diff --git a/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator.py b/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator.py
index 3afd69cfd89..4d407a8b075 100644
--- a/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator.py
+++ b/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator.py
@@ -85,8 +85,25 @@ def run_sweep_iter(
         for param_resolver in study.to_resolvers(params):
             records = {}
             if repetitions == 0:
+                record_shapes: dict[str, tuple[int, tuple[int, ...]]] = {}
                 for _, op, _ in program.findall_operations_with_gate_type(ops.MeasurementGate):
-                    records[protocols.measurement_key_name(op)] = np.empty([0, 1, 1])
+                    key = protocols.measurement_key_name(op)
+                    qid_shape = protocols.qid_shape(op)
+                    if key in record_shapes:
+                        num_instances, expected_qid_shape = record_shapes[key]
+                        if qid_shape != expected_qid_shape:
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                'Different qid shapes for repeated measurement: '
+                                f'key={key!r}, prev_qid_shape={expected_qid_shape}, '
+                                f'qid_shape={qid_shape}'
+                            )
+                        record_shapes[key] = (num_instances + 1, qid_shape)
+                    else:
+                        record_shapes[key] = (1, qid_shape)
+                records = {
+                    key: np.empty((0, num_instances, len(qid_shape)))
+                    for key, (num_instances, qid_shape) in record_shapes.items()
+                }
             else:
                 records = self._run(
                     circuit=program, param_resolver=param_resolver, repetitions=repetitions
diff --git a/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator_test.py b/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator_test.py
index eadb8f32f81..0883c1316a0 100644
--- a/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator_test.py
+++ b/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator_test.py
@@ -115,6 +115,25 @@ def test_run_simulator_run() -> None:
     )
 
 
+def test_run_zero_repetitions_preserves_measurement_record_shape() -> None:
+    q0, q1 = cirq.LineQubit.range(2)
+    circuit = cirq.Circuit(cirq.measure(q0, q1, key='m'), cirq.measure(q0, q1, key='m'))
+
+    result = cirq.Simulator().run(circuit, repetitions=0)
+
+    assert result.repetitions == 0
+    assert result.records['m'].shape == (0, 2, 2)
+
+
+def test_run_zero_repetitions_rejects_repeated_key_with_mismatched_qid_shape() -> None:
+    q0 = cirq.LineQid.for_qid_shape((2,))[0]
+    q1 = cirq.LineQid.for_qid_shape((3,))[0]
+    circuit = cirq.Circuit(cirq.measure(q0, key='m'), cirq.measure(q1, key='m'))
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Different qid shapes for repeated measurement'):
+        cirq.Simulator().run(circuit, repetitions=0)
+
+
 def test_run_simulator_sweeps() -> None:
     expected_records = {'a': np.array([[[1]]])}
     simulator = FakeSimulatesSamples(expected_records)