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<div class="badge" style="background:#0d2137;border-color:#60a5fa;color:#60a5fa">Student Loans</div>
<h1>Chapter 7 vs Chapter 13:<br>Student Loan Debt</h1>
<p class="subtitle">Student loans are hard to discharge in bankruptcy - but not impossible. Compare how each chapter handles student debt.</p>
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<nav class="breadcrumb-nav" aria-label="Breadcrumb"><a href="https://1328f.org">Home</a><span class="separator">›</span><a href="https://chapter7vs13.org/">Chapter7Vs13</a><span class="separator">›</span><span>Chapter 7 vs Chapter 13:<br>Student Loan Debt</span></nav>
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<div class="section"><h2>Student Loans and Bankruptcy: The General Rule</h2>
<p><a href="https://bankruptcystudentloans.org/" title="student loans">Student loans</a> are generally not dischargeable in bankruptcy. Unlike credit cards, medical bills, or personal loans, <a href="https://bankruptcystudentloans.org/" title="student loans">student loans</a> survive both <a href="https://whatischapter7.com/" title="Chapter 7">Chapter 7</a> and Chapter 13 unless you can prove "<a href="https://bankruptcyhardship.org" title="Undue Hardship in Bankruptcy - Open Bankruptcy Project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">undue hardship</a>" through a separate legal proceeding called an adversary proceeding.</p>
<p>This applies to both federal and private student loans. The non-dischargeability rule comes from 11 U.S.C. <a href="https://523a.org" title="Section 523 Nondischargeable Debts - Open Bankruptcy Project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">section 523</a>(a)(8) and has been one of the most debated provisions in bankruptcy law.</p>
</div>
<div class="section"><h2>The Undue Hardship Test</h2>
<p>Most courts use the <a href="https://brunnertest.org/" title="Brunner test">Brunner test</a>, which requires showing: (1) you cannot maintain a minimal standard of living while repaying the loans, (2) your situation is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment period, and (3) you have made good-faith efforts to repay.</p>
<p>Some circuits (notably the 1st, 7th, and 8th) use the more flexible "totality of circumstances" test, which considers the overall picture rather than applying rigid criteria. Recent court decisions have also pushed for a more debtor-friendly interpretation.</p>
</div>
<div class="section"><h2>2022 DOJ Guidance: A New Path</h2>
<p>In November 2022, the Department of Justice issued new guidance creating an attestation-based process for federal student loan <a href="https://bankruptcydischarge.org/" title="discharge">discharge</a> in bankruptcy. Debtors can now complete a form (DOJ Attestation Form) that the government uses to evaluate whether to consent to <a href="https://bankruptcydischarge.org/" title="discharge">discharge</a>.</p>
<p>Early results are promising - the DOJ has consented to discharge in many cases that would have been contested under the old approach. However, this only applies to federal student loans, not private loans.</p>
</div>
<div class="section"><h2>Chapter 7 vs Chapter 13: Student Loan Strategy</h2>
<p>In <a href="https://whatischapter7.com/" title="Chapter 7">Chapter 7</a>, your student loan payments stop temporarily during the case (3-4 months), but interest continues to accrue. After discharge of other debts, you may have more income available for student loan payments.</p>
<p>In Chapter 13, student loans can be included in your <a href="https://chapter13plan.org" title="Chapter 13 Repayment Plan - Open Bankruptcy Project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">repayment plan</a>. While the loans themselves are not discharged, making payments through the plan counts as repayment. Some courts allow "modified" plans that direct extra funds to student loans.</p>
<div class="callout"><p><strong>Strategy:</strong> Many bankruptcy attorneys recommend filing Chapter 7 to eliminate all other debts, then using the freed-up income for aggressive student loan repayment or pursuing income-driven repayment (IDR) plan forgiveness.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="section"><h2>Income-Driven Repayment After Bankruptcy</h2>
<p>Federal student loan borrowers can enroll in income-driven repayment (IDR) plans after bankruptcy. Under the SAVE, PAYE, or IBR plans, payments are based on discretionary income. After 20-25 years of payments (or 10 years under PSLF), remaining balances are forgiven.</p>
<p>Filing Chapter 7 and eliminating other debts can reduce your AGI, which lowers your IDR payments - sometimes to $0/month. This creates a pathway to eventual forgiveness without the difficulty of proving <a href="https://bankruptcyhardship.org" title="Undue Hardship in Bankruptcy - Open Bankruptcy Project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">undue hardship</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section"><h2>Frequently Asked Questions</h2>
<div class="faq-item">
<div class="faq-q">Can student loans be discharged in bankruptcy?</div>
<div class="faq-a">In limited cases, yes. You must prove "undue <a href="https://bankruptcyhardship.org/" title="hardship discharge">hardship</a>" through an adversary proceeding. The 2022 DOJ guidance has made this easier for federal loans. Private student loans still require the traditional undue <a href="https://bankruptcyhardship.org/" title="hardship discharge">hardship</a> showing.</div>
</div>
<div class="faq-item">
<div class="faq-q">Is Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 better for student loans?</div>
<div class="faq-a">Neither chapter automatically discharges student loans. However, Chapter 7 eliminates other debts in months, freeing income for student loan payments. Chapter 13 can include student loans in the plan but requires 3-5 years of payments.</div>
</div>
<div class="faq-item">
<div class="faq-q">What is the <a href="https://brunnertest.org/" title="Brunner test">Brunner test</a>?</div>
<div class="faq-a">The Brunner test requires proving three things: (1) you cannot maintain a minimal living standard while repaying, (2) your hardship will persist, and (3) you made good-faith repayment efforts. Some circuits use a more flexible totality-of-circumstances test.</div>
</div>
<div class="faq-item">
<div class="faq-q">How do I file an adversary proceeding for student loans?</div>
<div class="faq-a">An adversary proceeding is a lawsuit within your bankruptcy case. You file a complaint alleging undue hardship, serve it on the lender, and the court conducts a trial or hearing. An attorney experienced in student loan discharge is strongly recommended.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section"><h2>Related Topics on This Site</h2><ul>
<li><a href="/ch7-vs-ch13-debt-types.html">Debt Types Comparison</a></li>
<li><a href="/comparison.html">Full Comparison</a></li>
<li><a href="/ch7-vs-ch13-cost.html">Cost Comparison</a></li>
</ul></div>
<div class="section">
<p style="font-size:13px;color:#888">Last updated: April 2026. Not legal advice.</p>
<span class="rules-badge">Part of the Bankruptcy Transparency Network</span>
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