diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-contrib.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-contrib.yml
index 1f0d0c65a5..59b88e9dd8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-contrib.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-contrib.yml
@@ -30,6 +30,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: "Test Ruby 3.4"
+        uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
+        with:
+          gem: "opentelemetry-helpers-${{ matrix.gem }}"
+          ruby: "3.4"
       - name: "Test Ruby 3.3"
         uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
         with:
@@ -70,6 +75,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: "Test Ruby 3.4"
+        uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
+        with:
+          gem: "opentelemetry-propagator-${{ matrix.gem }}"
+          ruby: "3.4"
       - name: "Test Ruby 3.3"
         uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
         with:
@@ -109,6 +119,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: "Test Ruby 3.4"
+        uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
+        with:
+          gem: "opentelemetry-${{ matrix.gem }}"
+          ruby: "3.4"
       - name: "Test Ruby 3.3"
         uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
         with:
@@ -147,6 +162,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: "Test Ruby 3.4"
+        uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
+        with:
+          gem: "opentelemetry-processor-${{ matrix.gem }}"
+          ruby: "3.4"
       - name: "Test Ruby 3.3"
         uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-instrumentation-with-services.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-instrumentation-with-services.yml
index e30123ae71..15e3d974fa 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-instrumentation-with-services.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-instrumentation-with-services.yml
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: "Test Ruby 3.4"
+        uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
+        with:
+          gem: "opentelemetry-instrumentation-${{ matrix.gem }}"
+          ruby: "3.4"
       - name: "Test Ruby 3.3"
         uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
         with:
@@ -76,6 +81,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: "Test Ruby 3.4"
+        uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
+        with:
+          gem: "opentelemetry-instrumentation-${{ matrix.gem }}"
+          ruby: "3.4"
       - name: "Test Ruby 3.3"
         uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
         with:
@@ -114,6 +124,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: "Test Ruby 3.4"
+        uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
+        with:
+          gem: "opentelemetry-instrumentation-${{ matrix.gem }}"
+          ruby: "3.4"
       - name: "Test Ruby 3.3"
         uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
         with:
@@ -168,6 +183,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: "Test Ruby 3.4"
+        uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
+        with:
+          gem: "opentelemetry-instrumentation-${{ matrix.gem }}"
+          ruby: "3.4"
       - name: "Test Ruby 3.3"
         uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
         with:
@@ -213,6 +233,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: "Test Ruby 3.4"
+        uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
+        with:
+          gem: "opentelemetry-instrumentation-${{ matrix.gem }}"
+          ruby: "3.4"
       - name: "Test Ruby 3.3"
         uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
         with:
@@ -255,6 +280,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: "Test Ruby 3.4"
+        uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
+        with:
+          gem: "opentelemetry-instrumentation-${{ matrix.gem }}"
+          ruby: "3.4"
       - name: "Test Ruby 3.3"
         uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-instrumentation.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-instrumentation.yml
index 491fd6e32e..841e14115d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-instrumentation.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-instrumentation.yml
@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: "Test Ruby 3.4"
+        uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
+        with:
+          gem: "opentelemetry-instrumentation-${{ matrix.gem }}"
+          ruby: "3.4"
       - name: "Test Ruby 3.3"
         uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
         with:
diff --git a/helpers/mysql/Gemfile b/helpers/mysql/Gemfile
index f649e2f64a..afb6912bfe 100644
--- a/helpers/mysql/Gemfile
+++ b/helpers/mysql/Gemfile
@@ -7,3 +7,10 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 gemspec
+
+group :test do
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/helpers/sql-obfuscation/Gemfile b/helpers/sql-obfuscation/Gemfile
index f649e2f64a..afb6912bfe 100644
--- a/helpers/sql-obfuscation/Gemfile
+++ b/helpers/sql-obfuscation/Gemfile
@@ -7,3 +7,10 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 gemspec
+
+group :test do
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/helpers/sql/Gemfile b/helpers/sql/Gemfile
index 5f1d771fac..5139c3d9ab 100644
--- a/helpers/sql/Gemfile
+++ b/helpers/sql/Gemfile
@@ -11,3 +11,10 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 # then target specific versions in the Appraisals file.
 
