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basics.html
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<h4>Nat!</h4>
<p>Senior Mull</p>
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<h2>De Re mulle-objc <div style="font-size:10px; display: inline-block;">0.50.0</div> <a href="feed.xml"><img class="inline-img" src='images/feed-icon-28x28.png'></a></h2>
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<h6>© 2025 by Nat!, Mulle kybernetiK. All rights reserved.</h6>
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<h4>Contents</h4>
<ul>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/intro.html" title="De Re mulle-objc">De Re mulle-objc</a>
</article>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/modern.html" title="Project Setup">Project Setup</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/pnp-source.html" title="Generic Headers">Generic Headers</a>
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<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/pnp-dependency.html" title="Dependencies">Dependencies</a>
</article>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/modern-complex.html" title="Projects with Multiple Targets">Projects with Multiple Targets</a>
</article>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/good.html" title="Good mulle-objc Code">Good mulle-objc Code</a>
</article>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/basics.html" title="A complete class">A complete class</a>
</article>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/objects.html" title="Objects and Properties">Objects and Properties</a>
</article>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/printing.html" title="Printing">Printing</a>
</article>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/pnp-class.html" title="Plug And Play Class">Plug And Play Class</a>
</article>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/pnp-category.html" title="Plug And Play Category">Plug And Play Category</a>
</article>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/overridden.html" title="Advanced: Calling overridden methods">Advanced: Calling overridden methods</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/forward.html" title="Advanced: -forward:">Advanced: -forward:</a>
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<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/protocolclass.html" title="Advanced: Protocolclasses allow default implementations">Advanced: Protocolclasses allow default implementations</a>
</article>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/classcluster.html" title="Advanced: Classcluster Classes">Advanced: Classcluster Classes</a>
</article>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/singleton.html" title="Advanced: Singleton classes">Advanced: Singleton classes</a>
</article>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/tps.html" title="Advanced: Tagged Pointer Classes">Advanced: Tagged Pointer Classes</a>
</article>
<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/differences.html" title="Porting: Differences to Objective-C 2.0">Porting: Differences to Objective-C 2.0</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/legacy.html" title="Porting: Legacy Workflow">Porting: Legacy Workflow</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/bad.html" title="Porting: Bad mulle-objc Code">Porting: Bad mulle-objc Code</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/porting.html" title="Porting: General Tips">Porting: General Tips</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/subscripting.html" title="Porting: subscripting">Porting: subscripting</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/arc.html" title="Porting: ARC">Porting: ARC</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/block.html" title="Porting: ^blocks">Porting: ^blocks</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/dotsyntax.html" title="Porting: . syntax for properties">Porting: . syntax for properties</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/generics.html" title="Porting: generics">Porting: generics</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/modules.html" title="Porting: @import">Porting: @import</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/package.html" title="Porting: @package">Porting: @package</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/protocol.html" title="Porting: Protocols are a kind of @selector">Porting: Protocols are a kind of @selector</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/property.html" title="Porting @property">Porting @property</a>
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<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/synthesize.html" title="Porting: @synthesize is useless now">Porting: @synthesize is useless now</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/synchronized.html" title="Porting: Synchronized is gone">Porting: Synchronized is gone</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/varargs.html" title="Porting: Variable Arguments in Methods">Porting: Variable Arguments in Methods</a>
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<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/nszone.html" title="Porting: NSZone">Porting: NSZone</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/unichar.html" title="Porting: unichar">Porting: unichar</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/cpp.html" title="Porting: Objective-C++">Porting: Objective-C++</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/xcodeproj.html" title="Porting: Xcode projects">Porting: Xcode projects</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/tools.html" title="Tooling: mulle-objc Tools">Tooling: mulle-objc Tools</a>
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<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/coverage.html" title="Tooling: Coverage information">Tooling: Coverage information</a>
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<article>
<li class="no-bullet"><a class="internal-link" href="/de-re-mulle-objc/reduction.html" title="Tooling: Code reduction">Tooling: Code reduction</a>
</article>
</ul>
<h5> Or read it like a <a href="book.html"><b>book</b></a>.</h6>
</div> <!-- contents -->
</div> <!-- sideline -->
</div>
<div id="post-second" class="eight columns">
<div class="title">
<div>
<h2>De Re mulle-objc <div style="font-size:10px; display: inline-block;">0.50.0</div> <a href="feed.xml"><img class="inline-img" src='images/feed-icon-28x28.png'></a></h2>
</div>
<h6>© 2025 by Nat!, Mulle kybernetiK. All rights reserved.</h6>
<p>
</div> <!-- title -->
<p>
<div id="main" role="main">
<article>
<h1>A complete class</h1>
<div>
<p>Lets write a mulle-objc class that highlights all the basics of memory management
and being a good class in the mulle-objc runtime. Some of the topics are seldom
employed in the average Objective-C class, but it’s good to be aware of them.</p>
<p>The main takeaway points are</p>
<ul>
<li>use <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-release</code> only in <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-init</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-dealloc</code></li>
<li>use <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-autorelease</code> everywhere else</li>
<li>protect your setters with <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">NSParameterAssert</code> (if using Foundation, else use <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">assert</code>)</li>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+load</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+initialize</code> behave as expected if you declare <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MULLE_OBJC_DEPENDS_ON_LIBRARY</code></li>
