitude seconds", lex: l}
 	} else {
 		rr.Latitude += uint32(1000 * i)
 	}
@@ -621,14 +622,14 @@ func (rr *LOC) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 		goto East
 	}
 	// If still alive, flag an error
-	return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC Latitude North/South", l}
+	return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC Latitude North/South", lex: l}
 
 East:
 	// East
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	if i, err := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 32); err != nil || l.err || i > 180 {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC Longitude", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC Longitude", lex: l}
 	} else {
 		rr.Longitude = 1000 * 60 * 60 * uint32(i)
 	}
@@ -639,14 +640,14 @@ East:
 		goto Altitude
 	}
 	if i, err := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 32); err != nil || l.err || i > 59 {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC Longitude minutes", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC Longitude minutes", lex: l}
 	} else {
 		rr.Longitude += 1000 * 60 * uint32(i)
 	}
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	if i, err := strconv.ParseFloat(l.token, 64); err != nil || l.err || i < 0 || i >= 60 {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC Longitude seconds", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC Longitude seconds", lex: l}
 	} else {
 		rr.Longitude += uint32(1000 * i)
 	}
@@ -657,19 +658,19 @@ East:
 		goto Altitude
 	}
 	// If still alive, flag an error
-	return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC Longitude East/West", l}
+	return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC Longitude East/West", lex: l}
 
 Altitude:
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	if l.token == "" || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC Altitude", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC Altitude", lex: l}
 	}
 	if l.token[len(l.token)-1] == 'M' || l.token[len(l.token)-1] == 'm' {
 		l.token = l.token[0 : len(l.token)-1]
 	}
 	if i, err := strconv.ParseFloat(l.token, 64); err != nil {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC Altitude", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC Altitude", lex: l}
 	} else {
 		rr.Altitude = uint32(i*100.0 + 10000000.0 + 0.5)
 	}
@@ -684,19 +685,19 @@ Altitude:
 			case 0: // Size
 				exp, m, ok := stringToCm(l.token)
 				if !ok {
-					return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC Size", l}
+					return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC Size", lex: l}
 				}
 				rr.Size = exp&0x0f | m<<4&0xf0
 			case 1: // HorizPre
 				exp, m, ok := stringToCm(l.token)
 				if !ok {
-					return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC HorizPre", l}
+					return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC HorizPre", lex: l}
 				}
 				rr.HorizPre = exp&0x0f | m<<4&0xf0
 			case 2: // VertPre
 				exp, m, ok := stringToCm(l.token)
 				if !ok {
-					return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC VertPre", l}
+					return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC VertPre", lex: l}
 				}
 				rr.VertPre = exp&0x0f | m<<4&0xf0
 			}
@@ -704,7 +705,7 @@ Altitude:
 		case zBlank:
 			// Ok
 		default:
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad LOC Size, HorizPre or VertPre", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad LOC Size, HorizPre or VertPre", lex: l}
 		}
 		l, _ = c.Next()
 	}
@@ -716,14 +717,14 @@ func (rr *HIP) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad HIP PublicKeyAlgorithm", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad HIP PublicKeyAlgorithm", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.PublicKeyAlgorithm = uint8(i)
 
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next() // zString
 	if l.token == "" || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad HIP Hit", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad HIP Hit", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Hit = l.token // This can not contain spaces, see RFC 5205 Section 6.
 	rr.HitLength = uint8(len(rr.Hit)) / 2
@@ -731,12 +732,12 @@ func (rr *HIP) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next() // zString
 	if l.token == "" || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad HIP PublicKey", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad HIP PublicKey", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.PublicKey = l.token // This cannot contain spaces
 	decodedPK, decodedPKerr := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(rr.PublicKey)
 	if decodedPKerr != nil {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad HIP PublicKey", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad HIP PublicKey", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.PublicKeyLength = uint16(len(decodedPK))
 