 gemspec
+
+group :test do
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/instrumentation/CONTRIBUTING.md b/instrumentation/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 36269d89df..9a77d6d7ad 100644
--- a/instrumentation/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/instrumentation/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -353,6 +353,11 @@ If we determine the service container slows down the test suite significantly, i
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: "Test Ruby 3.4"
+        uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
+        with:
+          gem: "opentelemetry-helpers-${{ matrix.gem }}"
+          ruby: "3.4"
       - name: "Test Ruby 3.3"
         uses: ./.github/actions/test_gem
         with:
diff --git a/instrumentation/action_mailer/Gemfile b/instrumentation/action_mailer/Gemfile
index c0f09e6f4e..39ff49aac1 100644
--- a/instrumentation/action_mailer/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/action_mailer/Gemfile
@@ -14,4 +14,8 @@ group :test do
   # Add jar-dependencies gem only if the Ruby runtime is JRuby
   # https://github.com/jruby/jruby/issues/7262
   gem 'jar-dependencies', '0.4.1', platforms: :jruby
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/action_pack/Gemfile b/instrumentation/action_pack/Gemfile
index 1ff5cee48a..167e8562f4 100644
--- a/instrumentation/action_pack/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/action_pack/Gemfile
@@ -12,4 +12,8 @@ group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../../instrumentation/base'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-rack', path: '../../instrumentation/rack'
   gem 'pry-byebug'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/action_view/Gemfile b/instrumentation/action_view/Gemfile
index 54506a58db..362b810fad 100644
--- a/instrumentation/action_view/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/action_view/Gemfile
@@ -12,4 +12,8 @@ group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_support', path: '../active_support'
   gem 'pry-byebug'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/active_job/Gemfile b/instrumentation/active_job/Gemfile
index 2baf57ac47..cb4d0e9baa 100644
--- a/instrumentation/active_job/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/active_job/Gemfile
@@ -10,4 +10,8 @@ gemspec
 
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/active_model_serializers/Gemfile b/instrumentation/active_model_serializers/Gemfile
index 2ededff745..e4d2581d43 100644
--- a/instrumentation/active_model_serializers/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/active_model_serializers/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_support', path: '../active_support'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/active_record/Gemfile b/instrumentation/active_record/Gemfile
index 02f64ca9a7..5d3d05e157 100644
--- a/instrumentation/active_record/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/active_record/Gemfile
@@ -12,4 +12,8 @@ group :test do
   gem 'byebug'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'pry-byebug'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/active_storage/Gemfile b/instrumentation/active_storage/Gemfile
index 2ededff745..e4d2581d43 100644
--- a/instrumentation/active_storage/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/active_storage/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_support', path: '../active_support'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/active_support/Gemfile b/instrumentation/active_support/Gemfile
index 2baf57ac47..cb4d0e9baa 100644
--- a/instrumentation/active_support/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/active_support/Gemfile
@@ -10,4 +10,8 @@ gemspec
 
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/all/Gemfile b/instrumentation/all/Gemfile
index 30808d5038..2142f3e97a 100644
--- a/instrumentation/all/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/all/Gemfile
@@ -9,6 +9,11 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 gemspec
 
