feat(promhttp): add CoalesceGather option to deduplicate concurrent Gather calls

When a collector's Collect() is slower than the scrape interval, each
incoming HTTP request triggers an independent Gather() that spawns its
own goroutine pipeline. With no upper bound, this causes goroutine
pile-up proportional to (scrape rate / collection time) — the apparent
"goroutine leak" reported in #1477.

Add HandlerOpts.CoalesceGather bool. When true, HandlerForTransactional
wraps the underlying TransactionalGatherer in a coalescingGatherer that
allows only one Gather to run at a time. Concurrent requests join the
in-flight cycle and receive the same result once it completes. Reference
counting ensures the TransactionalGatherer done() callback is called
exactly once, after the last handler finishes encoding.

Design decisions:
- Per-cycle gatherCycle object (not fields on the struct) prevents the
  race where a new cycle overwrites result fields while prior waiters are
  still reading them.
- Mutex-based ref counting (not atomic) ensures c.cycle = nil is cleared
  before cy.done() is called, ruling out double-done on a stale pointer.
- close(cy.ready) happens-before <-cy.ready returns (Go memory model),
  so cy.mfs/err/done are safely readable without additional locking.
- Zero overhead when disabled: single if-branch in HandlerForTransactional
  setup, identical code path when CoalesceGather is false.

Fixes #1477

Signed-off-by: Kemal Akkoyun <kemal.akkoyun@datadoghq.com>

Author: kakkoyun

prometheus/promhttp/http.go

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/expfmt"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/internal/github.com/golang/gddo/httputil"
@@ -79,6 +80,88 @@ var gzipPool = sync.Pool{
 	},
 }
 