@@ -748,13 +749,13 @@ func (rr *HIP) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 		case zString:
 			name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 			if l.err || !nameOk {
-				return &ParseError{"", "bad HIP RendezvousServers", l}
+				return &ParseError{err: "bad HIP RendezvousServers", lex: l}
 			}
 			xs = append(xs, name)
 		case zBlank:
 			// Ok
 		default:
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad HIP RendezvousServers", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad HIP RendezvousServers", lex: l}
 		}
 		l, _ = c.Next()
 	}
@@ -768,7 +769,7 @@ func (rr *CERT) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	if v, ok := StringToCertType[l.token]; ok {
 		rr.Type = v
 	} else if i, err := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16); err != nil {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad CERT Type", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad CERT Type", lex: l}
 	} else {
 		rr.Type = uint16(i)
 	}
@@ -776,7 +777,7 @@ func (rr *CERT) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next() // zString
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad CERT KeyTag", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad CERT KeyTag", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.KeyTag = uint16(i)
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
@@ -784,7 +785,7 @@ func (rr *CERT) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	if v, ok := StringToAlgorithm[l.token]; ok {
 		rr.Algorithm = v
 	} else if i, err := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8); err != nil {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad CERT Algorithm", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad CERT Algorithm", lex: l}
 	} else {
 		rr.Algorithm = uint8(i)
 	}
@@ -810,7 +811,7 @@ func (rr *CSYNC) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	j, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 32)
 	if e != nil {
 		// Serial must be a number
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad CSYNC serial", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad CSYNC serial", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Serial = uint32(j)
 
@@ -820,7 +821,7 @@ func (rr *CSYNC) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	j, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e1 != nil {
 		// Serial must be a number
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad CSYNC flags", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad CSYNC flags", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Flags = uint16(j)
 
@@ -838,12 +839,12 @@ func (rr *CSYNC) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 			tokenUpper := strings.ToUpper(l.token)
 			if k, ok = StringToType[tokenUpper]; !ok {
 				if k, ok = typeToInt(l.token); !ok {
-					return &ParseError{"", "bad CSYNC TypeBitMap", l}
+					return &ParseError{err: "bad CSYNC TypeBitMap", lex: l}
 				}
 			}
 			rr.TypeBitMap = append(rr.TypeBitMap, k)
 		default:
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad CSYNC TypeBitMap", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad CSYNC TypeBitMap", lex: l}
 		}
 		l, _ = c.Next()
 	}
@@ -854,7 +855,7 @@ func (rr *ZONEMD) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 32)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad ZONEMD Serial", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad ZONEMD Serial", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Serial = uint32(i)
 
@@ -862,7 +863,7 @@ func (rr *ZONEMD) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad ZONEMD Scheme", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad ZONEMD Scheme", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Scheme = uint8(i)
 
@@ -870,7 +871,7 @@ func (rr *ZONEMD) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, err := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if err != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad ZONEMD Hash Algorithm", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad ZONEMD Hash Algorithm", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Hash = uint8(i)
 
@@ -891,11 +892,11 @@ func (rr *RRSIG) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 		if strings.HasPrefix(tokenUpper, "TYPE") {
 			t, ok = typeToInt(l.token)
 			if !ok {
-				return &ParseError{"", "bad RRSIG Typecovered", l}
+				return &ParseError{err: "bad RRSIG Typecovered", lex: l}
 			}
 			rr.TypeCovered = t
 		} else {
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad RRSIG Typecovered", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad RRSIG Typecovered", lex: l}
 		}
 	} else {
 		rr.TypeCovered = t
@@ -904,14 +905,14 @@ func (rr *RRSIG) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	if l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RRSIG Algorithm", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RRSIG Algorithm", lex: l}
 	}
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	rr.Algorithm = uint8(i) // if 0 we'll check the mnemonic in the if
 	if e != nil {
 		v, ok := StringToAlgorithm[l.token]
 		if !ok {
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad RRSIG Algorithm", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad RRSIG Algorithm", lex: l}
 		}
 		rr.Algorithm = v
 	}
@@ -920,7 +921,7 @@ func (rr *RRSIG) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RRSIG Labels", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RRSIG Labels", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Labels = uint8(i)
 
