diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 9e7303e5af..1ab3c85c2d 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
 html_sidebars = {"**": ["versions.html"]}
 
 try:
-    html_context
+    html_context  # noqa: B018
 except NameError:
     html_context = dict()
 
diff --git a/parsons/action_network/action_network.py b/parsons/action_network/action_network.py
index 4eb2816b4d..dacb36a7d5 100644
--- a/parsons/action_network/action_network.py
+++ b/parsons/action_network/action_network.py
@@ -1254,7 +1254,7 @@ def upsert_person(
             mobile_numbers_field = [{"number": str(mobile_number)}]
         elif isinstance(mobile_number, list):
             if len(mobile_number) > 1:
-                raise ("Action Network allows only 1 phone number per activist")
+                raise Exception("Action Network allows only 1 phone number per activist")
             if isinstance(mobile_number[0], list):
                 mobile_numbers_field = [
                     {"number": re.sub("[^0-9]", "", cell)} for cell in mobile_number
@@ -1276,7 +1276,7 @@ def upsert_person(
             mobile_numbers_field = mobile_number
 
         if not email_addresses_field and not mobile_numbers_field:
-            raise (
+            raise Exception(
                 "Either email_address or mobile_number is required and can be formatted "
                 "as a string, list of strings, a dictionary, a list of dictionaries, or "
                 "(for mobile_number only) an integer or list of integers"
diff --git a/parsons/auth0/auth0.py b/parsons/auth0/auth0.py
index 29049053e5..00f8dbf87c 100644
--- a/parsons/auth0/auth0.py
+++ b/parsons/auth0/auth0.py
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ def upsert_user(
         username=None,
         given_name=None,
         family_name=None,
-        app_metadata={},
-        user_metadata={},
+        app_metadata=None,
+        user_metadata=None,
         connection="Username-Password-Authentication",
     ):
         """
@@ -106,6 +106,10 @@ def upsert_user(
             Requests Response object
         """
 
+        if user_metadata is None:
+            user_metadata = {}
+        if app_metadata is None:
+            app_metadata = {}
         obj = {
             "email": email.lower(),
             "username": username,
diff --git a/parsons/aws/aws_async.py b/parsons/aws/aws_async.py
index cec5c9fc81..e9cf60aab9 100644
--- a/parsons/aws/aws_async.py
+++ b/parsons/aws/aws_async.py
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ def event_command(event, context):
 
 def run(
     func,
-    args=[],
-    kwargs={},
+    args=None,
+    kwargs=None,
     service="lambda",
     capture_response=False,
     remote_aws_lambda_function_name=None,
@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ def run(
     func_class_init_kwargs=None,
     **task_kwargs,
 ):
+    if kwargs is None:
+        kwargs = {}
+    if args is None:
+        args = []
     lambda_function_name = remote_aws_lambda_function_name or os.environ.get(
         "AWS_LAMBDA_FUNCTION_NAME"
     )
diff --git a/parsons/box/box.py b/parsons/box/box.py
index 8f805606f8..946a4e7bde 100644
--- a/parsons/box/box.py
+++ b/parsons/box/box.py
@@ -399,6 +399,6 @@ def get_item_id(self, path, base_folder_id=DEFAULT_FOLDER_ID) -> str:
         # recursion, just pass it on up.
         except ValueError as e:
             if base_folder_id == DEFAULT_FOLDER_ID:
-                raise ValueError(f'{e}: "{path}"')
+                raise ValueError(f'{e}: "{path}"') from e
             else:
                 raise
diff --git a/parsons/copper/copper.py b/parsons/copper/copper.py
index 4e3c41882d..06fe46d5ce 100644
--- a/parsons/copper/copper.py
+++ b/parsons/copper/copper.py
@@ -284,8 +284,8 @@ def process_json(self, json_blob, obj_type, tidy=False):
             for column in list_cols:
                 # Check for nested data
                 list_rows = obj_table.select_rows(
-                    lambda row: isinstance(row[column], list)
-                    and any(isinstance(x, dict) for x in row[column])
+                    lambda row: isinstance(row[column], list)  # noqa: B023
+                    and any(isinstance(x, dict) for x in row[column])  # noqa: B023
                 )
                 # Add separate long table for each column with nested data
                 if list_rows.num_rows > 0:
diff --git a/parsons/databases/alchemy.py b/parsons/databases/alchemy.py
index c0e4541f29..393ecde313 100644
--- a/parsons/databases/alchemy.py
+++ b/parsons/databases/alchemy.py
@@ -77,6 +77,6 @@ def split_table_name(full_table_name):
             schema, table = full_table_name.split(".")
         except ValueError as e:
             if "too many values to unpack" in str(e):
-                raise ValueError(f"Invalid database table {full_table_name}")
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid database table {full_table_name}") from e
 
         return schema, table
diff --git a/parsons/databases/postgres/postgres_create_statement.py b/parsons/databases/postgres/postgres_create_statement.py
index b312349376..348e40a919 100644
--- a/parsons/databases/postgres/postgres_create_statement.py
+++ b/parsons/databases/postgres/postgres_create_statement.py
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def generate_data_types(self, table):
         cont = petl.records(table.table)
 
