dowhy.datasets.linear_dataset(treatment_is_binary=True) fails on NumPy 2.4.x

[sueoglu]

Describe the bug
Calling dowhy.datasets.linear_dataset with treatment_is_binary=True raises a ValueError on NumPy >= 2.4.0.

Steps to reproduce the behavior

import dowhy.datasets

data = dowhy.datasets.linear_dataset(
    beta=10,
    num_common_causes=5,
    num_instruments=2,
    num_samples=1000,
    treatment_is_binary=True,
)

Error
ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence.

Full traceback points to datasets.py:297:

t = np.vectorize(convert_to_binary)(t)

Expected behavior

Dataset should be generated without error.

Version information:

• DoWhy version 0.14
• NumPy version 2.4.2
• Python 3.12.3
• OS Linux