i7010_doc.md

IBM 7010 Simulator Usage

Revision of 25-Jul-2018

Copyright Notice

The SIMH source code and documentation is made available under a X11-style open source license; the precise terms are available at:

https://github.com/open-simh/simh/blob/master/LICENSE.txt

The IBM 7010 simulator was written by Richard Cornwell.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction 2. Simulator Files 3. IBM 7010 Features 3.1 CPU 3.2 I/O Channels (CH1..CH4) 3.3 Unit record devices. 3.3.1 Inquiry Station (INQ) 3.3.2 1402 Card Reader (CDR) 3.3.2 1402 Card Punch (CDP) 3.3.4 Stack Device (STKR) 3.3.5 1403 Line Printer (LP) 3.4 Magnetic Tape devices 3.4.1 729 Magnetic Tape (MTA-C) 3.4.2 ChronoClock. 3.5 7909 Devices 3.5.1 1301/1302/2302/7320 Disk devices 3.5.2 7750 Communications Controller (COM and COML) 4 Symbolic Display and Input 5 Character Codes

1. Introduction

The IBM 1410 and 7010 were designed as enhancements to the IBM 1401, these were somewhat source compatible, but not binary compatible. The 1410 was introduced on September, 12 1960 and the 7010 in 1962. The 1410 was withdrawn on March 30, 1970. The 7010 featured 4 I/O channels where the 1410 had 2. Also the 7010 could access 100,000 characters of memory as opposed to the 80,000 for the 1410. The 7010 also featured optional decimal floating point instructions. Memory was divided into fields separated by a special flag called a word mark. Instructions end at the first character with the word mark set. They consist of a operation code, followed by 1 or 2 5-digit addresses, and an optional instruction modifier. If the 10's and 100's digit have zone bits set the address is modified by the contents of the five characters at locations 25-100. Each register is 5 characters long and word marks are ignored. The 1410 and 7010 could also be optionally equipped with priority mode to allow for device complete interrupts.

The 7010 or 1410 CPU has no registers. All operations on done from memory.

2. Simulator Files

To compile the IBM 7010:

Subdirectory	File	Contains
I7000	i7000_defs.h	IBM 7000 simulators general definitions
	i7010_defs.h	IBM 7010 simulator specific definitions
	i7000_chan.c	Generic channel interface
	i7010_cpu.c	7010 CPU, channel, interface
	i7010_chan.c	7010 channel
	i7010_sys.c	7010 system interface
	i7000_cdr.c	1402 card reader
	i7000_cdp.c	1402 card punch
	i7000_com.c	7750 communications controller
	i7000_con.c	inquiry console
	i7000_dsk.c	1301/2302 disk and 7238 drum controller
	i7000_ht.c	7340 hypertape controller
	i7000_lpr.c	1403 line printer
	i7000_mt.c	729 tape controller
	i7000_chron.c	chrono clock

3. IBM 7010 Features

The IBM 7010 simulator is configured as follows:

Device Name(s)	Simulates
CPU	7010 CPU with 10-60K of memory
CH1..4	7010 channels
MTA	729 magnetic tape controller (channel 20)
MTB	729 magnetic tape controller (channel 21)
MTC	729 magnetic tape controller (channel 22)
CHRON	chrono clock
CDR	1402 card reader
CDP	1402 card punch
STKR	1402 card-punch stacker
LP	1403 line printer
DK	1301/2302/7304 disk
COM	7750 communications controller
COML	7750 communications lines

The 7010 simulator implements several unique stop condition:

• I/O Device not ready.

• Unknown CPU instruction

• I/O Check

• Divide Error

• No Word Mark

• Invalid Addresses

• Invalid Instruction Length

• Program Check

• Protection Check

• invalid message to 7750

• No buffer storage available for input character on 7750

• no buffer storage available for output character on 7750

3.1 CPU

The CPU options include setting memory size and CPU type.

SET CPU 1401	Emulate a 1401
SET CPU 7010	Emulate a 7010
SET CPU 10K	Sets memory to 10K
SET CPU 20K	Sets memory to 20K
SET CPU 30K	Sets memory to 30K
SET CPU 40K	Sets memory to 40K
SET CPU 50K	Sets memory to 50K
SET CPU 60K	Sets memory to 60K
SET CPU 70K	Sets memory to 70K
SET CPU 80K	Sets memory to 80K
SET CPU 90K	Sets memory to 90K
SET CPU 100K	Sets memory to 100K
SET CPU NOPRIORITY	No Priority Mode
SET CPU PRIORITY	Priority Mode
SET CPU NOFLOAT	No Floating Point
SET CPU FLOAT	Floating point
SET CPU NOPROT	No memory protection
SET CPU PROT	Memory Protection

Memory size is 10KW on a standard CPU, extended option must be enabled to use memory sizes over 10KW.