@@ -928,7 +929,7 @@ func (rr *RRSIG) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e2 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 32)
 	if e2 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RRSIG OrigTtl", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RRSIG OrigTtl", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.OrigTtl = uint32(i)
 
@@ -939,7 +940,7 @@ func (rr *RRSIG) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 		if i, err := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 32); err == nil {
 			rr.Expiration = uint32(i)
 		} else {
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad RRSIG Expiration", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad RRSIG Expiration", lex: l}
 		}
 	} else {
 		rr.Expiration = i
@@ -951,7 +952,7 @@ func (rr *RRSIG) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 		if i, err := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 32); err == nil {
 			rr.Inception = uint32(i)
 		} else {
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad RRSIG Inception", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad RRSIG Inception", lex: l}
 		}
 	} else {
 		rr.Inception = i
@@ -961,7 +962,7 @@ func (rr *RRSIG) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e3 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e3 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RRSIG KeyTag", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RRSIG KeyTag", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.KeyTag = uint16(i)
 
@@ -970,7 +971,7 @@ func (rr *RRSIG) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	rr.SignerName = l.token
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RRSIG SignerName", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RRSIG SignerName", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.SignerName = name
 
@@ -987,7 +988,7 @@ func (rr *NSEC) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NSEC NextDomain", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NSEC NextDomain", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.NextDomain = name
 