+// coalescingGatherer wraps a TransactionalGatherer to deduplicate concurrent
+// Gather calls. When a Gather is already in flight, new callers join the
+// existing cycle and receive the same result once it completes. The underlying
+// done function is called exactly once, when the last joined caller releases.
+//
+// This prevents goroutine pile-up when the scrape rate is faster than the
+// time collectors need to produce metrics.
+type coalescingGatherer struct {
+	g     prometheus.TransactionalGatherer
+	mu    sync.Mutex
+	cycle *gatherCycle
+}
+
+// gatherCycle tracks a single in-flight Gather and all HTTP handlers sharing it.
+type gatherCycle struct {
+	ready chan struct{}       // closed when Gather completes; happens-before reads of mfs/err/done
+	mfs   []*dto.MetricFamily // set before ready is closed; shared across handlers, must not be mutated
+	err   error               // set before ready is closed
+	done  func()              // underlying done callback; set before ready is closed
+	refs  int                 // number of handlers using this cycle; protected by coalescingGatherer.mu
+}
+
+var _ prometheus.TransactionalGatherer = (*coalescingGatherer)(nil) // compile-time interface check
+
+func (c *coalescingGatherer) Gather() ([]*dto.MetricFamily, func(), error) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	if cy := c.cycle; cy != nil {
+		// c.cycle is non-nil while Gather runs or handlers are still consuming its results.
+		cy.refs++
+		c.mu.Unlock()
+		<-cy.ready
+		return cy.mfs, c.releaseFunc(cy), cy.err
+	}
+	cy := &gatherCycle{
+		ready: make(chan struct{}),
+		done:  func() {},
+		refs:  1,
+	}
+	c.cycle = cy
+	c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Guard against a panic in c.g.Gather: close cy.ready and clear c.cycle
+	// so that any joiners waiting on <-cy.ready are unblocked rather than
+	// deadlocked, and future Gather calls start a fresh cycle.
+	panicked := true
+	defer func() {
+		if panicked {
+			c.mu.Lock()
+			if c.cycle == cy {
+				c.cycle = nil
+			}
+			c.mu.Unlock()
+			close(cy.ready)
+		}
+	}()
+	cy.mfs, cy.done, cy.err = c.g.Gather()
+	panicked = false
+	close(cy.ready) // happens-before joiners' reads of cy.mfs/err/done
+
+	return cy.mfs, c.releaseFunc(cy), cy.err
+}
+
+// releaseFunc returns the done callback for one caller sharing cy.
+// When the last caller releases, the underlying done is invoked and the
+// cycle is cleared so the next Gather starts fresh.
+func (c *coalescingGatherer) releaseFunc(cy *gatherCycle) func() {
+	return func() {
+		c.mu.Lock()
+		cy.refs--
+		if cy.refs > 0 {
+			c.mu.Unlock()
+			return
+		}
+		// Last caller.
+		if c.cycle == cy {
+			c.cycle = nil
+		}
+		c.mu.Unlock()
+		cy.done() // called outside the lock to avoid holding it during done
+	}
+}
+
 // Handler returns an http.Handler for the prometheus.DefaultGatherer, using
 // default HandlerOpts, i.e. it reports the first error as an HTTP error, it has
 // no error logging, and it applies compression if requested by the client.
@@ -125,6 +208,10 @@ func HandlerFor(reg prometheus.Gatherer, opts HandlerOpts) http.Handler {
 // Multiple metric names can be specified by providing the parameter multiple times.
 // When no name[] parameters are provided, all metrics are returned.
 func HandlerForTransactional(reg prometheus.TransactionalGatherer, opts HandlerOpts) http.Handler {
+	if opts.CoalesceGather {
+		reg = &coalescingGatherer{g: reg}
+	}
+
 	var (
 		inFlightSem chan struct{}
 		errCnt      = prometheus.NewCounterVec(
@@ -428,15 +515,32 @@ type HandlerOpts struct {
 	// Service Unavailable and a suitable message in the body. If
 	// MaxRequestsInFlight is 0 or negative, no limit is applied.
 	MaxRequestsInFlight int
+	// CoalesceGather, if true, deduplicates concurrent Gather calls so that
+	// only one collection runs at a time. Additional requests that arrive
+	// while a Gather is in flight will receive the same result once it
+	// completes. This prevents goroutine pile-up when the scrape rate is
+	// faster than the time collectors need to produce metrics.
+	//
+	// When enabled, concurrent scrapers share a single metric snapshot per
+	// collection cycle. The returned MetricFamily values are shared and must
+	// not be mutated in place. The built-in handler only reads them, so this
+	// is safe in practice, but custom TransactionalGatherer implementations
+	// that modify the returned families after Gather returns must not use
+	// this option.
+	//
+	// Consider using CoalesceGather together with Timeout to bound both the
+	// scrape response time and the number of concurrent background Gathers.
+	CoalesceGather bool
 	// If handling a request takes longer than Timeout, it is responded to
 	// with 503 ServiceUnavailable and a suitable Message. No timeout is
 	// applied if Timeout is 0 or negative. Note that with the current
 	// implementation, reaching the timeout simply ends the HTTP requests as
 	// described above (and even that only if sending of the body hasn't
 	// started yet), while the bulk work of gathering all the metrics keeps
 	// running in the background (with the eventual result to be thrown
-	// away). Until the implementation is improved, it is recommended to
-	// implement a separate timeout in potentially slow Collectors.
+	// away). When CoalesceGather is enabled, only one such background Gather
+	// can be in flight at a time. It is also recommended to implement a
+	// separate timeout in potentially slow Collectors.
 	Timeout time.Duration
 	// If true, the experimental OpenMetrics encoding is added to the
 	// possible options during content negotiation. Note that Prometheus

