BrailleToBitmap.pl

#!/usr/bin/perl

# The following POD section contains placeholders, so it has to be preprocessed by this script first.
#
# HelpBeginMarker

=head1 OVERVIEW

SCRIPT_NAME version SCRIPT_VERSION

This script converts Braille text to a bitmap.

I had to write this script because I had some simple code which misuses Braille to draw pictures,
and ImageMagick can write Braille but not read it.

You need a Perl interpreter installed on your system to run this script.

=head1 USAGE

 perl SCRIPT_NAME [options] [--] <braille-input.txt> <bitmap-output.ppm>

=head1 OPTIONS

=over

=item *

B<-h, --help>

Print this help text.

=item *

B<--help-pod>

Preprocess and print the POD section. Useful to generate the README.pod file.

=item *

B<--version>

Print this tool's name and version number (SCRIPT_VERSION).

=item *

B<--license>

Print the license.

=item *

B<< --verbose >>

Show progress information.

=item *

B<-->

Terminate options processing. Useful to avoid confusion between options and filenames
that begin with a hyphen ('-'). Recommended when calling this script from another script,
where the filename comes from a variable or from user input.

=back

=head1 BRAILLE TEXT INPUT FILE FORMAT

The input file format consists of text lines with Unicode 8-dot Braille characters in the range U+2800..U+28FF.

An example file I<< x-in-a-rectangle-box-as-braille.txt >> is distributed with this script.

A future version of this script may support other Braille characters, like the 6-dot variant.

No extraneous characters are tolerated.

The file encoding must be UTF-8, with or without the UTF-8 BOM.

The end-of-line marker can be either Unix (LF) or Windows (CR, LF).

A text line is not allowed to be empty.

Normally, the Braille "picture" is a rectangle, but the text lines do not have to be of the same length. The resulting bitmap rows are padded as needed.

This file format is similar to ImageMagick's UBRL format, but beware that ImageMagick
prepends a header with resolution information, and that header is not supported by this script,
so you would have to manually remove it.

This is how to convert a PNG to UBRL with ImageMagick for test purposes:

 convert -negate monochrome-picture.png UBRL:picture-as-ubrl.txt

Option I<< -negate >> inverts the black/white colours to match what this script generates.

After manually removing the header at the beginning of the file, you can then feed it to this tool.

=head1 BITMAP OUTPUT FILE FORMAT

The output bitmap file is generated in Portable Pixmap format (PPM), in text format (the type is then P3).
This format can be read by GIMP, ImageMagick and other programs.

The background is black, and a Braille dot translates to a white pixel.

The following ImageMagick command converts such a PPM file into a PNG:

 convert bitmap-output.ppm converted.png

You may need to specify option I<< -negate >> in order to invert the black/white colours.

=head1 EXIT CODE

An exit code of 0 means success, any other value signals an error.

=head1 FEEDBACK

Please send feedback to rdiez-tools at rd10.de

=head1 LICENSE

Copyright (C) 2026 R. Diez

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3 as published by
the Free Software Foundation.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU Affero General Public License version 3 for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3
along with this program.  If not, see L<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

=cut

# HelpEndMarker

use strict;
use warnings;

use FindBin qw( $Bin $Script );
use Getopt::Long;
use Pod::Usage;
use Encode qw();

use constant SCRIPT_VERSION => "1.00";


# ----------- Generic constants and routines -----------

use constant TRUE  => 1;
use constant FALSE => 0;

use constant EXIT_CODE_SUCCESS => 0;
use constant EXIT_CODE_FAILURE => 1;


sub write_stdout ( $ )
{
  ( print STDOUT $_[0] ) or
     die "Error writing to standard output: $!\n";
}

sub write_stderr ( $ )
{
  ( print STDERR $_[0] ) or
     die "Error writing to standard error: $!\n";
}