         # Populate empty values for the columns
-        for col in table.columns:
+        for _col in table.columns:
             longest.append(0)
             type_list.append("")
 
diff --git a/parsons/databases/redshift/rs_create_table.py b/parsons/databases/redshift/rs_create_table.py
index f6bf4540ec..3d75138523 100644
--- a/parsons/databases/redshift/rs_create_table.py
+++ b/parsons/databases/redshift/rs_create_table.py
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ def generate_data_types(self, table):
         cont = petl.records(table.table)
 
         # Populate empty values for the columns
-        for col in table.columns:
+        for _col in table.columns:
             longest.append(0)
             type_list.append("")
 
diff --git a/parsons/databases/redshift/rs_table_utilities.py b/parsons/databases/redshift/rs_table_utilities.py
index 35f8e7a2fe..dc46e0a826 100644
--- a/parsons/databases/redshift/rs_table_utilities.py
+++ b/parsons/databases/redshift/rs_table_utilities.py
@@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ def split_full_table_name(full_table_name):
             schema, table = full_table_name.split(".")
         except ValueError as e:
             if "too many values to unpack" in str(e):
-                raise ValueError(f"Invalid Redshift table {full_table_name}")
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid Redshift table {full_table_name}") from e
 
         return schema, table
 
diff --git a/parsons/etl/table.py b/parsons/etl/table.py
index 82d2d264d2..77ca2bc9df 100644
--- a/parsons/etl/table.py
+++ b/parsons/etl/table.py
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ def is_valid_table(self):
             return False
 
         try:
-            self.columns
+            self.columns  # noqa: B018
         except StopIteration:
             return False
 
diff --git a/parsons/formstack/formstack.py b/parsons/formstack/formstack.py
index 94481b485a..b38681730a 100644
--- a/parsons/formstack/formstack.py
+++ b/parsons/formstack/formstack.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def __init__(self, api_token: Optional[str] = None):
         self.client = APIConnector(API_URI, headers=headers)
 
     def _get_paginated_request(
-        self, url: str, data_key: str, params: dict = {}, large_request: bool = False
+        self, url: str, data_key: str, params: dict = None, large_request: bool = False
     ) -> Table:
         """
         Make a GET request for any endpoint that returns a list of data. Will check pagination.
@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ def _get_paginated_request(
             Table Class
                 A table with the returned data.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         data = Table()
         page = 1
         pages = None
diff --git a/parsons/github/github.py b/parsons/github/github.py
index 182119fca8..e5e8d49936 100644
--- a/parsons/github/github.py
+++ b/parsons/github/github.py
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ def wrap_github_404(func):
     def _wrapped_func(*args, **kwargs):
         try:
             return (func)(*args, **kwargs)
-        except UnknownObjectException:
+        except UnknownObjectException as e:
             raise ParsonsGitHubError(
                 "Couldn't find the object you referenced, maybe you need to log in?"
-            )
+            ) from e
 
     return _wrapped_func
 
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ def list_repo_issues(
         assignee=None,
         creator=None,
         mentioned=None,
-        labels=[],
+        labels=None,
         sort="created",
         direction="desc",
         since=None,
@@ -262,6 +262,8 @@ def list_repo_issues(
                 Table with page of repo issues
         """
 
+        if labels is None:
+            labels = []
         logger.info(f"Listing page {page} of issues for repo {repo_name}")
 
         kwargs_dict = {"state": state, "sort": sort, "direction": direction}
diff --git a/parsons/google/google_bigquery.py b/parsons/google/google_bigquery.py
index b1454df9c0..5a930f7585 100644
--- a/parsons/google/google_bigquery.py
+++ b/parsons/google/google_bigquery.py
@@ -155,15 +155,17 @@ def __init__(
         app_creds: Optional[Union[str, dict, Credentials]] = None,
         project=None,
         location=None,
-        client_options: dict = {
-            "scopes": [
-                "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive",
-                "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/bigquery",
-                "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform",
-            ]
-        },
+        client_options: dict = None,
         tmp_gcs_bucket: Optional[str] = None,
     ):
+        if client_options is None:
+            client_options = {
+                "scopes": [
+                    "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive",
+                    "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/bigquery",
+                    "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform",
+                ]
+            }
         self.app_creds = app_creds
 
         if isinstance(app_creds, Credentials):
@@ -974,7 +976,7 @@ def _stringify_records(self, tbl):
             if "dict" in field["type"] or "list" in field["type"]:
                 new_petl = tbl.table.addfield(
                     field["name"] + "_replace",
-                    lambda row: json.dumps(row[field["name"]]),
+                    lambda row, field=field: json.dumps(row[field["name"]]),
                 )
                 new_tbl = Table(new_petl)
                 new_tbl.remove_column(field["name"])
@@ -1034,8 +1036,10 @@ def _prepare_local_upload_job(
         for column in tbl.columns:
             try:
                 schema_row = [i for i in job_config.schema if i.name.lower() == column.lower()][0]
-            except IndexError:
-                raise IndexError(f"Column found in Table that was not found in schema: {column}")
+            except IndexError as e:
+                raise IndexError(
+                    f"Column found in Table that was not found in schema: {column}"
+                ) from e
             schema.append(schema_row)
         job_config.schema = schema
 