prometheus/promhttp/http_test.go

@@ -22,12 +22,16 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
+	"runtime"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd"
 	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
+	"go.uber.org/goleak"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	_ "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp/zstd"
@@ -875,3 +879,155 @@ func TestHandlerWithMetricFilter(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+// syncGatherCounter is a thread-safe TransactionalGatherer wrapper that counts
+// Gather and done invocations. Safe for concurrent use from multiple goroutines,
+// unlike mockTransactionGatherer whose counters are not race-safe.
+type syncGatherCounter struct {
+	g            prometheus.Gatherer
+	gatherCalled atomic.Int64
+	doneCalled   atomic.Int64
+}
+
+func (m *syncGatherCounter) Gather() ([]*dto.MetricFamily, func(), error) {
+	m.gatherCalled.Add(1)
+	mfs, err := m.g.Gather()
+	return mfs, func() { m.doneCalled.Add(1) }, err
+}
+
+// TestCoalesceGatherSequentialInvariant verifies that sequential requests each
+// trigger exactly one Gather call and one done call.
+func TestCoalesceGatherSequentialInvariant(t *testing.T) {
+	reg := prometheus.NewRegistry()
+	counter := &syncGatherCounter{g: reg}
+	handler := HandlerForTransactional(counter, HandlerOpts{CoalesceGather: true})
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	req.Header.Add(acceptHeader, acceptTextPlain)
+
+	const n = 3
+	for i := range n {
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		handler.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+		if got, want := w.Code, http.StatusOK; got != want {
+			t.Fatalf("request %d: HTTP status %d, want %d", i+1, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+	if got, want := counter.gatherCalled.Load(), int64(n); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("Gather called %d times, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+	if got, want := counter.doneCalled.Load(), int64(n); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("done called %d times, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCoalesceGatherDoneCalledExactlyOnce verifies that when concurrent requests
+// share a single Gather cycle, the underlying done callback is called exactly once.
+func TestCoalesceGatherDoneCalledExactlyOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
+
+	reg := prometheus.NewRegistry()
+	block := make(chan struct{})
+	started := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+	reg.MustRegister(blockingCollector{CollectStarted: started, Block: block})
+
+	counter := &syncGatherCounter{g: reg}
+	handler := HandlerForTransactional(counter, HandlerOpts{CoalesceGather: true})
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	req.Header.Add(acceptHeader, acceptTextPlain)
+
+	// Start request 1 in background; it blocks in Collect.
+	w1 := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req1Done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		handler.ServeHTTP(w1, req)
+		close(req1Done)
+	}()
+	<-started // Gather 1 is now in-flight and blocked in Collect.
+
+	// Start request 2; it will join the in-flight Gather cycle.
+	w2 := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req2Done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		handler.ServeHTTP(w2, req)
+		close(req2Done)
+	}()
+
+	// Yield to allow request 2 to enter the coalescing wait before releasing.
+	runtime.Gosched()
+	close(block)
+	<-req1Done
+	<-req2Done
+
+	// Key invariant: done() must be called exactly once per Gather cycle.
+	gathers := counter.gatherCalled.Load()
+	dones := counter.doneCalled.Load()
+	if gathers != dones {
+		t.Errorf("Gather called %d times but done called %d times; invariant violated", gathers, dones)
+	}
+	// Coalescing should keep gather count below the number of requests.
+	if gathers > 2 {
+		t.Errorf("Gather called %d times for 2 requests; expected ≤ 2 with coalescing", gathers)
+	}
+	for i, w := range []*httptest.ResponseRecorder{w1, w2} {
+		if got, want := w.Code, http.StatusOK; got != want {
+			t.Errorf("request %d: HTTP status %d, want %d", i+1, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCoalesceGatherGoroutineLeakFree verifies that concurrent requests with a
+// slow collector do not leak goroutines when CoalesceGather is enabled.
+func TestCoalesceGatherGoroutineLeakFree(t *testing.T) {
+	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
+
+	reg := prometheus.NewRegistry()
+	block := make(chan struct{})
+	started := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+	reg.MustRegister(blockingCollector{CollectStarted: started, Block: block})
+
+	handler := HandlerForTransactional(
+		&syncGatherCounter{g: reg},
+		HandlerOpts{CoalesceGather: true},
+	)
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	req.Header.Add(acceptHeader, acceptTextPlain)
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for range 5 {
+		wg.Go(func() {
+			handler.ServeHTTP(httptest.NewRecorder(), req)
+		})
+	}
+	<-started
+	close(block)
+	wg.Wait()
+	// goleak.VerifyNone (deferred above) asserts no goroutines leaked.
+}
+
+// TestCoalesceGatherNewCycleAfterCompletion verifies that once all handlers of a
+// cycle have released, the next request starts a fresh Gather.
+func TestCoalesceGatherNewCycleAfterCompletion(t *testing.T) {
+	reg := prometheus.NewRegistry()
+	counter := &syncGatherCounter{g: reg}
+	handler := HandlerForTransactional(counter, HandlerOpts{CoalesceGather: true})
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	req.Header.Add(acceptHeader, acceptTextPlain)
+
+	// Cycle 1.
+	handler.ServeHTTP(httptest.NewRecorder(), req)
+	if got, want := counter.gatherCalled.Load(), int64(1); got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("after cycle 1: Gather called %d times, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+	if got, want := counter.doneCalled.Load(), int64(1); got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("after cycle 1: done called %d times, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+
+	// Cycle 2: previous cycle is complete so a fresh Gather must run.
+	handler.ServeHTTP(httptest.NewRecorder(), req)
+	if got, want := counter.gatherCalled.Load(), int64(2); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("after cycle 2: Gather called %d times, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+	if got, want := counter.doneCalled.Load(), int64(2); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("after cycle 2: done called %d times, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+}