@@ -1005,12 +1006,12 @@ func (rr *NSEC) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 			tokenUpper := strings.ToUpper(l.token)
 			if k, ok = StringToType[tokenUpper]; !ok {
 				if k, ok = typeToInt(l.token); !ok {
-					return &ParseError{"", "bad NSEC TypeBitMap", l}
+					return &ParseError{err: "bad NSEC TypeBitMap", lex: l}
 				}
 			}
 			rr.TypeBitMap = append(rr.TypeBitMap, k)
 		default:
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad NSEC TypeBitMap", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad NSEC TypeBitMap", lex: l}
 		}
 		l, _ = c.Next()
 	}
@@ -1021,27 +1022,27 @@ func (rr *NSEC3) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NSEC3 Hash", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NSEC3 Hash", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Hash = uint8(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NSEC3 Flags", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NSEC3 Flags", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Flags = uint8(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e2 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e2 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NSEC3 Iterations", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NSEC3 Iterations", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Iterations = uint16(i)
 	c.Next()
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	if l.token == "" || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NSEC3 Salt", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NSEC3 Salt", lex: l}
 	}
 	if l.token != "-" {
 		rr.SaltLength = uint8(len(l.token)) / 2
@@ -1051,7 +1052,7 @@ func (rr *NSEC3) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	c.Next()
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	if l.token == "" || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NSEC3 NextDomain", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NSEC3 NextDomain", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.HashLength = 20 // Fix for NSEC3 (sha1 160 bits)
 	rr.NextDomain = l.token
@@ -1070,12 +1071,12 @@ func (rr *NSEC3) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 			tokenUpper := strings.ToUpper(l.token)
 			if k, ok = StringToType[tokenUpper]; !ok {
 				if k, ok = typeToInt(l.token); !ok {
-					return &ParseError{"", "bad NSEC3 TypeBitMap", l}
+					return &ParseError{err: "bad NSEC3 TypeBitMap", lex: l}
 				}
 			}
 			rr.TypeBitMap = append(rr.TypeBitMap, k)
 		default:
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad NSEC3 TypeBitMap", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad NSEC3 TypeBitMap", lex: l}
 		}
 		l, _ = c.Next()
 	}
@@ -1086,21 +1087,21 @@ func (rr *NSEC3PARAM) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NSEC3PARAM Hash", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NSEC3PARAM Hash", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Hash = uint8(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NSEC3PARAM Flags", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NSEC3PARAM Flags", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Flags = uint8(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e2 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e2 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NSEC3PARAM Iterations", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NSEC3PARAM Iterations", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Iterations = uint16(i)
 	c.Next()
@@ -1115,7 +1116,7 @@ func (rr *NSEC3PARAM) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 func (rr *EUI48) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	if len(l.token) != 17 || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad EUI48 Address", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad EUI48 Address", lex: l}
 	}
 	addr := make([]byte, 12)
 	dash := 0
@@ -1124,7 +1125,7 @@ func (rr *EUI48) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 		addr[i+1] = l.token[i+1+dash]
 		dash++
 		if l.token[i+1+dash] != '-' {
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad EUI48 Address", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad EUI48 Address", lex: l}
 		}
 	}
 	addr[10] = l.token[15]
@@ -1132,7 +1133,7 @@ func (rr *EUI48) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(string(addr), 16, 48)
 	if e != nil {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad EUI48 Address", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad EUI48 Address", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Address = i
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -1141,7 +1142,7 @@ func (rr *EUI48) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 func (rr *EUI64) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	if len(l.token) != 23 || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad EUI64 Address", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad EUI64 Address", lex: l}
 	}
 	addr := make([]byte, 16)
 	dash := 0
@@ -1150,7 +1151,7 @@ func (rr *EUI64) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 		addr[i+1] = l.token[i+1+dash]
 		dash++
 		if l.token[i+1+dash] != '-' {
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad EUI64 Address", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad EUI64 Address", lex: l}
 		}
 	}
 	addr[14] = l.token[21]
@@ -1158,7 +1159,7 @@ func (rr *EUI64) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(string(addr), 16, 64)
 	if e != nil {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad EUI68 Address", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad EUI68 Address", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Address = i
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -1168,14 +1169,14 @@ func (rr *SSHFP) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad SSHFP Algorithm", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad SSHFP Algorithm", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Algorithm = uint8(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad SSHFP Type", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad SSHFP Type", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Type = uint8(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
@@ -1191,21 +1192,21 @@ func (rr *DNSKEY) parseDNSKEY(c *zlexer, o, typ string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad " + typ + " Flags", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad " + typ + " Flags", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Flags = uint16(i)
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next() // zString
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad " + typ + " Protocol", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad " + typ + " Protocol", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Protocol = uint8(i)
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next() // zString
 	i, e2 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e2 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad " + typ + " Algorithm", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad " + typ + " Algorithm", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Algorithm = uint8(i)
 	s, e3 := endingToString(c, "bad "+typ+" PublicKey")
@@ -1227,7 +1228,7 @@ func (rr *IPSECKEY) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	num, err := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if err != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad IPSECKEY value", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad IPSECKEY value", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Precedence = uint8(num)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
@@ -1235,7 +1236,7 @@ func (rr *IPSECKEY) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	num, err = strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if err != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad IPSECKEY value", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad IPSECKEY value", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.GatewayType = uint8(num)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
@@ -1243,19 +1244,19 @@ func (rr *IPSECKEY) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	num, err = strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if err != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad IPSECKEY value", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad IPSECKEY value", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Algorithm = uint8(num)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	if l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad IPSECKEY gateway", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad IPSECKEY gateway", lex: l}
 	}
 
 	rr.GatewayAddr, rr.GatewayHost, err = parseAddrHostUnion(l.token, o, rr.GatewayType)
 	if err != nil {
-		return &ParseError{"", "IPSECKEY " + err.Error(), l}
+		return &ParseError{wrappedErr: fmt.Errorf("IPSECKEY %w", err), lex: l}
 	}
 
 	c.Next() // zBlank
@@ -1272,14 +1273,14 @@ func (rr *AMTRELAY) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	num, err := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if err != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad AMTRELAY value", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad AMTRELAY value", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Precedence = uint8(num)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	if l.err || !(l.token == "0" || l.token == "1") {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad discovery value", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad discovery value", lex: l}
 	}
 	if l.token == "1" {
 		rr.GatewayType = 0x80
@@ -1290,19 +1291,19 @@ func (rr *AMTRELAY) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	num, err = strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if err != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad AMTRELAY value", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad AMTRELAY value", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.GatewayType |= uint8(num)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	if l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad AMTRELAY gateway", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad AMTRELAY gateway", lex: l}
 	}
 
 	rr.GatewayAddr, rr.GatewayHost, err = parseAddrHostUnion(l.token, o, rr.GatewayType&0x7f)
 	if err != nil {
-		return &ParseError{"", "AMTRELAY " + err.Error(), l}
+		return &ParseError{wrappedErr: fmt.Errorf("AMTRELAY %w", err), lex: l}
 	}
 
