Description
Lock-free doubly-linked list would be another good structure to add.
Use cases
Different scenarios where a group of threads awaits IO or result of some computation. Typically, in such a case, a promise of some kind maintains a linked list of waiting threads. Once operation finishes, they are woken up by issuer of promise.
The problem starts when cancellations come into play. The quickest deletion from a linked list is O(n), and in the case of some mass cancellations, those deletions may take a lot of time. This is particularly bad if cancellations were triggered by an overload as the system may melt down rather than regain stability. With a doubly linked-list, any node can be deleted in O(1).
I think there would be many concrete examples, e.g. promises in Domainslib. One mentioned by @kayceesrk is Lwt_sequence, which is used by Lwt to maintain a list of awaiting IO.
Design
It is notoriously hard to get right. There's a few papers, Lock-free deques and doubly linked lists seems the most solid. PPoPP 23 will have another implementation.
It might be helpful to know A Pragmatic Implementation of Non-Blocking Linked-Lists as well.