CPU registers include the visible state of the processor as well as the control registers for the interrupt system.

Name	Size(digits)	Comments
IAR	5	Instruction Address Register
AAR	5	A Address Register
BAR	5	B Address Register
CAR	5	C Address Register
DAR	5	D Address Register
E	5	Channel 0 Address Register
F	5	Channel 1 Address Register
G	5	Channel 2 Address Register
H	5	Channel 3 Address Register
ASTRISK	1	Asterix Mode
SW0..6	1	Sense Switch
SW	6	Sense Switches.

The CPU can maintain a history of the most recently executed instructions.

This is controlled by the SET CPU HISTORY and SHOW CPU HISTORY commands:

SET CPU HISTORY	clear history buffer
SET CPU HISTORY=0	disable history
SET CPU HISTORY=n	enable history, length = n
SHOW CPU HISTORY	print CPU history
SHOW CPU HISTORY=n	print first n entries of CPU history

The history trace shows the Instruction counter, the AAR and BAR before and after the instruction executed. The result of the instruction is displayed followed by the symbolic instruction.

3.2 I/O Channels (CH1..CH4)

The 7010 supported 4 channels.

SET CHAN UREC=dev	Sets device to cause interrupts on a channel.

Channels have the following registers:

Name	Size(digits)	Comments
ADDR	5	Channel Data Address
CMD	1	Channel Command.
FLAGS	32 (binary)	Channel Flags

For meaning of bits in FLAGS see i7000_defs.h.

3.3 Unit record devices.

3.3.1 Inquiry Station (INQ)

The inquiry station allows for communications with the operating system. The station is half duplex and will either print or accept input. Whenever the computer sends a message it is prefixed with a ‘R’ character. When the station is ready to receive input it prompts with a ‘I’. Input is buffered until the return character is entered. Backspace will remove the last character typed. An <esc> will send an interrupt to the processor to request it read a record from the console. An <esc> while in input mode will cancel input mode and clear any typed message.

3.3.2 1402 Card Reader (CDR)

The card reader (CDR) reads data from a disk file. Cards are simulated as ASCII lines with terminating newlines. Card reader files can either be text (one character per column) or column binary (two characters per column). The file type can be specified with a set command:

SET CDRn FORMAT=TEXT	Sets ASCII text mode
SET CDRn FORMAT=BINARY	Sets for binary card images.
SET CDRn FORMAT=BCD	Sets for BCD records.
SET CDRn FORMAT=CBN	Sets for column binary BCD records.
SET CDRn FORMAT=AUTO	Automatically determines format.

or in the ATTACH command:

Command	Action
ATTACH CDRn <file>	attaches a file
ATTACH CDRn -f <format> <file>	attaches a file with the given format
ATTACH CDRn -s <file>	adds a file onto the current cards to read
ATTACH CDRn -e <file>	sets an end-of-file flag after the file is read

The channel can be changed by the following command:

SET CDRn CHAN=c	Set this device to channel c.

The default assignments are:

CDR0	Channel 1
CDR1	Disabled

The card reader can be booted with the:

Command	Action
BOOT CDRn	reads the first card into address 1 and starts execution at location 1

Error handling is as follows:

Error	Processed As
not attached	report error and stop
end of file	out of cards
OS I/O error	report error and stop

3.3.2 1402 Card Punch (CDP)

The card reader (CDP) writes data to a disk file. Cards are simulated as ASCII lines with terminating newlines. Card punch files can either be text (one character per column) or column binary (two characters per column). The file type can be specified with a set command:

SET CDPn FORMAT=TEXT	Sets ASCII text mode
SET CDPn FORMAT=BINARY	Sets for binary card images.
SET CDPn FORMAT=BCD	Sets for BCD records.
SET CDPn FORMAT=CBN	Sets for column binary BCD records.
SET CDPn FORMAT=AUTO	Automatically determines format.

or in the ATTACH command:

Command	Action
ATTACH CDPn <file>	attaches a file
ATTACH CDPn -f <format> <file>	attaches a file with the given format

The channel can be changed by the following command:

SET CDPn CHAN=c	Set this device to channel c.

