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name: bio-genome-assembly-long-read-assembly description: De novo genome assembly from Oxford Nanopore or PacBio long reads using Flye and Canu. Produces highly contiguous assemblies suitable for complete bacterial genomes and resolving complex regions. Use when assembling genomes from ONT or PacBio reads. tool_type: cli primary_tool: Flye measurable_outcome: Execute skill workflow successfully with valid output within 15 minutes. allowed-tools:

  • read_file
  • run_shell_command

Long-Read Assembly

Assemble genomes from Oxford Nanopore (ONT) or PacBio long reads for highly contiguous assemblies.

Tool Comparison

Tool Speed Memory Best For
Flye Fast Moderate General purpose, bacteria, ONT
Canu Slow High High accuracy, complex genomes
Wtdbg2 Very fast Low Draft assemblies

Note: For PacBio HiFi data, see the dedicated hifi-assembly skill which covers hifiasm.

Flye

Installation

conda install -c bioconda flye

Basic Usage

# Oxford Nanopore
flye --nano-raw reads.fastq.gz --out-dir flye_output --threads 16

# PacBio CLR
flye --pacbio-raw reads.fastq.gz --out-dir flye_output --threads 16

# PacBio HiFi
flye --pacbio-hifi reads.fastq.gz --out-dir flye_output --threads 16

Read Type Options

Option Read Type
--nano-raw ONT regular reads
--nano-corr ONT corrected reads
--nano-hq ONT Q20+ reads (Guppy 5+)
--pacbio-raw PacBio CLR
--pacbio-corr PacBio corrected
--pacbio-hifi PacBio HiFi/CCS

Key Options

Option Description
--out-dir Output directory
--threads Number of threads
--genome-size Estimated genome size (e.g., 5m, 100m)
--iterations Polishing iterations (default: 1)
--meta Metagenome mode
--plasmids Recover plasmids
--keep-haplotypes Don't collapse haplotypes
--scaffold Enable scaffolding

Genome Size Estimation

# Estimate if unknown
flye --nano-raw reads.fq.gz --out-dir output --genome-size 5m

# Size formats: 1000, 1k, 1m, 1g

Output Files

flye_output/
├── assembly.fasta       # Final assembly
├── assembly_graph.gfa   # Assembly graph
├── assembly_info.txt    # Contig statistics
└── flye.log             # Log file

Bacterial Assembly

flye \
    --nano-raw bacteria.fastq.gz \
    --out-dir bacteria_assembly \
    --genome-size 5m \
    --threads 16

Metagenome Assembly

flye \
    --nano-raw metagenome.fastq.gz \
    --out-dir meta_assembly \
    --meta \
    --threads 32

With Plasmid Recovery

flye \
    --nano-raw isolate.fastq.gz \
    --out-dir assembly \
    --plasmids \
    --threads 16

Canu

Installation

conda install -c bioconda canu

Basic Usage

# ONT reads
canu -p assembly -d canu_output genomeSize=5m -nanopore reads.fastq.gz

# PacBio HiFi
canu -p assembly -d canu_output genomeSize=5m -pacbio-hifi reads.fastq.gz

Key Options

Option Description
-p Assembly prefix
-d Output directory
genomeSize= Estimated size (required)
maxThreads= Max threads
maxMemory= Max memory (e.g., 64g)
useGrid=false Disable grid execution
correctedErrorRate= Expected error rate

Read Type Options

Option Read Type
-nanopore ONT reads
-nanopore-raw ONT raw (deprecated)
-pacbio PacBio CLR
-pacbio-hifi PacBio HiFi/CCS

Fast Mode

canu -p asm -d output genomeSize=5m \
    -nanopore reads.fq.gz \
    useGrid=false \
    maxThreads=16 \
    maxMemory=32g

High-Quality Mode (PacBio HiFi)

canu -p asm -d output genomeSize=5m \
    -pacbio-hifi reads.fq.gz \
    correctedErrorRate=0.01

Output Files

canu_output/
├── assembly.contigs.fasta   # Contigs
├── assembly.unassembled.fasta
├── assembly.report
└── assembly.seqStore/

Wtdbg2 (Fast Draft)

Installation

conda install -c bioconda wtdbg

Basic Usage

# Assemble
wtdbg2 -x ont -g 5m -t 16 -i reads.fq.gz -o draft

# Consensus
wtpoa-cns -t 16 -i draft.ctg.lay.gz -o draft.ctg.fa

Platform Presets

Preset Platform
-x ont ONT R9
-x ccs PacBio HiFi
-x rs PacBio CLR
-x sq ONT R10

Complete Workflows

ONT Bacterial Assembly

#!/bin/bash
set -euo pipefail

READS=$1
OUTDIR=$2
SIZE=${3:-5m}

echo "=== ONT Bacterial Assembly ==="

# Flye assembly
flye \
    --nano-raw $READS \
    --out-dir ${OUTDIR}/flye \
    --genome-size $SIZE \
    --threads 16

# Stats
echo "Assembly statistics:"
cat ${OUTDIR}/flye/assembly_info.txt

echo "Assembly: ${OUTDIR}/flye/assembly.fasta"

Hybrid Assembly (Long + Short)

#!/bin/bash
set -euo pipefail

LONG=$1
SHORT_R1=$2
SHORT_R2=$3
OUTDIR=$4

# 1. Long-read assembly with Flye
flye --nano-raw $LONG --out-dir ${OUTDIR}/flye --genome-size 5m --threads 16

# 2. Polish with short reads (Pilon)
# See assembly-polishing skill

Quality Expectations

Metric Bacterial Eukaryotic
Contigs 1-10 100-1000+
N50 >1 Mb Variable
Complete chromosomes Often Rare

Troubleshooting

Low Contiguity

  • Check coverage (need >30x)
  • Try increasing iterations in Flye
  • Consider supplementing with short reads

Memory Issues

  • Use Flye (more memory efficient)
  • Reduce threads
  • Filter reads by length/quality

Misassemblies

  • Polish with Pilon/medaka
  • Validate with short reads
  • Check for contamination

Related Skills

  • hifi-assembly - PacBio HiFi assembly with hifiasm
  • assembly-polishing - Polish long-read assemblies
  • assembly-qc - QUAST and BUSCO assessment
  • short-read-assembly - Hybrid with Illumina
  • long-read-sequencing - Read QC and alignment