If you didn't read the Second Chapter(Hello World), please read it first.
Looking at the src/terminal/terminal.zig implementation, it combines several distinct responsibilities:
- VGA color management
- Terminal buffer management
- Character output handling
- Screen positioning logic
First, let's create a new file at src/drivers/vga/color.zig:
// Hardware text mode color constants
const VgaColor = u8;
pub const Color = enum(VgaColor) {
Black = 0,
Blue = 1,
Green = 2,
Cyan = 3,
Red = 4,
Magenta = 5,
Brown = 6,
LightGrey = 7,
DarkGrey = 8,
LightBlue = 9,
LightGreen = 10,
LightCyan = 11,
LightRed = 12,
LightMagenta = 13,
LightBrown = 14,
White = 15,
};
// foreground | background color.
pub fn vgaEntryColor(fg: Color, bg: Color) u8 {
// will build the byte representing the color.
return @intFromEnum(fg) | (@intFromEnum(bg) << 4);
}
pub fn vgaEntry(uc: u8, color: u8) u16 {
const c: u16 = color;
// build the 2 bytes representing the printable caracter w/ EntryColor.
return uc | (c << 8);
}Main difference here is the use of Enums just for strictly typing.
Your src/terminal/terminal.zig should look like this:
// we can import our driver here
const vga = @import("../drivers/vga/color.zig");
const Color = vga.Color; // setting Color as const.
const VGA_WIDTH = 80;
const VGA_HEIGHT = 45;
const VGA_BUFFER_ADDRESS = 0xB8000;
pub const terminal = struct {
var row: usize = 0;
var column: usize = 0;
var color = vga.vgaEntryColor(Color.LightGrey, Color.Black);
const buffer: [*]volatile u16 = @ptrFromInt(VGA_BUFFER_ADDRESS);
pub fn initialize() void {
var y: usize = 0;
while (y < VGA_HEIGHT) : (y += 1) {
var x: usize = 0;
while (x < VGA_WIDTH) : (x += 1) {
putCharAt(' ', color, x, y);
}
}
}
fn setColor(new_color: u8) void {
color = new_color;
}
fn putCharAt(c: u8, new_color: u8, x: usize, y: usize) void {
const index = y * VGA_WIDTH + x;
buffer[index] = vga.vgaEntry(c, new_color);
}
fn putChar(c: u8) void {
putCharAt(c, color, column, row);
column += 1;
if (column == VGA_WIDTH) {
column = 0;
row += 1;
if (row == VGA_HEIGHT)
row = 0;
}
}
pub fn write(data: []const u8) void {
for (data) |c|
putChar(c);
}
};Looks cleaner, but, what about the buffer? In this case it makes more sense to live in the vga package, so, in the next we'll be implementing that.
First, let's create a new file at src/drivers/vga/buffer.zig:
pub const VGABuffer = struct {
const Self = @This();
pub const WIDTH = 80;
pub const HEIGHT = 45;
const BUFFER_ADDRESS = 0xB8000;
buffer: [*]volatile u16,
var instance = init();
fn init() Self {
return Self{
.buffer = @ptrFromInt(BUFFER_ADDRESS),
};
}
pub fn getInstance() *Self {
return &instance;
}
pub fn writeAt(self: *Self, char: u8, color: u8, x: usize, y: usize) void {
const index = y * WIDTH + x;
self.buffer[index] = createEntry(char, color);
}
fn createEntry(char: u8, color: u8) u16 {
const c: u16 = color;
return char | (c << 8);
}
};Now implementing it back in src/terminal/terminal.zig should look like this:
const vga = @import("../drivers/vga/color.zig");
const Color = vga.Color;
const vga_buffer = @import("../drivers/vga/buffer.zig");
const VGABuffer = vga_buffer.VGABuffer;
pub const terminal = struct {
var row: usize = 0;
var column: usize = 0;
var color = vga.vgaEntryColor(Color.LightGrey, Color.Black);
const buffer: *VGABuffer = VGABuffer.getInstance();
pub fn initialize() void {
var y: usize = 0;
while (y < VGABuffer.HEIGHT) : (y += 1) {
var x: usize = 0;
while (x < VGABuffer.WIDTH) : (x += 1) {
putCharAt(' ', color, x, y);
}
}
}
fn putCharAt(c: u8, new_color: u8, x: usize, y: usize) void {
buffer.writeAt(c, new_color, x, y);
}
fn putChar(c: u8) void {
putCharAt(c, color, column, row);
column += 1;
if (column == VGABuffer.WIDTH) {
column = 0;
row += 1;
if (row == VGABuffer.HEIGHT)
row = 0;
}
}
pub fn write(data: []const u8) void {
for (data) |c|
putChar(c);
}
};This code still has a thing that it doesn't make too much sense having it inside Terminal struct, and that's the position logic.
First, let's create a new file at src/terminal/cursor.zig:
pub const Cursor = struct {
row: usize,
column: usize,
max_width: usize,
max_height: usize,
const Self = @This();
pub fn init(width: usize, height: usize) Self {
return Self{
.row = 0,
.column = 0,
.max_width = width,
.max_height = height,
};
}
pub fn getPosition(self: *const Self) struct { usize, usize } {
return .{ self.row, self.column };
}
pub fn moveTo(self: *Self, r: usize, col: usize) void {
if (r >= self.max_height or col >= self.max_width) return;
self.row = r;
self.column = col;
}
pub fn advance(self: *Self) void {
self.column += 1;
if (self.column >= self.max_width) {
self.column = 0;
self.row += 1;
if (self.row >= self.max_height) {
self.row = 0;
}
}
}
pub fn newLine(self: *Self) void {
self.column = 0;
self.row += 1;
if (self.row >= self.max_height) {
self.row = 0;
}
}
pub fn reset(self: *Self) void {
self.column = 0;
self.row = 0;
}
};Also added some helper functions that we may use in the future!
Your src/terminal/terminal.zig code should look like this:
const vga = @import("../drivers/vga/color.zig");
const Color = vga.Color;
const vga_buffer = @import("../drivers/vga/buffer.zig");
const VGABuffer = vga_buffer.VGABuffer;
const Cursor = @import("cursor.zig").Cursor;
pub const terminal = struct {
var color = vga.vgaEntryColor(Color.LightGrey, Color.Black);
var cursor = Cursor.init(VGABuffer.HEIGHT, VGABuffer.WIDTH);
const buffer: *VGABuffer = VGABuffer.getInstance();
pub fn initialize() void {
buffer.flush(color);
}
fn putChar(c: u8, new_color: u8) void {
buffer.writeAt(c, new_color, cursor.column, cursor.row);
cursor.advance();
}
pub fn write(data: []const u8) void {
for (data) |c|
putChar(c, color);
}
};