 group :test do
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
+
   Dir.entries('../../helpers')
      .select { |entry| File.directory?(File.join('../../helpers', entry)) }
      .reject { |entry| %w[. ..].include?(entry) } # rubocop:disable Performance/CollectionLiteralInLoop
diff --git a/instrumentation/aws_lambda/Gemfile b/instrumentation/aws_lambda/Gemfile
index a03fdb17e2..9fe40be08f 100644
--- a/instrumentation/aws_lambda/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/aws_lambda/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'webrick', '~> 1.7'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/aws_lambda/test/opentelemetry/instrumentation_test.rb b/instrumentation/aws_lambda/test/opentelemetry/instrumentation_test.rb
index 648a4ad62d..928419ac49 100644
--- a/instrumentation/aws_lambda/test/opentelemetry/instrumentation_test.rb
+++ b/instrumentation/aws_lambda/test/opentelemetry/instrumentation_test.rb
@@ -96,8 +96,7 @@
         _(last_span.hex_span_id.size).must_equal 16
         _(last_span.hex_trace_id.size).must_equal 32
         _(last_span.trace_flags.sampled?).must_equal true
-
-        assert_equal last_span.tracestate, { 'otel' => 'ff40ea9699e62af2-01' }
+        _(last_span.tracestate.to_h).must_equal({ 'otel' => 'ff40ea9699e62af2-01' })
       end
       event_v1['headers'].delete('traceparent')
       event_v1['headers'].delete('tracestate')
diff --git a/instrumentation/aws_sdk/Gemfile b/instrumentation/aws_sdk/Gemfile
index a03fdb17e2..9fe40be08f 100644
--- a/instrumentation/aws_sdk/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/aws_sdk/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'webrick', '~> 1.7'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/base/Gemfile b/instrumentation/base/Gemfile
index f649e2f64a..afb6912bfe 100644
--- a/instrumentation/base/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/base/Gemfile
@@ -7,3 +7,10 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 gemspec
+
+group :test do
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/instrumentation/bunny/Gemfile b/instrumentation/bunny/Gemfile
index 5b7d54b645..3b0bc1bdf0 100644
--- a/instrumentation/bunny/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/bunny/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'pry-byebug'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/concurrent_ruby/Gemfile b/instrumentation/concurrent_ruby/Gemfile
index 2baf57ac47..cb4d0e9baa 100644
--- a/instrumentation/concurrent_ruby/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/concurrent_ruby/Gemfile
@@ -10,4 +10,8 @@ gemspec
 
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/dalli/Gemfile b/instrumentation/dalli/Gemfile
index 036a87b29f..a3267745c8 100644
--- a/instrumentation/dalli/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/dalli/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'pry'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/delayed_job/Gemfile b/instrumentation/delayed_job/Gemfile
index 2baf57ac47..cb4d0e9baa 100644
--- a/instrumentation/delayed_job/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/delayed_job/Gemfile
@@ -10,4 +10,8 @@ gemspec
 
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/ethon/Gemfile b/instrumentation/ethon/Gemfile
index 2baf57ac47..cb4d0e9baa 100644
--- a/instrumentation/ethon/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/ethon/Gemfile
@@ -10,4 +10,8 @@ gemspec
 
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/excon/Gemfile b/instrumentation/excon/Gemfile
index 2baf57ac47..cb4d0e9baa 100644
--- a/instrumentation/excon/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/excon/Gemfile
@@ -10,4 +10,8 @@ gemspec
 
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/faraday/Gemfile b/instrumentation/faraday/Gemfile
index 2baf57ac47..cb4d0e9baa 100644
--- a/instrumentation/faraday/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/faraday/Gemfile
@@ -10,4 +10,8 @@ gemspec
 
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/grape/Gemfile b/instrumentation/grape/Gemfile
index a97f3cccfa..b9575b5277 100644
--- a/instrumentation/grape/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/grape/Gemfile
@@ -16,4 +16,8 @@ group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-rack', path: '../rack'
   gem 'builder'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/graphql/Appraisals b/instrumentation/graphql/Appraisals
index 05298c160c..52d9a9dd6e 100644
--- a/instrumentation/graphql/Appraisals
+++ b/instrumentation/graphql/Appraisals
@@ -4,33 +4,21 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-# Max compatible version of 1.x
-appraise 'graphql-1.x' do
-  gem 'graphql', '~> 1.13'
-end
-
-# A bug was introduced in 2.0.18 that was fixed in 2.0.19
-appraise 'graphql-2.0.18' do
-  gem 'graphql', '2.0.18'
-end
-
 # Max compatible version of 2.0.x
-appraise 'graphql-2.0' do
-  gem 'graphql', '~> 2.0.27'
-end
 
-# Max compatible version of 2.1.x
-appraise 'graphql-2.1' do
-  gem 'graphql', '~> 2.1.8'
+(0..4).each do |minor_version|
+  appraise "graphql-2.#{minor_version}.x" do
+    gem 'graphql', "~> 2.#{minor_version}.0"
+  end
 end
 