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -1338,21 +1339,21 @@ func (rr *RKEY) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RKEY Flags", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RKEY Flags", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Flags = uint16(i)
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next() // zString
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RKEY Protocol", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RKEY Protocol", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Protocol = uint8(i)
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next() // zString
 	i, e2 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e2 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RKEY Algorithm", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RKEY Algorithm", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Algorithm = uint8(i)
 	s, e3 := endingToString(c, "bad RKEY PublicKey")
@@ -1385,21 +1386,21 @@ func (rr *GPOS) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	_, e := strconv.ParseFloat(l.token, 64)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad GPOS Longitude", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad GPOS Longitude", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Longitude = l.token
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	_, e1 := strconv.ParseFloat(l.token, 64)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad GPOS Latitude", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad GPOS Latitude", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Latitude = l.token
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	_, e2 := strconv.ParseFloat(l.token, 64)
 	if e2 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad GPOS Altitude", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad GPOS Altitude", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Altitude = l.token
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -1409,7 +1410,7 @@ func (rr *DS) parseDS(c *zlexer, o, typ string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad " + typ + " KeyTag", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad " + typ + " KeyTag", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.KeyTag = uint16(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
@@ -1418,7 +1419,7 @@ func (rr *DS) parseDS(c *zlexer, o, typ string) *ParseError {
 		tokenUpper := strings.ToUpper(l.token)
 		i, ok := StringToAlgorithm[tokenUpper]
 		if !ok || l.err {
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad " + typ + " Algorithm", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad " + typ + " Algorithm", lex: l}
 		}
 		rr.Algorithm = i
 	} else {
@@ -1428,7 +1429,7 @@ func (rr *DS) parseDS(c *zlexer, o, typ string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad " + typ + " DigestType", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad " + typ + " DigestType", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.DigestType = uint8(i)
 	s, e2 := endingToString(c, "bad "+typ+" Digest")
@@ -1443,7 +1444,7 @@ func (rr *TA) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad TA KeyTag", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad TA KeyTag", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.KeyTag = uint16(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
@@ -1452,7 +1453,7 @@ func (rr *TA) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 		tokenUpper := strings.ToUpper(l.token)
 		i, ok := StringToAlgorithm[tokenUpper]
 		if !ok || l.err {
-			return &ParseError{"", "bad TA Algorithm", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "bad TA Algorithm", lex: l}
 		}
 		rr.Algorithm = i
 	} else {
@@ -1462,7 +1463,7 @@ func (rr *TA) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad TA DigestType", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad TA DigestType", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.DigestType = uint8(i)
 	s, e2 := endingToString(c, "bad TA Digest")
@@ -1477,21 +1478,21 @@ func (rr *TLSA) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad TLSA Usage", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad TLSA Usage", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Usage = uint8(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad TLSA Selector", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad TLSA Selector", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Selector = uint8(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e2 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e2 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad TLSA MatchingType", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad TLSA MatchingType", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.MatchingType = uint8(i)
 	// So this needs be e2 (i.e. different than e), because...??t
@@ -1507,21 +1508,21 @@ func (rr *SMIMEA) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad SMIMEA Usage", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad SMIMEA Usage", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Usage = uint8(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad SMIMEA Selector", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad SMIMEA Selector", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Selector = uint8(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e2 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e2 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad SMIMEA MatchingType", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad SMIMEA MatchingType", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.MatchingType = uint8(i)
 	// So this needs be e2 (i.e. different than e), because...??t
@@ -1536,14 +1537,14 @@ func (rr *SMIMEA) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 func (rr *RFC3597) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	if l.token != "\\#" {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RFC3597 Rdata", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RFC3597 Rdata", lex: l}
 	}
 