diff --git a/parsons/google/google_sheets.py b/parsons/google/google_sheets.py
index 9efb55ff8a..d8866049d5 100644
--- a/parsons/google/google_sheets.py
+++ b/parsons/google/google_sheets.py
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ def _get_worksheet(self, spreadsheet_id, worksheet=0):
             idx = self.list_worksheets(spreadsheet_id).index(worksheet)
             try:
                 return self.gspread_client.open_by_key(spreadsheet_id).get_worksheet(idx)
-            except:  # noqa: E722
-                raise ValueError(f"Couldn't find worksheet {worksheet}")
+            except Exception as e:  # noqa: E722
+                raise ValueError(f"Couldn't find worksheet {worksheet}") from e
 
         else:
             raise ValueError(f"Couldn't find worksheet index or title {worksheet}")
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ def append_to_sheet(
 
         cells = []
         for row_num, row in enumerate(table.data):
-            for col_num, cell in enumerate(row):
+            for col_num, _cell in enumerate(row):
                 # Add 2 to allow for the header row, and for google sheets indexing starting at 1
                 sheet_row_num = existing_table.num_rows + row_num + 2
                 cells.append(gspread.Cell(sheet_row_num, col_num + 1, row[col_num]))
diff --git a/parsons/newmode/newmode.py b/parsons/newmode/newmode.py
index ce821c03e9..68986facc3 100644
--- a/parsons/newmode/newmode.py
+++ b/parsons/newmode/newmode.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def convert_to_table(self, data):
 
         return table
 
-    def get_tools(self, params={}):
+    def get_tools(self, params=None):
         """
         Get existing tools.
         Args:
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ def get_tools(self, params={}):
         Returns:
             Tools information as table.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         tools = self.client.getTools(params=params)
         if tools:
             return self.convert_to_table(tools)
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ def get_tools(self, params={}):
             logging.warning("Empty tools returned")
             return self.convert_to_table([])
 
-    def get_tool(self, tool_id, params={}):
+    def get_tool(self, tool_id, params=None):
         """
         Get specific tool.
         Args:
@@ -80,6 +82,8 @@ def get_tool(self, tool_id, params={}):
         Returns:
             Tool information.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         tool = self.client.getTool(tool_id, params=params)
         if tool:
             return tool
@@ -87,7 +91,7 @@ def get_tool(self, tool_id, params={}):
             logging.warning("Empty tool returned")
             return None
 
-    def lookup_targets(self, tool_id, search=None, params={}):
+    def lookup_targets(self, tool_id, search=None, params=None):
         """
         Lookup targets for a given tool
         Args:
@@ -105,6 +109,8 @@ def lookup_targets(self, tool_id, search=None, params={}):
         Returns:
             Targets information as table.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         targets = self.client.lookupTargets(tool_id, search, params=params)
         if targets:
             data = []
@@ -116,7 +122,7 @@ def lookup_targets(self, tool_id, search=None, params={}):
             logging.warning("Empty targets returned")
             return self.convert_to_table([])
 
-    def get_action(self, tool_id, params={}):
+    def get_action(self, tool_id, params=None):
         """
         Get the action information for a given tool.
         Args:
@@ -127,6 +133,8 @@ def get_action(self, tool_id, params={}):
         Returns:
             Tool action information.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         action = self.client.getAction(tool_id, params=params)
         if action:
             return action
@@ -134,7 +142,7 @@ def get_action(self, tool_id, params={}):
             logging.warning("Empty action returned")
             return None
 
-    def run_action(self, tool_id, payload, params={}):
+    def run_action(self, tool_id, payload, params=None):
         """
         Run specific action with given payload.
         Args:
@@ -148,6 +156,8 @@ def run_action(self, tool_id, payload, params={}):
         Returns:
             Action link (if otl) or sid.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         action = self.client.runAction(tool_id, payload, params=params)
         if action:
             if "link" in action:
@@ -158,7 +168,7 @@ def run_action(self, tool_id, payload, params={}):
             logging.warning("Error in response")
             return None
 
-    def get_target(self, target_id, params={}):
+    def get_target(self, target_id, params=None):
         """
         Get specific target.
         Args:
@@ -169,6 +179,8 @@ def get_target(self, target_id, params={}):
         Returns:
             Target information.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         target = self.client.getTarget(target_id, params=params)
         if target:
             return target
@@ -176,7 +188,7 @@ def get_target(self, target_id, params={}):
             logging.warning("Empty target returned")
             return None
 
-    def get_targets(self, params={}):
+    def get_targets(self, params=None):
         """
         Get all targets
 
@@ -188,6 +200,8 @@ def get_targets(self, params={}):
             Target information
         """
 
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         targets = self.client.getTargets(params=params)
 
         if targets:
@@ -197,7 +211,7 @@ def get_targets(self, params={}):
             logging.warning("No targets returned")
             return None
 
-    def get_campaigns(self, params={}):
+    def get_campaigns(self, params=None):
         """
         Get existing campaigns.
         Args:
@@ -206,6 +220,8 @@ def get_campaigns(self, params={}):
         Returns:
             Campaigns information as table.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         campaigns = self.client.getCampaigns(params=params)
         if campaigns:
             return self.convert_to_table(campaigns)
@@ -213,7 +229,7 @@ def get_campaigns(self, params={}):
             logging.warning("Empty campaigns returned")
             return self.convert_to_table([])
 