-appraise 'graphql-c_parser-2.2.x' do
-  gem 'graphql', '~> 2.2.1'
-  gem 'graphql-c_parser', '~> 1.0.7'
+appraise 'graphql-c_parser-1.0.x' do
+  gem 'graphql', '< 2.3.1'
+  gem 'graphql-c_parser', '~> 1.0.0'
 end
 
-appraise 'graphql-2.2.x' do
-  gem 'graphql', '~> 2.2.1', '< 3.0.0'
+appraise 'graphql-c_parser-1.x' do
+  gem 'graphql-c_parser', '~> 1.1'
 end
 
 appraise 'graphql-c_parser-latest' do
diff --git a/instrumentation/graphql/Gemfile b/instrumentation/graphql/Gemfile
index 5b7d54b645..3b0bc1bdf0 100644
--- a/instrumentation/graphql/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/graphql/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'pry-byebug'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/graphql/test/instrumentation/graphql/instrumentation_test.rb b/instrumentation/graphql/test/instrumentation/graphql/instrumentation_test.rb
index 580918fb8d..70e8c04a38 100644
--- a/instrumentation/graphql/test/instrumentation/graphql/instrumentation_test.rb
+++ b/instrumentation/graphql/test/instrumentation/graphql/instrumentation_test.rb
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
           OpenTelemetry::TestHelpers.with_test_logger do |log|
             instrumentation.install(config)
             _(log.string).must_match(
-              /undefined method `trace_with'.*Old::Truck/
+              /undefined method.*trace_with.*Old::Truck/
             )
           end
         end
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
             instrumentation.install(config)
 
             _(log.string).must_match(
-              /undefined method `use'.*Old::Truck/
+              /undefined method.*use.*Old::Truck/
             )
           end
         end
diff --git a/instrumentation/grpc/Gemfile b/instrumentation/grpc/Gemfile
index 68f476d47a..f87d40ffbe 100644
--- a/instrumentation/grpc/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/grpc/Gemfile
@@ -12,4 +12,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'pry'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/gruf/Gemfile b/instrumentation/gruf/Gemfile
index a952c5002d..208227775d 100644
--- a/instrumentation/gruf/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/gruf/Gemfile
@@ -14,4 +14,8 @@ gemspec
 
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/http/Gemfile b/instrumentation/http/Gemfile
index 5b7d54b645..3b0bc1bdf0 100644
--- a/instrumentation/http/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/http/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'pry-byebug'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/http_client/Gemfile b/instrumentation/http_client/Gemfile
index 5b7d54b645..3b0bc1bdf0 100644
--- a/instrumentation/http_client/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/http_client/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'pry-byebug'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/httpx/Gemfile b/instrumentation/httpx/Gemfile
index 8b038cdcbc..88f25d67ea 100644
--- a/instrumentation/httpx/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/httpx/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'pry-byebug', platform: 'ruby'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/koala/Gemfile b/instrumentation/koala/Gemfile
index 5b7d54b645..3b0bc1bdf0 100644
--- a/instrumentation/koala/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/koala/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'pry-byebug'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/lmdb/Gemfile b/instrumentation/lmdb/Gemfile
index 5b7d54b645..3b0bc1bdf0 100644
--- a/instrumentation/lmdb/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/lmdb/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'pry-byebug'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/mongo/Gemfile b/instrumentation/mongo/Gemfile
index 4c6082de3b..cb4d0e9baa 100644
--- a/instrumentation/mongo/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/mongo/Gemfile
@@ -8,4 +8,10 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 gemspec
 
-gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+group :test do
+  gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/instrumentation/mysql2/Gemfile b/instrumentation/mysql2/Gemfile
index fc50ea311f..7d8ac28158 100644
--- a/instrumentation/mysql2/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/mysql2/Gemfile
@@ -13,4 +13,9 @@ group :test, :development do
   gem 'opentelemetry-helpers-sql', path: '../../helpers/sql'
   gem 'opentelemetry-helpers-mysql', path: '../../helpers/mysql'
   gem 'opentelemetry-helpers-sql-obfuscation', path: '../../helpers/sql-obfuscation'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'bigdecimal'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/net_http/Gemfile b/instrumentation/net_http/Gemfile
index 2baf57ac47..cb4d0e9baa 100644
--- a/instrumentation/net_http/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/net_http/Gemfile
@@ -10,4 +10,8 @@ gemspec
 
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/pg/Gemfile b/instrumentation/pg/Gemfile
index a298585bb3..393fb9ce53 100644
--- a/instrumentation/pg/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/pg/Gemfile
@@ -13,4 +13,8 @@ group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'opentelemetry-helpers-sql', path: '../../helpers/sql'
   gem 'opentelemetry-helpers-sql-obfuscation', path: '../../helpers/sql-obfuscation'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/que/Gemfile b/instrumentation/que/Gemfile
index 9a673d3a21..098ad1b91d 100644
--- a/instrumentation/que/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/que/Gemfile
@@ -15,4 +15,8 @@ group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-helpers-sql-obfuscation', path: '../../helpers/sql-obfuscation'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-pg', path: '../pg'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/racecar/Gemfile b/instrumentation/racecar/Gemfile
index b4aa971cf5..8b4e6610d3 100644
--- a/instrumentation/racecar/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/racecar/Gemfile
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 gemspec
 
 group :development, :test do
-  gem 'activesupport', '~> 6' # used to test against JRuby which is only MRI 2.6 compatibile
+  gem 'activesupport'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/rack/Gemfile b/instrumentation/rack/Gemfile
index c8b2ad72f9..cb6872035b 100644
--- a/instrumentation/rack/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/rack/Gemfile
@@ -12,4 +12,8 @@ group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'rack-test', '~> 2.1.0'
   gem 'pry-byebug'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/rails/Gemfile b/instrumentation/rails/Gemfile
index 117177e6e0..73b3d2188c 100644
--- a/instrumentation/rails/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/rails/Gemfile
@@ -19,4 +19,9 @@ group :test, :development do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_support', path: '../active_support'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-action_view', path: '../action_view'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-rack', path: '../rack'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'drb'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/rails/test/railtie/test_helper.rb b/instrumentation/rails/test/railtie/test_helper.rb
index 47fc82f4e4..d33691ce31 100644
--- a/instrumentation/rails/test/railtie/test_helper.rb
+++ b/instrumentation/rails/test/railtie/test_helper.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 require 'bundler/setup'
 Bundler.require(:default, :development, :test)
+require 'drb'
 
 require_relative '../../test/railtie/dummy/config/environment'
 require 'rails/test_help'
diff --git a/instrumentation/rake/Gemfile b/instrumentation/rake/Gemfile
index a952c5002d..208227775d 100644
--- a/instrumentation/rake/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/rake/Gemfile
@@ -14,4 +14,8 @@ gemspec
 
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/rdkafka/Gemfile b/instrumentation/rdkafka/Gemfile
index 2baf57ac47..cb4d0e9baa 100644
--- a/instrumentation/rdkafka/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/rdkafka/Gemfile
@@ -10,4 +10,8 @@ gemspec
 
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/redis/Gemfile b/instrumentation/redis/Gemfile
index 2baf57ac47..cb4d0e9baa 100644
--- a/instrumentation/redis/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/redis/Gemfile
@@ -10,4 +10,8 @@ gemspec
 
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/resque/Gemfile b/instrumentation/resque/Gemfile
index a340f69a9b..370add5996 100644
--- a/instrumentation/resque/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/resque/Gemfile
@@ -12,4 +12,8 @@ group :test do
   gem 'activejob'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'pry-byebug'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/restclient/Gemfile b/instrumentation/restclient/Gemfile
index 2baf57ac47..cb4d0e9baa 100644
--- a/instrumentation/restclient/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/restclient/Gemfile
@@ -10,4 +10,8 @@ gemspec
 