<li>try to write proper <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+unload</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+deinitialize</code> methods to be a well behaved class, that doesn’t leak in tests</li>
<li>ARC is not compatible with mulle-objc, use manual <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-retain/-release/-autorelease</code> memory management methods</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="foo-does-it-all">Foo does it all</h2>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="cp">#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
</span>
<span class="k">@interface</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="nc">NSObject</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_a</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">NSArray</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_kids</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@property</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">lookup</span><span class="p">:(</span><span class="n">NSString</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">addToKids</span><span class="p">:(</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">@end</span>
<span class="k">@implementation</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span>
<span class="c1">// class variables are declared as static. It's somewhat convenient to wrap</span>
<span class="c1">// these into a struct. In most cases you will need to protect your class</span>
<span class="c1">// variables with a lock.</span>
<span class="k">static</span> <span class="k">struct</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">mulle_thread_mutex_t</span> <span class="n">_lock</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// mutable, needs locking</span>
<span class="n">NSMutableDictionary</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_lookupTable</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// immutable, need no locking</span>
<span class="n">Class</span> <span class="n">_FooClass</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_info</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span> <span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// Ensure that Foundation is loaded completely before our class</span>
<span class="n">MULLE_OBJC_DEPENDS_ON_LIBRARY</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">Foundation</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// run as soon as class is added to the runtime</span>
<span class="k">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">load</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_FooClass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">self</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">mulle_thread_mutex_init</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lock</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// run when the universe winds down</span>
<span class="k">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">unload</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">mulle_thread_mutex_done</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lock</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// run when the class is messaged for the first time</span>
<span class="k">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">initialize</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lookupTable</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lookupTable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[@{</span> <span class="s">@"a"</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">@1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s">@"b"</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">@2</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s">@"c"</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">@3</span>
<span class="p">}</span> <span class="nf">mutableCopy</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_info</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mulle_strdup</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="s">"some text"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// run when the universe winds down (before unload)</span>
<span class="k">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">deinitialize</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lookupTable</span> <span class="nf">release</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lookupTable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">nil</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">mulle_free</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_info</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_info</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">lookup</span><span class="p">:(</span><span class="n">NSString</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">key</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">mulle_thread_mutex_lock</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lock</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lookupTable</span> <span class="nf">objectForKey</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="nf">retain</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="nf">autorelease</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">mulle_thread_mutex_unlock</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lock</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">init</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">_a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="nf">alloc</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="nf">initWithInt</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">_b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">@48</span> <span class="nf">retain</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">_kids</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">NSMutableArray</span> <span class="nf">array</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="nf">retain</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="k">return</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">self</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// run before dealloc, can be triggered with -performFinalize</span>
<span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">finalize</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">_kids</span> <span class="nf">autorelease</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">_kids</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">nil</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">super</span> <span class="nf">finalize</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">dealloc</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">_a</span> <span class="nf">release</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">super</span> <span class="nf">dealloc</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// typical value/toOne setter code</span>