# Returns a true value if the string starts with the given 'prefix' argument.

sub str_starts_with ( $ $ )
{
  my $str    = shift;
  my $prefix = shift;

  if ( length( $str ) < length( $prefix ) )
  {
    return FALSE;
  }

  return substr( $str, 0, length( $prefix ) ) eq $prefix;
}


# If 'str' starts with the given 'prefix', remove that prefix
# and return a true value.

sub remove_str_prefix ( $ $ )
{
  my $str    = shift;  # Pass here a reference to a string.
  my $prefix = shift;

  if ( str_starts_with( $$str, $prefix ) )
  {
    $$str = substr( $$str, length( $prefix ) );
    return TRUE;
  }
  else
  {
    return FALSE;
  }
}


sub plural_s ( $ )
{
  return ( $_[0] == 1 ) ? "" : "s";
}


# Sometimes we want to generate an error message meant for humans which contains the string
# that caused the error. However, the string that we want to embed in the error message may be problematic:
# 1) It may be too long, rendering the error message unreadable.
# 2) It may have characters that make it difficult to know where the embedded string begins
#    and ends inside the error message.
# 3) It may have ASCII control characters that will cause visualisation problems depending
#    on the terminal or editor.
#
# This routine escapes away any problematic characters, shortens the string if necessary
# and surrounds it in double quotation marks. The resulting string can be safely embedded
# in a larger text.
#
# Examples of such quoted strings:
#   "abc"
#   " abc "
#   "a<TAB>b<CR>c"
#   "a<QUOT>b"
#
# The quoted string is designed for maximum readability, so there is a trade-off:
# it cannot be reliably unquoted, because some encodings are ambiguous. For example,
# a string like 'a<TAB>b' will pass through without any quoting. The receiver will
# have no way to know whether the original string had a single tab character,
# or the 5 characters '<TAB>'.
#
# I have decided to use this ambiguous quoting rules because any other escaping mechanisms
# I know are hard to read or pose more questions, and the focus here is readability in
# informational messages for humans who cannot be bother to read the encodind specification.
#
# Example of hard-to-read or ugly quotation mechanisms:
#   URL encoding: a%30%40%40b
#   Shell: "\"Spaces\ get\ quoted\""
#   Perl Unicode literals: \x{1234}x\x{4567}
#   Perl Unicode literals: \N{U+1234}N\N{U+4567}
#
# Because all quoted characters are <= 127, this routine is safe to use before or after
# converting a string to or from UTF-8.

my %escapeTable =
(
   0  => "NUL",
   1  => "SOH",
   2  => "STX",
   3  => "ETX",
   4  => "EOT",
   5  => "ENQ",
   6  => "ACK",
   7  => "BEL",
   8  => "BS",
   9  => "TAB",  # The ASCII name is actually HT for Horizontal Tab.
  10  => "LF",
  11  => "VT",
  12  => "FF",
  13  => "CR",
  14  => "SO",
  15  => "SI",
  16  => "DLE",
  17  => "DC1",
  18  => "DC2",
  19  => "DC3",
  20  => "DC4",
  21  => "NAK",
  22  => "SYN",
  23  => "ETB",
  24  => "CAN",
  25  => "EM",
  26  => "SUB",
  27  => "ESC",
  28  => "FS",
  29  => "GS",
  30  => "RS",
  31  => "US",  # In octal: 037

  34  => "QUOT", # Double quotation mark, in octal: 042

 127  => "DEL", # In octal: 0177

 # Anything above 127 may display as rubbish in a terminal or in a text editor, depending on the encoding,
 # but it will probably cause no big problems like a line break.
);

sub format_str_for_message ( $ )
{
  my $str = shift;

  $str =~ s/([\000-\037\042\177])/ '<' . $escapeTable{ ord $1 } . '>' /eg;

  # This is some arbitrary length limit. Some people would like to see more text, some less.
  use constant FSFM_MAX_LEN => 300;

  use constant FSFM_SUFFIX => "[...]";

  if ( length( $str ) > FSFM_MAX_LEN )
  {
    my $lenToPreserve = FSFM_MAX_LEN - length( FSFM_SUFFIX );

    if ( FALSE )
    {
      # substr() can turn a Perl string marked as UTF-8 to a native/byte string,
      # so avoid it because we want to support the assertion strategy enabled by ENABLE_UTF8_RESEARCH_CHECKS.
      $str = substr( $str, 0, FSFM_MAX_LEN - length( FSFM_SUFFIX ) ) . FSFM_SUFFIX;
    }
    else
    {
      my @capture = $str =~ m/\A(.{$lenToPreserve})/;