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/rspec/Gemfile b/instrumentation/rspec/Gemfile
index 74a39f083b..1f471f53b8 100644
--- a/instrumentation/rspec/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/rspec/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'rspec', '~> 3.0'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/ruby_kafka/Gemfile b/instrumentation/ruby_kafka/Gemfile
index 5b7d54b645..19acd43ac6 100644
--- a/instrumentation/ruby_kafka/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/ruby_kafka/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,9 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'pry-byebug'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'bigdecimal'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/sidekiq/Gemfile b/instrumentation/sidekiq/Gemfile
index 84efc8a188..4eaed0573a 100644
--- a/instrumentation/sidekiq/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/sidekiq/Gemfile
@@ -12,4 +12,8 @@ group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-redis', path: '../redis'
   gem 'pry-byebug'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/sinatra/Gemfile b/instrumentation/sinatra/Gemfile
index a8bfa13a1a..979b4b8d5b 100644
--- a/instrumentation/sinatra/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/sinatra/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-base', path: '../base'
   gem 'opentelemetry-instrumentation-rack', path: '../rack'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/instrumentation/trilogy/Gemfile b/instrumentation/trilogy/Gemfile
index 2484ca9938..94ce08991b 100644
--- a/instrumentation/trilogy/Gemfile
+++ b/instrumentation/trilogy/Gemfile
@@ -14,4 +14,9 @@ group :test do
   gem 'opentelemetry-helpers-sql', path: '../../helpers/sql'
   gem 'opentelemetry-helpers-sql-obfuscation', path: '../../helpers/sql-obfuscation'
   gem 'opentelemetry-propagator-vitess', path: '../../propagator/vitess'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'bigdecimal'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/processor/baggage/Gemfile b/processor/baggage/Gemfile
index 52eb0ed2ec..60fea68d1b 100644
--- a/processor/baggage/Gemfile
+++ b/processor/baggage/Gemfile
@@ -4,3 +4,10 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 # Specify your gem's dependencies in opentelemetry-processor-baggage.gemspec
 gemspec
+
+group :test do
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/propagator/ottrace/Gemfile b/propagator/ottrace/Gemfile
index 12150b151b..f90da05eb2 100644
--- a/propagator/ottrace/Gemfile
+++ b/propagator/ottrace/Gemfile
@@ -4,3 +4,10 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 # Specify your gem's dependencies in opentelemetry-propragator-ottrace.gemspec
 gemspec
+
+group :test do
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/propagator/vitess/Gemfile b/propagator/vitess/Gemfile
index b79007ade3..4e5d0180b2 100644
--- a/propagator/vitess/Gemfile
+++ b/propagator/vitess/Gemfile
@@ -4,3 +4,10 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 # Specify your gem's dependencies in opentelemetry-propragator-vitess.gemspec
 gemspec
+
+group :test do
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/propagator/xray/Gemfile b/propagator/xray/Gemfile
index b32179c8b2..894ba545fb 100644
--- a/propagator/xray/Gemfile
+++ b/propagator/xray/Gemfile
@@ -7,3 +7,10 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 gemspec
+
+group :test do
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/resources/azure/Gemfile b/resources/azure/Gemfile
index 6ae9e48bcd..4e5a19cc91 100644
--- a/resources/azure/Gemfile
+++ b/resources/azure/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :development, :test do
   gem 'byebug' unless RUBY_PLATFORM == 'java'
   gem 'pry'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/resources/container/Gemfile b/resources/container/Gemfile
index 6ae9e48bcd..4e5a19cc91 100644
--- a/resources/container/Gemfile
+++ b/resources/container/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :development, :test do
   gem 'byebug' unless RUBY_PLATFORM == 'java'
   gem 'pry'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/resources/google_cloud_platform/Gemfile b/resources/google_cloud_platform/Gemfile
index 6ae9e48bcd..4e5a19cc91 100644
--- a/resources/google_cloud_platform/Gemfile
+++ b/resources/google_cloud_platform/Gemfile
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@ gemspec
 group :development, :test do
   gem 'byebug' unless RUBY_PLATFORM == 'java'
   gem 'pry'
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+    gem 'base64'
+    gem 'mutex_m'
+  end
 end