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	rdlength, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RFC3597 Rdata ", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RFC3597 Rdata ", lex: l}
 	}
 
 	s, e1 := endingToString(c, "bad RFC3597 Rdata")
@@ -1551,7 +1552,7 @@ func (rr *RFC3597) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 		return e1
 	}
 	if int(rdlength)*2 != len(s) {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad RFC3597 Rdata", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad RFC3597 Rdata", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Rdata = s
 	return nil
@@ -1599,14 +1600,14 @@ func (rr *URI) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad URI Priority", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad URI Priority", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Priority = uint16(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad URI Weight", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad URI Weight", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Weight = uint16(i)
 
@@ -1616,7 +1617,7 @@ func (rr *URI) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 		return e2
 	}
 	if len(s) != 1 {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad URI Target", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad URI Target", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Target = s[0]
 	return nil
@@ -1636,7 +1637,7 @@ func (rr *NID) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad NID Preference", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad NID Preference", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Preference = uint16(i)
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
@@ -1653,14 +1654,14 @@ func (rr *L32) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad L32 Preference", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad L32 Preference", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Preference = uint16(i)
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next() // zString
 	rr.Locator32 = net.ParseIP(l.token)
 	if rr.Locator32 == nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad L32 Locator", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad L32 Locator", lex: l}
 	}
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
 }
@@ -1669,7 +1670,7 @@ func (rr *LP) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad LP Preference", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad LP Preference", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Preference = uint16(i)
 
@@ -1678,7 +1679,7 @@ func (rr *LP) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	rr.Fqdn = l.token
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad LP Fqdn", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad LP Fqdn", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Fqdn = name
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -1688,7 +1689,7 @@ func (rr *L64) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad L64 Preference", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad L64 Preference", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Preference = uint16(i)
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
@@ -1705,7 +1706,7 @@ func (rr *UID) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 32)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad UID Uid", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad UID Uid", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Uid = uint32(i)
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -1715,7 +1716,7 @@ func (rr *GID) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 32)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad GID Gid", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad GID Gid", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Gid = uint32(i)
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -1737,7 +1738,7 @@ func (rr *PX) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad PX Preference", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad PX Preference", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Preference = uint16(i)
 
@@ -1746,7 +1747,7 @@ func (rr *PX) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	rr.Map822 = l.token
 	map822, map822Ok := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !map822Ok {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad PX Map822", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad PX Map822", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Map822 = map822
 
@@ -1755,7 +1756,7 @@ func (rr *PX) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	rr.Mapx400 = l.token
 	mapx400, mapx400Ok := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !mapx400Ok {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad PX Mapx400", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad PX Mapx400", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Mapx400 = mapx400
 	return slurpRemainder(c)
@@ -1765,14 +1766,14 @@ func (rr *CAA) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad CAA Flag", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad CAA Flag", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Flag = uint8(i)
 
 	c.Next()        // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next() // zString
 	if l.value != zString {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad CAA Tag", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad CAA Tag", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Tag = l.token
 
@@ -1782,7 +1783,7 @@ func (rr *CAA) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 		return e1
 	}
 	if len(s) != 1 {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad CAA Value", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad CAA Value", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Value = s[0]
 	return nil
@@ -1793,7 +1794,7 @@ func (rr *TKEY) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	// Algorithm
 	if l.value != zString {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad TKEY algorithm", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad TKEY algorithm", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Algorithm = l.token
 	c.Next() // zBlank
@@ -1802,13 +1803,13 @@ func (rr *TKEY) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad TKEY key length", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad TKEY key length", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.KeySize = uint16(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	if l.value != zString {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad TKEY key", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad TKEY key", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Key = l.token
 	c.Next() // zBlank
@@ -1817,13 +1818,13 @@ func (rr *TKEY) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	i, e1 := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 8)
 	if e1 != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad TKEY otherdata length", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad TKEY otherdata length", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.OtherLen = uint16(i)
 	c.Next() // zBlank
 	l, _ = c.Next()
 	if l.value != zString {
-		return &ParseError{"", "bad TKEY otherday", l}
+		return &ParseError{err: "bad TKEY otherday", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.OtherData = l.token
 	return nil
@@ -1841,14 +1842,14 @@ func (rr *APL) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 			continue
 		}
 		if l.value != zString {
-			return &ParseError{"", "unexpected APL field", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "unexpected APL field", lex: l}
 		}
 