The default assignments are:

CDP0	Channel 1
CDP1	Disabled

Error handling is as follows:

Error	Processed As
not attached	report error and stop
OS I/O error	report error and stop

3.3.4 Stack Device (STKR)

The stacker device can be enabled, and files can be attached to individual bins of the stacker. The file format follows that of the CDP device. The individual unit reflects the stacker code sent by the computer. If no file is attached the output will go to the file attached to the CDP device.

3.3.5 1403 Line Printer (LP)

The line printer (LP) writes data to a disk file as ASCII text with terminating newlines. Currently set to handle standard signals to control paper advance.

Command	Action
SET LPn NO/ECHO	sets echoing of line-printer output to the console
SET LPn CHAN=n	sets the channel for this device
SET LPn LINESPERPAGE=lpp	sets the number of lines per page

The default assignments are:

LP0	Channel 1
LP1	Disabled

If the printer supports the following control codes to control spacing.

Character (Octal)	Action
060	suppress spacing
020	single space after
040	single space before
063	skip to channel 3 (every 5th line)
062	skip to channel 2 (every 8th line)
061 and 069	skip to channel 1 or 9 (top of form)

Error handling is as follows:

Error	Processed As
not attached	report error and stop
OS I/O error	report error and stop

3.4 Magnetic Tape devices

3.4.1 729 Magnetic Tape (MTA-C)

These come in groups of 10 units each.

Each individual tape drive support several options: MTA used as an example.

SET MTAn REWIND	Sets the mag tape to the load point.
SET MTAn LOCKED	Sets the mag tape to be read only.
SET MTAn WRITEENABLE	Sets the mag tape to be writable.
SET MTAn LOW	Sets mag tape to low density.
SET MTAn HIGH	Sets mag tape to high density.

Options: Density LOW/HIGH does not change format of how tapes are written. And is only for informational purposes only.

Tape drives can be booted with:

BOOT MTxn	Read in record into location 0.

3.4.2 ChronoClock.

Disabled by default. This is a special 729 tape drive which returns the current time. It supports the option of setting the channel and drive that it will occupy. Note: You must disable the real 729 drive that is is replacing. The clock responds to Read and Backspace commands. A read results in a 10 character buffer being generated that has the Month, Day, Hour, Minutes, Seconds and Milliseconds. This time is taken from the local computer time.

SET CHRON CHAN=n	Set channel for chrono clock.
SET CHRON UNIT=n	Sets the unit for the chrono clock.

Example: To set Chronoclock to unit A9 do the following:

SET MTA9 DISABLE
SET CHRON UNIT=9 CHAN=1

3.5 7909 Devices

These devices must be attached to a 7909 channel to work.

3.5.1 1301/1302/2302/7320 Disk devices

The 7631 file control supports up to ten devices, which can be 7320 drums, 1301 disks, 1302 disks, or 2302 disks. Unit types are specified with the SET command.

SET DKn TYPE=7320	Unit n is a drum
SET DKn TYPE=7320-2	Unit n is a drum (two modules).
SET DKn TYPE=1301	Unit n is a 1301 disk
SET DKn TYPE=130l-2	Unit n is a 1301-2 disk (two modules).
SET DKn TYPE=1302	Unit n is a 1302 disk
SET DKn TYPE=1302-2	Unit n is a 1302-2 disk (two modules).
SET DKn TYPE=2302	Unit n is a 2302 disk

Units can be SET ENABLED or DISABLED. In addition, units can be set to enable or disable formatting:

Command	Action
SET DKn FORMAT	enables formatting
SET DKn NOFORMAT	disables formatting
SET DKn HA2	enables writing of home address 2
SET DKn NOHA2	disables writing of home address 2
SET DKn MODULE=n	sets the modules for the unit; modules can only be even, from 0 to 8
SET DKn CHAN=n	sets the channel for the unit (A-H)
SET DKn SELECT=n	sets the select on the channel (0 or 1)
SET DKn CTSS	sets the disk to use the CTSS bootstrap
SET DKn IBSYS	sets the disk to use the IBSYS bootstrap

Formatting is disabled by default.

All Disk units support bootstrapping with boot command. Bootstrap code is build based on whether CPU is in CTSS mode or not.

BOOT DKn	Insert custom Loader into lower memory and start.