<span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">setA</span><span class="p">:(</span><span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">a</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">NSParameterAssert</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="nf">isKindOfClass</span><span class="p">:[</span><span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="nf">class</span><span class="p">]]);</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">_a</span> <span class="nf">autorelease</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">_a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="nf">copy</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// typical getter code</span>
<span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">a</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">_a</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// typical toMany setter code</span>
<span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">addToKids</span><span class="p">:(</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">a</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">NSParameterAssert</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="nf">isKindOfClass</span><span class="p">:[</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="nf">class</span><span class="p">]]);</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">_kids</span> <span class="nf">addObject</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@end</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h2 id="analysing-foo-step-by-step">Analysing Foo step by step</h2>
<h3 id="mulle_objc_depends_on_library">MULLE_OBJC_DEPENDS_ON_LIBRARY</h3>
<div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c1">// Ensure that Foundation is loaded completely before our class</span>
<span class="n">MULLE_OBJC_DEPENDS_ON_LIBRARY</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">Foundation</span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MULLE_OBJC_DEPENDS_ON_LIBRARY</code> is only required if you are implementing
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+load</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+unload</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+initialize</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+deinitialize</code>.</p>
<p>This will ensure that classes of the named library have been loaded, so that
your code will work as expected. You should usually specify <strong>Foundation</strong>
at least.</p>
<p>If you want to specify classes and categories in a more finegrained way, see
<a href="dependencies.html">dependencies</a>.</p>
<h3 id="load">+load</h3>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c1">// run as soon as class is added to the runtime</span>
<span class="k">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">load</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_FooClass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">self</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">mulle_thread_mutex_init</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lock</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Load is executed as soon as your class or category is loaded. Things to
consider are:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">main</code> has most likely not run yet</li>
<li>you must not call <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+[super load]</code></li>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+load</code> is called for classes and categories</li>
</ul>
<p>Ideally your <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+load</code> method just calls <strong>C</strong> functions. This is also the best
time to hack mulle-objc runtime methods if you so desire.</p>
<h3 id="unload">+unload</h3>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+unload</code> is mulle-objc specific and does not exist in other runtimes. The
mulle-objc Objective-C runtime is contained in a “universe”, that is
destructible. So <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+unload</code> is a facility to release resources acquired by
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+load</code>. When this is properly done by all classes, it makes memory leak
checking that much more convenient.</p>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">unload</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">mulle_thread_mutex_done</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lock</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="initialize">+initialize</h3>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">initialize</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lookupTable</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lookupTable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[@{</span> <span class="s">@"a"</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">@1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s">@"b"</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">@2</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s">@"c"</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">@3</span>
<span class="p">}</span> <span class="nf">mutableCopy</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_info</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mulle_strdup</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="s">"some text"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+intialize</code> is the best time to instantiate class variables, that are defined
as static variables.</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+initialize</code> is only called for classes not for categories</li>
<li>your <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+initialize</code> is called by subclasses, if they don’t implement <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+initialize</code> themselves</li>
<li>it is OK for subclasses to call <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+[super initialize]</code> if a superclass defines it</li>
<li>your class will get it’s <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+initialize</code> call first before subclasses</li>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+initialize</code> is single-threaded, so you don’t need to lock</li>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+initialize</code> will be called for subclasses, that do not define their own <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+initialize</code> method</li>
</ul>
<p>To avoid leaks, check if your variables aren’t already initialized.</p>
<h3 id="deinitialize">+deinitialize</h3>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+deinitialize</code> is only called if <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+initialize</code> has been called. If you did not
implement <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+initialize</code> then <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+deinitialize</code> has no effect.</p>
<p>You should release all resources, that were allocated during <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+initialize</code>.</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+deinitialize</code> is only called for classes not for categories</li>
<li>it is OK for subclasses to call <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+[super deinitialize]</code> if a superclass defines it</li>
<li>subclasses will get the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+deinitialize</code> call first before their superclass (!)</li>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+deinitialize</code> is running single-threaded</li>