-    def get_campaign(self, campaign_id, params={}):
+    def get_campaign(self, campaign_id, params=None):
         """
         Get specific campaign.
         Args:
@@ -224,6 +240,8 @@ def get_campaign(self, campaign_id, params={}):
         Returns:
             Campaign information.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         campaign = self.client.getCampaign(campaign_id, params=params)
         if campaign:
             return campaign
@@ -231,7 +249,7 @@ def get_campaign(self, campaign_id, params={}):
             logging.warning("Empty campaign returned")
             return None
 
-    def get_organizations(self, params={}):
+    def get_organizations(self, params=None):
         """
         Get existing organizations.
         Args:
@@ -240,6 +258,8 @@ def get_organizations(self, params={}):
         Returns:
             Organizations information as table.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         organizations = self.client.getOrganizations(params=params)
         if organizations:
             return self.convert_to_table(organizations)
@@ -247,7 +267,7 @@ def get_organizations(self, params={}):
             logging.warning("Empty organizations returned")
             return self.convert_to_table([])
 
-    def get_organization(self, organization_id, params={}):
+    def get_organization(self, organization_id, params=None):
         """
         Get specific organization.
         Args:
@@ -258,6 +278,8 @@ def get_organization(self, organization_id, params={}):
         Returns:
             Organization information.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         organization = self.client.getOrganization(organization_id, params=params)
         if organization:
             return organization
@@ -265,7 +287,7 @@ def get_organization(self, organization_id, params={}):
             logging.warning("Empty organization returned")
             return None
 
-    def get_services(self, params={}):
+    def get_services(self, params=None):
         """
         Get existing services.
         Args:
@@ -274,6 +296,8 @@ def get_services(self, params={}):
         Returns:
             Services information as table.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         services = self.client.getServices(params=params)
         if services:
             return self.convert_to_table(services)
@@ -281,7 +305,7 @@ def get_services(self, params={}):
             logging.warning("Empty services returned")
             return self.convert_to_table([])
 
-    def get_service(self, service_id, params={}):
+    def get_service(self, service_id, params=None):
         """
         Get specific service.
         Args:
@@ -292,6 +316,8 @@ def get_service(self, service_id, params={}):
         Returns:
             Service information.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         service = self.client.getService(service_id, params=params)
         if service:
             return service
@@ -299,7 +325,7 @@ def get_service(self, service_id, params={}):
             logging.warning("Empty service returned")
             return None
 
-    def get_outreaches(self, tool_id, params={}):
+    def get_outreaches(self, tool_id, params=None):
         """
         Get existing outreaches for a given tool.
         Args:
@@ -310,6 +336,8 @@ def get_outreaches(self, tool_id, params={}):
         Returns:
             Outreaches information as table.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         outreaches = self.client.getOutreaches(tool_id, params=params)
         if outreaches:
             return self.convert_to_table(outreaches)
@@ -317,7 +345,7 @@ def get_outreaches(self, tool_id, params={}):
             logging.warning("Empty outreaches returned")
             return self.convert_to_table([])
 
-    def get_outreach(self, outreach_id, params={}):
+    def get_outreach(self, outreach_id, params=None):
         """
         Get specific outreach.
         Args:
@@ -328,6 +356,8 @@ def get_outreach(self, outreach_id, params={}):
         Returns:
             Outreach information.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         outreach = self.client.getOutreach(outreach_id, params=params)
         if outreach:
             return outreach
@@ -381,7 +411,7 @@ def base_request(
         data=None,
         json=None,
         data_key=None,
-        params={},
+        params=None,
         supports_version=True,
         override_api_version=None,
     ):
@@ -389,6 +419,8 @@ def base_request(
         Internal method to instantiate OAuth2APIConnector class,
         make a call to Newmode API, and validate the response.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         api_version = override_api_version if override_api_version else self.api_version
         url = f"{api_version}/{endpoint}" if supports_version else endpoint
         response = client.request(url=url, req_type=method, json=json, data=data, params=params)
@@ -407,7 +439,7 @@ def converted_request(
         supports_version=True,
         data=None,
         json=None,
-        params={},
+        params=None,
         convert_to_table=True,
         data_key=None,
         client=None,
@@ -415,6 +447,8 @@ def converted_request(
     ):
         """Internal method to make a call to the Newmode API and convert the result to a Parsons table."""
 
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         client = client if client else self.default_client
         response = self.base_request(
             method=method,
@@ -433,7 +467,7 @@ def converted_request(
         else:
             return response
 
-    def get_campaign(self, campaign_id, params={}):
+    def get_campaign(self, campaign_id, params=None):
         """
         Retrieve a specific campaign by ID.
 
@@ -446,6 +480,8 @@ def get_campaign(self, campaign_id, params={}):
         `Returns:`
             Parsons Table containing campaign data.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         endpoint = f"/campaign/{campaign_id}/form"
         data = self.converted_request(
             endpoint=endpoint,
@@ -454,7 +490,7 @@ def get_campaign(self, campaign_id, params={}):
         )
         return data
 
-    def get_campaign_ids(self, params={}):
+    def get_campaign_ids(self, params=None):
         """
         Retrieve all campaigns
         In v2, a campaign is equivalent to Tools or Actions in V1.
@@ -466,6 +502,8 @@ def get_campaign_ids(self, params={}):
         `Returns:`
             List containing all campaign ids.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         endpoint = "node/action"
         campaigns_client = OAuth2APIConnector(
             uri=V2_API_CAMPAIGNS_URL,
@@ -494,7 +532,7 @@ def get_recipient(
         city=None,
         postal_code=None,
         region=None,
-        params={},
+        params=None,
     ):
         """
         Retrieve a specific recipient by ID
@@ -514,6 +552,8 @@ def get_recipient(
         `Returns:`
             Parsons Table containing recipient data.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         address_params = {
             "street_address": street_address,
             "city": city,
@@ -534,7 +574,7 @@ def get_recipient(
         )
         return response
 