 		// Expected format: [!]afi:address/prefix
 
 		colon := strings.IndexByte(l.token, ':')
 		if colon == -1 {
-			return &ParseError{"", "missing colon in APL field", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "missing colon in APL field", lex: l}
 		}
 
 		family, cidr := l.token[:colon], l.token[colon+1:]
@@ -1861,7 +1862,7 @@ func (rr *APL) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 		afi, e := strconv.ParseUint(family, 10, 16)
 		if e != nil {
-			return &ParseError{"", "failed to parse APL family: " + e.Error(), l}
+			return &ParseError{wrappedErr: fmt.Errorf("failed to parse APL family: %w", e), lex: l}
 		}
 		var addrLen int
 		switch afi {
@@ -1870,19 +1871,19 @@ func (rr *APL) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 		case 2:
 			addrLen = net.IPv6len
 		default:
-			return &ParseError{"", "unrecognized APL family", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "unrecognized APL family", lex: l}
 		}
 
 		ip, subnet, e1 := net.ParseCIDR(cidr)
 		if e1 != nil {
-			return &ParseError{"", "failed to parse APL address: " + e1.Error(), l}
+			return &ParseError{wrappedErr: fmt.Errorf("failed to parse APL address: %w", e1), lex: l}
 		}
 		if !ip.Equal(subnet.IP) {
-			return &ParseError{"", "extra bits in APL address", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "extra bits in APL address", lex: l}
 		}
 
 		if len(subnet.IP) != addrLen {
-			return &ParseError{"", "address mismatch with the APL family", l}
+			return &ParseError{err: "address mismatch with the APL family", lex: l}
 		}
 
 		prefixes = append(prefixes, APLPrefix{
diff --git a/scan_test.go b/scan_test.go
index 218c9750b..3332c82d8 100644
--- a/scan_test.go
+++ b/scan_test.go
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 package dns
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"testing/fstest"
 )
 