</ul>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">deinitialize</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lookupTable</span> <span class="nf">release</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_lookupTable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">nil</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">mulle_free</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_info</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_info</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>To avoid crashes, zero your variables after freeing them.</p>
<h3 id="-init">-init</h3>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">init</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">_a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="nf">alloc</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="nf">initWithInt</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">_b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="nf">alloc</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="nf">initWithInt</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">48</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">_kids</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">NSMutableArray</span> <span class="nf">array</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="nf">retain</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="k">return</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">self</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Calling <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-[super init]</code> if <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">NSObject</code> is the direct superclass is superflous
and can be avoided. mulle-objc uses manual retain counting, so <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-retain</code> what
needs to be retained by the instance.</p>
<h3 id="-finalize">-finalize</h3>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">finalize</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">_kids</span> <span class="nf">autorelease</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">_kids</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">nil</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">super</span> <span class="nf">finalize</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-finalize</code> is the time, when properties release their values. If you are
keeping references to other objects, that aren’t simple values like <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">NSString</code>
this is the time to release them. The separation of <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-dealloc</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-finalize</code>
can be useful to break retain cycles.</p>
<p>Set <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">nil</code> to your instance variables, as the object is still alive.</p>
<p>A finalized object can still be messaged, but an object can only be
finalized once.</p>
<h3 id="-dealloc">-dealloc</h3>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">dealloc</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">_a</span> <span class="nf">release</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">super</span> <span class="nf">dealloc</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Non property instance variables should be freed manually. You can do this
also in <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-finalize</code>, but often an object needs some values until the very end.</p>
<h3 id="lookup">+lookup:</h3>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>+ (NSNumber *) lookup:(NSString *) key
{
NSNumber *value;
mulle_thread_mutex_lock( &Self._lock);
{
value = [Self._lookupTable objectForKey:key];
value = [[value retain] autorelease]; // if
}
mulle_thread_mutex_unlock( &Self._lock);
return( value);
}
</code></pre></div></div>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+lookup</code> accesses a mutable class variable, therefore you should protect
the contents with a lock. You should also <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">retain</code>/<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">autorelease</code> the return
value inside the lock, to push the value into the current threads
autoreleasepool.</p>
<h3 id="-seta">-setA:</h3>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">setA</span><span class="p">:(</span><span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">a</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">NSParameterAssert</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="nf">isKindOfClass</span><span class="p">:[</span><span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="nf">class</span><span class="p">]]);</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">_a</span> <span class="nf">autorelease</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">_a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="nf">copy</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Protect setters with <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">NSParameterAssert</code>. Allow <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">nil</code> to be set whenever
possible.</p>
<p>All code outside of <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+load</code>/<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+unload</code> <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+initialize</code>/<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+deinitialize</code>
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-init</code>/<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-dealloc</code> must use <strong><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-autorelease</code></strong>.
The only allowable use of <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-release</code> is for ephemeral objects like in:</p>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="nf">new</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">...</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="nf">release</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="c1">// p is never used again in this function</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="-a">-a</h3>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NSNumber</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">a</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">_a</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Because of the strict use of <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-autorelease</code> in the setters, we don’t have to
do <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">[[obj retain] autorelease]</code> shenanigans, but can just return the instance
variable.</p>
<h3 id="-addtokids">-addToKids:</h3>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">addToKids</span><span class="p">:(</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">a</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">NSParameterAssert</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="nf">isKindOfClass</span><span class="p">:[</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="nf">class</span><span class="p">]]);</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">_kids</span> <span class="nf">addObject</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>We can not add <em>nil</em> to an array. And as <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">_kids</code> is a
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">NSMutableArray</code> this will raise. The assert ensures that
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">a</code> of the proper class.</p>
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