-    def run_submit(self, campaign_id, json=None, data=None, params={}):
+    def run_submit(self, campaign_id, json=None, data=None, params=None):
         """
         Pass a submission from a supporter to a campaign
         that ultimately fills in a petition,
@@ -550,6 +590,8 @@ def run_submit(self, campaign_id, json=None, data=None, params={}):
             Parsons Table containing submit data.
         """
 
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         response = self.converted_request(
             endpoint=f"campaign/{campaign_id}/submit",
             method="POST",
@@ -560,7 +602,7 @@ def run_submit(self, campaign_id, json=None, data=None, params={}):
         )
         return response
 
-    def get_submissions(self, campaign_id, params={}):
+    def get_submissions(self, campaign_id, params=None):
         """
         Retrieve and sort submissions and contact data
         for a specified campaign using a range of filters
@@ -572,6 +614,8 @@ def get_submissions(self, campaign_id, params={}):
         `Returns:`
             Parsons Table containing submit data.
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         params = {"action": campaign_id}
         response = self.converted_request(endpoint="submission", method="GET", params=params)
         return response
diff --git a/parsons/ngpvan/events.py b/parsons/ngpvan/events.py
index 0d535417d5..3931ac14b4 100644
--- a/parsons/ngpvan/events.py
+++ b/parsons/ngpvan/events.py
@@ -19,16 +19,7 @@ def get_events(
         starting_after=None,
         starting_before=None,
         district_field=None,
-        expand_fields=[
-            "locations",
-            "codes",
-            "shifts",
-            "roles",
-            "notes",
-            "financialProgram",
-            "ticketCategories",
-            "onlineForms",
-        ],
+        expand_fields=None,
     ):
         """
         Get events.
@@ -56,6 +47,17 @@ def get_events(
                 See :ref:`parsons-table` for output options.
         """
 
+        if expand_fields is None:
+            expand_fields = [
+                "locations",
+                "codes",
+                "shifts",
+                "roles",
+                "notes",
+                "financialProgram",
+                "ticketCategories",
+                "onlineForms",
+            ]
         if expand_fields:
             expand_fields = ",".join(expand_fields)
 
@@ -77,16 +79,7 @@ def get_events(
     def get_event(
         self,
         event_id,
-        expand_fields=[
-            "locations",
-            "codes",
-            "shifts",
-            "roles",
-            "notes",
-            "financialProgram",
-            "ticketCategories",
-            "voterRegistrationBatches",
-        ],
+        expand_fields=None,
     ):
         """
         Get an event.
@@ -104,6 +97,17 @@ def get_event(
                 See :ref:`parsons-table` for output options.
         """
 
+        if expand_fields is None:
+            expand_fields = [
+                "locations",
+                "codes",
+                "shifts",
+                "roles",
+                "notes",
+                "financialProgram",
+                "ticketCategories",
+                "voterRegistrationBatches",
+            ]
         if expand_fields:
             expand_fields = ",".join(expand_fields)
 
diff --git a/parsons/ngpvan/people.py b/parsons/ngpvan/people.py
index c7ce7f2430..90c9aac38a 100644
--- a/parsons/ngpvan/people.py
+++ b/parsons/ngpvan/people.py
@@ -405,27 +405,7 @@ def get_person(
         self,
         id,
         id_type="vanid",
-        expand_fields=[
-            "contribution_history",
-            "addresses",
-            "phones",
-            "emails",
-            "codes",
-            "custom_fields",
-            "external_ids",
-            "preferences",
-            "recorded_addresses",
-            "reported_demographics",
-            "suppressions",
-            "cases",
-            "custom_properties",
-            "districts",
-            "election_records",
-            "membership_statuses",
-            "notes",
-            "organization_roles",
-            "disclosure_field_values",
-        ],
+        expand_fields=None,
     ):
         """
         Returns a single person record using their VANID or external id.
@@ -449,6 +429,28 @@ def get_person(
         """
 
         # Change end point based on id type
+        if expand_fields is None:
+            expand_fields = [
+                "contribution_history",
+                "addresses",
+                "phones",
+                "emails",
+                "codes",
+                "custom_fields",
+                "external_ids",
+                "preferences",
+                "recorded_addresses",
+                "reported_demographics",
+                "suppressions",
+                "cases",
+                "custom_properties",
+                "districts",
+                "election_records",
+                "membership_statuses",
+                "notes",
+                "organization_roles",
+                "disclosure_field_values",
+            ]
         url = "people/"
 
         id_type = "" if id_type in ("vanid", None) else f"{id_type}:"
diff --git a/parsons/ngpvan/survey_questions.py b/parsons/ngpvan/survey_questions.py
index c1e8252f6f..58574d7ce9 100644
--- a/parsons/ngpvan/survey_questions.py
+++ b/parsons/ngpvan/survey_questions.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def __init__(self, van_connection):
         self.connection = van_connection
 
     def get_survey_questions(
-        self, statuses=["Active"], name=None, sq_type=None, question=None, cycle=None
+        self, statuses=None, name=None, sq_type=None, question=None, cycle=None
     ):
         """
         Get survey questions.
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ def get_survey_questions(
                 See :ref:`parsons-table` for output options.
         """
 