Error handling is as follows:

Error	Processed As
not attached	report error and stop
OS I/O error	report error and stop

3.5.2 7750 Communications Controller (COM and COML)

The 7750 is modeled as a terminal multiplexer with 33 lines. It consists of two device: COM is the multiplexer controller, and COML is the individual lines. For the first 32 lines, the 7750 performs input and output through Telnet sessions connected via a user-specified listening port; the 33rd line is permanently attached to the simulator console window. The ATTACH command specifies the port to be used for Telnet sessions:

ATTACH COM <port>	set up listening port

where port is a decimal number between 1 and 65535 that is not being used other TCP/IP activities.

Each line (each unit of COML) can be set to one of twp modes: KSR-35 and KSR-37. In KSR-35 mode, lower case input and output characters are converted automatically to upper case, and parity is ignored. In KSR-37 mode, lower case characters are left alone, and even parity is generated on input. KSR-37 is the default.

Once COM is attached and the simulator is running, the 7750 listens for connections on the specified port. It assumes that any incoming connection is a Telnet connections. The connections remain open until disconnected either by the Telnet client, a SET COM DISCONNECT command,or a DETACH COM command.

SET COM DISCONNECT=n	Disconnect line n
SET COM CHAN=n	Set channel for com controller.

The 7750 implements the following special SHOW commands

SHOW COM CONNECTIONS	Displays current connections to the 7750
SHOW COM STATISTICS	Displays statistics for active connections

The 7750 implements the following special SET commands:

SET COMLn LOG=filename	Log output of line n to filename
SET COMLn NOLOG	Disable logging and close log file
SET COMLn KSR35	Set line n to ksr-35
SET COMLn KSR37	Set line n to ksr-37
SET COMLn 2741	Set line n to 2741

The controller (COM) implements these registers:

Name	Size	Comments
ENABLE	1	enable flag
STATE	6	controller state
MSGNUM	12	input message sequence number

4 Symbolic Display and Input

The IBM 7010 simulator implements symbolic display and input. These are controlled by the following switches to the EXAMINE and DEPOSIT commands:

-m	Display/Enter Symbolic Machine Code
-c	Display/Enter BCD Characters
-n	Display 1401 Symbolic Machine Code
	Display/Enter Octal Characters

The symbolic input/display supports several instruction-display formats:

<opcode>
<opcode> <character>
<opcode> <character><character><character>
<opcode> <address>
<opcode> <address>,<address>
<opcode> <address>,<character>
<opcode> <address>,<address>,<character>

An address is a decimal number optionally followed by a +Xnn specifying an index register.

5 Character Codes

Commercial	Scientific	ASCII	BCD	Card	Remark
			00		Blank
1		0	01	1
2		0	02	2
3		0	03	3
4		0	04	4
5		0	05	5
6		0	06	6
7		0	07	7
8		0	10	8
9		0	11	9
0		0	12	10
#	=	=	13	3-8
@	'	'/@	14	4-8
:		:	15	5-8
>		>	16	6-8
√		"	17	7-8	Tape Mark
ƀ		_	20	2-8
/		/	21	10-1
S		S	22	10-1
T		T	23	10-2
U		U	24	10-3
V		V	25	10-4
W		W	26	10-5
X		X	27	10-6
Y		Y	30	10-7
Z		Z	31	10-8
#		#	32	10-2-8	Word Mark
,		,	33	10-3-8
%	(	%/(	34	10-4-8
`		`	35	10-5-8
\		\	36	10-6-8
⧻		{	37	10-7-8	Segment Mark

Commercial	Scientific	ASCII	BCD	Card	Remark
-		-	40	11	also -0
J		J	41	11-1
K		K	42	11-2
L		L	43	11-3
M		M	44	11-4
N		N	45	11-5
O		O	46	11-6
P		P	47	11-7
Q		Q	50	11-8
R		R	51	11-9
!		!	52	11-2-8
$		$	53	11-3-8
*		*	54	11-4-8
]		]	55	11-5-8
;		;	56	11-6-8
△		^	57	11-7-8
&	+	&/+	60	12	also +0
A		A	61	12-1
B		B	62	12-2
C		C	63	12-3
D		D	64	12-4
E		E	65	12-5
F		F	66	12-6
G		G	67	12-7
H		H	70	12-8
I		I	71	12-9
?		?	72	12-2-8
.		.	73	12-3-8
⌑	)	)	74	12-4-8	Lozenge
[		[	75	12-5-8
<		<	76	12-3-8
⧻*		`	`	77	12-7-8