 func TestZoneParserGenerate(t *testing.T) {
@@ -96,6 +99,78 @@ func TestZoneParserInclude(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestZoneParserIncludeFS(t *testing.T) {
+	fsys := fstest.MapFS{
+		"db.foo": &fstest.MapFile{
+			Data: []byte("foo\tIN\tA\t127.0.0.1"),
+		},
+	}
+	zone := "$ORIGIN example.org.\n$INCLUDE db.foo\nbar\tIN\tA\t127.0.0.2"
+
+	var got int
+	z := NewZoneParser(strings.NewReader(zone), "", "")
+	z.SetIncludeAllowed(true)
+	z.SetIncludeFS(fsys)
+	for rr, ok := z.Next(); ok; _, ok = z.Next() {
+		switch rr.Header().Name {
+		case "foo.example.org.", "bar.example.org.":
+		default:
+			t.Fatalf("expected foo.example.org. or bar.example.org., but got %s", rr.Header().Name)
+		}
+		got++
+	}
+	if err := z.Err(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no error, but got %s", err)
+	}
+
+	if expected := 2; got != expected {
+		t.Errorf("failed to parse zone after include, expected %d records, got %d", expected, got)
+	}
+
+	fsys = fstest.MapFS{}
+
+	z = NewZoneParser(strings.NewReader(zone), "", "")
+	z.SetIncludeAllowed(true)
+	z.SetIncludeFS(fsys)
+	z.Next()
+	if err := z.Err(); !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+		t.Fatalf(`expected fs.ErrNotExist but got: %T %v`, err, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestZoneParserIncludeFSPaths(t *testing.T) {
+	fsys := fstest.MapFS{
+		"baz/bat/db.foo": &fstest.MapFile{
+			Data: []byte("foo\tIN\tA\t127.0.0.1"),
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, p := range []string{
+		"../bat/db.foo",
+		"/baz/bat/db.foo",
+	} {
+		zone := "$ORIGIN example.org.\n$INCLUDE " + p + "\nbar\tIN\tA\t127.0.0.2"
+		var got int
+		z := NewZoneParser(strings.NewReader(zone), "", "baz/quux/db.bar")
+		z.SetIncludeAllowed(true)
+		z.SetIncludeFS(fsys)
+		for rr, ok := z.Next(); ok; _, ok = z.Next() {
+			switch rr.Header().Name {
+			case "foo.example.org.", "bar.example.org.":
+			default:
+				t.Fatalf("$INCLUDE %q: expected foo.example.org. or bar.example.org., but got %s", p, rr.Header().Name)
+			}
+			got++
+		}
+		if err := z.Err(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("$INCLUDE %q: expected no error, but got %s", p, err)
+		}
+		if expected := 2; got != expected {
+			t.Errorf("$INCLUDE %q: failed to parse zone after include, expected %d records, got %d", p, expected, got)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestZoneParserIncludeDisallowed(t *testing.T) {
 	tmpfile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "dns")
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/svcb.go b/svcb.go
index d38aa2f05..c1a740b68 100644
--- a/svcb.go
+++ b/svcb.go
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ func (rr *SVCB) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 	l, _ := c.Next()
 	i, e := strconv.ParseUint(l.token, 10, 16)
 	if e != nil || l.err {
-		return &ParseError{l.token, "bad SVCB priority", l}
+		return &ParseError{file: l.token, err: "bad SVCB priority", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Priority = uint16(i)
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func (rr *SVCB) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 
 	name, nameOk := toAbsoluteName(l.token, o)
 	if l.err || !nameOk {
-		return &ParseError{l.token, "bad SVCB Target", l}
+		return &ParseError{file: l.token, err: "bad SVCB Target", lex: l}
 	}
 	rr.Target = name
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func (rr *SVCB) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 			if !canHaveNextKey {
 				// The key we can now read was probably meant to be
 				// a part of the last value.
-				return &ParseError{l.token, "bad SVCB value quotation", l}
+				return &ParseError{file: l.token, err: "bad SVCB value quotation", lex: l}
 			}
 
 			// In key=value pairs, value does not have to be quoted unless value
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func (rr *SVCB) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 				// Key with no value and no equality sign
 				key = l.token
 			} else if idx == 0 {
-				return &ParseError{l.token, "bad SVCB key", l}
+				return &ParseError{file: l.token, err: "bad SVCB key", lex: l}
 			} else {
 				key, value = l.token[:idx], l.token[idx+1:]
 
@@ -144,30 +144,30 @@ func (rr *SVCB) parse(c *zlexer, o string) *ParseError {
 							value = l.token
 							l, _ = c.Next()
 							if l.value != zQuote {
-								return &ParseError{l.token, "SVCB unterminated value", l}
+								return &ParseError{file: l.token, err: "SVCB unterminated value", lex: l}
 							}
 						case zQuote:
 							// There's nothing in double quotes.
 						default:
-							return &ParseError{l.token, "bad SVCB value", l}
+							return &ParseError{file: l.token, err: "bad SVCB value", lex: l}
 						}
 					}
 				}
 			}
 			kv := makeSVCBKeyValue(svcbStringToKey(key))
 			if kv == nil {
-				return &ParseError{l.token, "bad SVCB key", l}
+				return &ParseError{file: l.token, err: "bad SVCB key", lex: l}
 			}
 			if err := kv.parse(value); err != nil {
-				return &ParseError{l.token, err.Error(), l}
+				return &ParseError{file: l.token, wrappedErr: err, lex: l}
 			}
 			xs = append(xs, kv)
 		case zQuote:
-			return &ParseError{l.token, "SVCB key can't contain double quotes", l}
+			return &ParseError{file: l.token, err: "SVCB key can't contain double quotes", lex: l}
 		case zBlank:
 			canHaveNextKey = true
 		default:
-			return &ParseError{l.token, "bad SVCB values", l}
+			return &ParseError{file: l.token, err: "bad SVCB values", lex: l}
 		}
 		l, _ = c.Next()
 	}