+        if statuses is None:
+            statuses = ["Active"]
         params = {
             "statuses": statuses,
             "$top": self.page_size,
diff --git a/parsons/notifications/slack.py b/parsons/notifications/slack.py
index 02ab6f4188..6c0e616ec3 100644
--- a/parsons/notifications/slack.py
+++ b/parsons/notifications/slack.py
@@ -16,18 +16,18 @@ def __init__(self, api_key=None):
             try:
                 self.api_key = os.environ["SLACK_API_TOKEN"]
 
-            except KeyError:
+            except KeyError as e:
                 raise KeyError(
                     "Missing api_key. It must be passed as an "
                     "argument or stored as environmental variable"
-                )
+                ) from e
 
         else:
             self.api_key = api_key
 
         self.client = SlackClient(self.api_key)
 
-    def channels(self, fields=["id", "name"], exclude_archived=False, types=["public_channel"]):
+    def channels(self, fields=None, exclude_archived=False, types=None):
         """
         Return a list of all channels in a Slack team.
 
@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ def channels(self, fields=["id", "name"], exclude_archived=False, types=["public
             Parsons Table
                 See :ref:`parsons-table` for output options.
         """
+        if types is None:
+            types = ["public_channel"]
+        if fields is None:
+            fields = ["id", "name"]
         tbl = self._paginate_request(
             "conversations.list",
             "channels",
@@ -65,13 +69,7 @@ def channels(self, fields=["id", "name"], exclude_archived=False, types=["public
 
     def users(
         self,
-        fields=[
-            "id",
-            "name",
-            "deleted",
-            "profile_real_name_normalized",
-            "profile_email",
-        ],
+        fields=None,
     ):
         """
         Return a list of all users in a Slack team.
@@ -87,6 +85,8 @@ def users(
                 See :ref:`parsons-table` for output options.
         """
 
+        if fields is None:
+            fields = ["id", "name", "deleted", "profile_real_name_normalized", "profile_email"]
         tbl = self._paginate_request("users.list", "members", include_locale=True)
 
         tbl.unpack_dict("profile", include_original=False, prepend=True, prepend_value="profile")
diff --git a/parsons/pdi/flags.py b/parsons/pdi/flags.py
index 82ad36c438..795ab53b25 100644
--- a/parsons/pdi/flags.py
+++ b/parsons/pdi/flags.py
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ def get_flags(self, start_date, end_date, limit=None):
         try:
             start_date = parse(start_date).date().isoformat()
             end_date = parse(end_date).date().isoformat()
-        except ValueError:
-            raise ValueError("Invalid date format.")
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid date format.") from e
 
         params = {
             "startDate": start_date,
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ def create_flags(self, flag_list: list):
                 flag["flagEntryDate"] = str(
                     datetime.strptime(flag["flagEntryDate"], "%Y-%m-%d").isoformat()
                 )
-            except ValueError:
-                raise ValueError("Invalid date format.")
+            except ValueError as e:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid date format.") from e
         print(flag_list)
         return self._request(self.url_flags, post_data=flag_list, req_type="POST")
 
diff --git a/parsons/phone2action/p2a.py b/parsons/phone2action/p2a.py
index 8c04283a61..b24e4b2e81 100644
--- a/parsons/phone2action/p2a.py
+++ b/parsons/phone2action/p2a.py
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ def __init__(self, app_id=None, app_key=None):
     def __getattr__(self, name):
         try:
             return getattr(self.capitol_canary, name)
-        except AttributeError:
-            raise AttributeError(f"{type(self).__name__} object has no attribute {name}")
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            raise AttributeError(f"{type(self).__name__} object has no attribute {name}") from e
 
     def get_advocates(self, state=None, campaign_id=None, updated_since=None, page=None):
         """
diff --git a/parsons/utilities/api_connector.py b/parsons/utilities/api_connector.py
index d780a09972..24bd5ac5ca 100644
--- a/parsons/utilities/api_connector.py
+++ b/parsons/utilities/api_connector.py
@@ -108,9 +108,7 @@ def get_request(self, url, params=None, return_format="json"):
         else:
             raise RuntimeError(f"{return_format} is not a valid format, change to json or content")
 
-    def post_request(
-        self, url, params=None, data=None, json=None, success_codes=[200, 201, 202, 204]
-    ):
+    def post_request(self, url, params=None, data=None, json=None, success_codes=None):
         """
         Make a POST request.
 
@@ -129,6 +127,8 @@ def post_request(
             A requests response object
         """
 
+        if success_codes is None:
+            success_codes = [200, 201, 202, 204]
         r = self.request(url, "POST", params=params, data=data, json=json)
 
         # Validate the response and lift up an errors.
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def post_request(
             else:
                 return r.status_code
 
-    def delete_request(self, url, params=None, success_codes=[200, 201, 204]):
+    def delete_request(self, url, params=None, success_codes=None):
         """
         Make a DELETE request.
 
