test: improve md5 function SQL test coverage (apache#23757)

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- Closes #.

## Rationale for this change

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Codecov reports low test coverage for this function, so this PR adds
more SLT tests for it.

The tests were AI-generated, and I manually verified that the results
are correct.

See `Codecov` bot comment -> `☔ View full report in Codecov by Harness`
-> `Indirect Changes` for the updated test coverage.

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Author: 2010YOUY01

datafusion/sqllogictest/test_files/expr.slt

@@ -1559,6 +1559,30 @@ SELECT md5(NULL);
 ----
 NULL
 
+# md5 string and binary array inputs
+query BBBBBB
+SELECT
+  md5(column1) = md5('tom'),
+  md5(arrow_cast(column1, 'LargeUtf8')) = md5('tom'),
+  md5(arrow_cast(column1, 'Utf8View')) = md5('tom'),
+  md5(arrow_cast(column1, 'Binary')) = md5('tom'),
+  md5(arrow_cast(column1, 'LargeBinary')) = md5('tom'),
+  md5(arrow_cast(column1, 'BinaryView')) = md5('tom')
+FROM (VALUES ('tom'), (NULL)) AS t(column1);
+----
+true true true true true true
+NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL
+
+# invalid argument count and type
+query error DataFusion error:
+SELECT md5();
+
+query error DataFusion error:
+SELECT md5('tom', 'extra');
+
+query error DataFusion error:
+SELECT md5(1);
+
 query ?
 SELECT digest('','md5');
 ----