@@ -157,6 +157,8 @@ def delete_request(self, url, params=None, success_codes=[200, 201, 204]):
                 A requests response object or status code
         """
 
+        if success_codes is None:
+            success_codes = [200, 201, 204]
         r = self.request(url, "DELETE", params=params)
 
         self.validate_response(r)
@@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ def delete_request(self, url, params=None, success_codes=[200, 201, 204]):
             else:
                 return r.status_code
 
-    def put_request(self, url, data=None, json=None, params=None, success_codes=[200, 201, 204]):
+    def put_request(self, url, data=None, json=None, params=None, success_codes=None):
         """
         Make a PUT request.
 
@@ -186,6 +188,8 @@ def put_request(self, url, data=None, json=None, params=None, success_codes=[200
                 A requests response object
         """
 
+        if success_codes is None:
+            success_codes = [200, 201, 204]
         r = self.request(url, "PUT", params=params, data=data, json=json)
 
         self.validate_response(r)
@@ -196,7 +200,7 @@ def put_request(self, url, data=None, json=None, params=None, success_codes=[200
             else:
                 return r.status_code
 
-    def patch_request(self, url, params=None, data=None, json=None, success_codes=[200, 201, 204]):
+    def patch_request(self, url, params=None, data=None, json=None, success_codes=None):
         """
         Make a PATCH request.
 
@@ -215,6 +219,8 @@ def patch_request(self, url, params=None, data=None, json=None, success_codes=[2
             A requests response object
         """
 
+        if success_codes is None:
+            success_codes = [200, 201, 204]
         r = self.request(url, "PATCH", params=params, data=data, json=json)
 
         self.validate_response(r)
diff --git a/parsons/utilities/check_env.py b/parsons/utilities/check_env.py
index 284d99538d..1103cf4a80 100644
--- a/parsons/utilities/check_env.py
+++ b/parsons/utilities/check_env.py
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ def check(env: str, field: Optional[str], optional: Optional[bool] = False) -> U
     if not field:
         try:
             return os.environ[env]
-        except KeyError:
+        except KeyError as e:
             if not optional:
                 raise KeyError(
                     f"No {env} found. Store as environment variable or pass as an argument."
-                )
+                ) from e
     return field
diff --git a/parsons/zoom/zoom.py b/parsons/zoom/zoom.py
index 698a618c8c..5dc3aede0b 100644
--- a/parsons/zoom/zoom.py
+++ b/parsons/zoom/zoom.py
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ class ZoomV2(ZoomV1):
     def __init__(self, account_id=None, client_id=None, client_secret=None):
         super().__init__(account_id, client_id, client_secret)
 
-    def _get_request(self, endpoint: str, data_key: str, params: dict = {}, **kwargs):
+    def _get_request(self, endpoint: str, data_key: str, params: dict = None, **kwargs):
         """
         `Args`:
             endpoint: str
@@ -590,6 +590,8 @@ def _get_request(self, endpoint: str, data_key: str, params: dict = {}, **kwargs
                 See :ref:`parsons-table` for output options.
         """
 
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
         if not params:
             params = {"page_size": 300}
 
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 77c691fcb3..be75fc8384 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ target-version = "py39"
 # Unlike Flake8, Ruff doesn't enable pycodestyle warnings (`W`) or
 # McCabe complexity (`C901`) by default.
 select = [
+    "B", # flake8-bugbear (B)
     "E", # pycodestyle errors (E)
     "W", # pycodestyle warnings (W)
     "F", # Pyflakes (F)
diff --git a/test/test_airmeet.py b/test/test_airmeet.py
index 5b75c1d628..bd7e506da6 100644
--- a/test/test_airmeet.py
+++ b/test/test_airmeet.py
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ def test_fetch_session_attendance_exception_202(self):
             }
         )
 
-        with pytest.raises(Exception):
+        with pytest.raises(Exception):  # noqa: B017
             self.airmeet.fetch_session_attendance("test_session_id")
 
     def test_fetch_session_attendance_exception_400(self):
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ def test_fetch_session_attendance_exception_400(self):
             }
         )
 
-        with pytest.raises(Exception):
+        with pytest.raises(Exception):  # noqa: B017
             self.airmeet.fetch_session_attendance("test_session_id")
 
     def test_fetch_airmeet_booths(self):
@@ -506,5 +506,5 @@ def test_fetch_event_replay_attendance_exception_400(self):
             }
         )
 
-        with pytest.raises(Exception):
+        with pytest.raises(Exception):  # noqa: B017
             self.airmeet.fetch_event_replay_attendance("test_airmeet_id")
diff --git a/test/test_databases/test_bigquery.py b/test/test_databases/test_bigquery.py
index 6474b911ba..67968c2be5 100644
--- a/test/test_databases/test_bigquery.py
+++ b/test/test_databases/test_bigquery.py
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ def test_copy_gcs__if_exists_fail(self):
         bq.table_exists.return_value = True
 
         # call the method being tested
-        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):  # noqa: B017
             bq.copy_from_gcs(
                 self.default_table,
                 "dataset.table",
diff --git a/test/test_databases/test_sqlite.py b/test/test_databases/test_sqlite.py
index 5887184c39..9b16d1a80c 100644
--- a/test/test_databases/test_sqlite.py
+++ b/test/test_databases/test_sqlite.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def test_copy_fail(self) -> None:
             # This line should raise a ValueError
             self.sqlite.copy(self.tbl, "tbl1", if_exists="fail")
             # so this line should not be executed
-            assert False, "should have failed"
+            raise AssertionError("should have failed")
         except ValueError:
             pass
 
diff --git a/test/test_targetsmart/test_targetsmart_api.py b/test/test_targetsmart/test_targetsmart_api.py
index 7454c4bae2..afa3d52c13 100644
--- a/test/test_targetsmart/test_targetsmart_api.py
+++ b/test/test_targetsmart/test_targetsmart_api.py
@@ -102,15 +102,15 @@ def test_data_enhance(self, m):
         self.assertTrue(validate_list(expected, self.ts.data_enhance("IL-12568678")))
 
         # Assert exception on missing state
-        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):  # noqa: B017
             self.ts.data_enhance("vb0001", search_id_type="votebuilder")
 
         # Assert exception on missing state
-        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):  # noqa: B017
             self.ts.data_enhance("vb0001", search_id_type="smartvan")
 
         # Assert exception on missing state
-        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):  # noqa: B017
             self.ts.data_enhance("vb0001", search_id_type="voter")
 
         # Assert works with state provided
diff --git a/test/test_van/test_ngpvan.py b/test/test_van/test_ngpvan.py
index 6183fc763d..4d1b98412f 100644
--- a/test/test_van/test_ngpvan.py
+++ b/test/test_van/test_ngpvan.py
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def test_get_supporter_groups(self, m):
 
         m.get(self.van.connection.uri + "supporterGroups", json=json)
 
-        ["id", "name", "description"]
+        ["id", "name", "description"]  # noqa: B018
 
         self.van.get_supporter_groups()
 
diff --git a/useful_resources/sample_code/apply_activist_code.py b/useful_resources/sample_code/apply_activist_code.py
index b11a78c536..9692d8c5d0 100644
--- a/useful_resources/sample_code/apply_activist_code.py
+++ b/useful_resources/sample_code/apply_activist_code.py
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@
 
 # Apply codes segmented by state (different API Keys)
 for state, key in myv_keys.items():
-    state_set = records.select_rows(lambda row: row.vb_vf_source_state == state)
+    state_set = records.select_rows(lambda row: row.vb_vf_source_state == state)  # noqa: B023
     if len(state_set) > 0:
         logger.info(f"Applying {str(len(state_set))} Activist Codes in {state}...")
-        for vanid in state_set:
+        for _vanid in state_set:
             # TODO: row undefined, select row form record?
             row = None
             key.toggle_activist_code(row["vb_smartvan_id"], row["activist_code_id"], "apply")
diff --git a/useful_resources/sample_code/mysql_to_googlesheets.py b/useful_resources/sample_code/mysql_to_googlesheets.py
index 4b70f46480..4969578fc4 100644
--- a/useful_resources/sample_code/mysql_to_googlesheets.py
+++ b/useful_resources/sample_code/mysql_to_googlesheets.py
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def try_overwrite(table, request_count, sheet_id, tab_index):
     except APIError as e:
         print(f"trying to overwrite {tab_index} for the {request_count}th time")
         if request_count > 60:
-            raise APIError(e)
+            raise APIError from e
         time.sleep(80)
         request_count += 1
         try_overwrite(table, request_count, sheet_id, tab_index)
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def main():
 
     try:
         new_sheet = gsheets.create_spreadsheet(title=TITLE, editor_email=None, folder_id=FOLDER_ID)
-        # If successful new_sheet will be the spreadsheet's ID in a string
+        # If successful new_sheet will be the sprkeadsheet's ID in a string
         if isinstance(new_sheet, str):
             logger.info(f"Successfully created sheet {TITLE}!")
         # If we do not get a string back from the create_spreadsheet call
diff --git a/useful_resources/sample_code/ngpvan_sample_printed_list.py b/useful_resources/sample_code/ngpvan_sample_printed_list.py
index 1b6a608a7e..6621ec4e31 100644
--- a/useful_resources/sample_code/ngpvan_sample_printed_list.py
+++ b/useful_resources/sample_code/ngpvan_sample_printed_list.py
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ def to_pdf(saved_printed_merged):
     pdf = FPDF()
     pdf.set_font("Arial", size=14)
 
-    for index, row in saved_printed_merged.iterrows():
+    for _index, row in saved_printed_merged.iterrows():
         pdf.add_page()
 
         precinct_txt = f"Turf Name: {row[0]}"
diff --git a/useful_resources/sample_code/opt_outs_everyaction.py b/useful_resources/sample_code/opt_outs_everyaction.py
index 237810cbc4..7beb4cd279 100644
--- a/useful_resources/sample_code/opt_outs_everyaction.py
+++ b/useful_resources/sample_code/opt_outs_everyaction.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+import datetime
 import json
 import os
 import time
-from datetime import datetime
 
 import requests
 
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ def main():
 
         # Here we narrow the all_opt_outs table to only the rows that correspond
         # to this committee.
-        opt_outs = all_opt_outs.select_rows(lambda row: str(row.committeeid) == committeeid)
+        opt_outs = all_opt_outs.select_rows(lambda row: str(row.committeeid) == committeeid)  # noqa: B023
 
         logger.info(f"Found {opt_outs.num_rows} phones to opt out in {committee_name} committee...")
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ def main():
 
         if opt_outs.num_rows > 0:
             for opt_out in opt_outs:
-                applied_at = str(datetime.now()).split(".")[0]
+                applied_at = str(datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)).split(".")[0]
                 attempt_optout(
                     every_action,
                     opt_out,