      $str = $capture[ 0 ] . FSFM_SUFFIX;
    }
  }

  return '"' . $str . '"';
}


# This routine does not include the filename in an eventual error message.

sub open_file_for_binary_reading ( $ )
{
  my $filename = shift;

  open( my $fileHandle, "<", "$filename" )
    or die "Cannot open the file: $!\n";

  binmode( $fileHandle )  # Avoids CRLF conversion.
    or die "Cannot access the file in binary mode: $!\n";

  return $fileHandle;
}


# Say you have the following logic:
# - Open a file.
# - Do something that might fail.
# - Close the file.
#
# If an error occurs between opening and closing the file, you need to
# make sure that you close the file handle before propagating the error upwards.
#
# Note that file buffering may delay a write error until the file descriptor is closed.

sub if_error_close_file_handle_and_rethrow ( $ $ )
{
  my $fileHandle       = shift;
  my $errorMsgFromEval = shift;

  if ( $errorMsgFromEval )
  {
    # Ignore an eventual error from close(). First of all, we do not want to hide the first error,
    # and secondly, an error from close() may actually be related to the first error,
    # as file buffering may delay a write error until the file descriptor is closed.

    close( $fileHandle );

    die $errorMsgFromEval;
  }
}

use constant CLOSE_AFTER_READING => "reading from";
use constant CLOSE_AFTER_WRITING => "writing to";

sub close_file_handle_and_rethrow_eventual_error ( $ $ $ )
{
  my $fileHandle               = shift;
  my $errorMsgFromEval         = shift;
  my $operationgForCloseErrMsg = shift;

  if_error_close_file_handle_and_rethrow( $fileHandle, $errorMsgFromEval );

  # Note that file buffering may delay a write error until the file descriptor is closed.
  close( $fileHandle ) or die "Error $operationgForCloseErrMsg the file, " .
                              "detected when closing its file descriptor: $!\n";
}


sub rethrow_eventual_error_with_filename ( $ $ )
{
  my $filename         = shift;
  my $errorMsgFromEval = shift;

  if ( $errorMsgFromEval )
  {
    # Do not say "file" here, because it could be a directory.
    die "Error accessing " . format_str_for_message( $filename ) . ": $errorMsgFromEval";
  }
}


# Reads a whole binary file, returns it as a scalar.
#
# Security warning: Any eventual error message will contain the file path.
#
# Alternative: use Perl module File::Slurp

sub read_whole_binary_file ( $ )
{
  my $filename = shift;

  # I believe that standard tool 'cat' uses a 128 KiB buffer size under Linux.
  use constant SOME_ARBITRARY_BLOCK_SIZE_RWBF => 128 * 1024;

  my $fileContent;

  eval
  {
    my $fileHandle = open_file_for_binary_reading( $filename );

    eval
    {
      my $pos = 0;

      for ( ; ; )
      {
        my $readByteCount = sysread( $fileHandle, $fileContent, SOME_ARBITRARY_BLOCK_SIZE_RWBF, $pos );

        if ( not defined $readByteCount )
        {
          die "Error reading from file: $!\n";
        }

        if ( $readByteCount == 0 )
        {
          last;
        }

        $pos += $readByteCount;
      }
    };

    close_file_handle_and_rethrow_eventual_error( $fileHandle, $@, CLOSE_AFTER_READING );
  };

  rethrow_eventual_error_with_filename( $filename, $@ );

  return $fileContent;
}


sub get_pod_from_this_script ()
{
  # POSSIBLE OPTIMISATION:
  #   We do not actually need to read the whole file. We could read line-by-line,
  #   discard everything before HelpBeginMarker and stop as soon as HelpEndMarker is found.

  my $sourceCodeOfThisScriptAsString = read_whole_binary_file( "$Bin/$Script" );

  # We do not actually need to isolate the POD section, but it is cleaner this way.

  my $regex = "# HelpBeginMarker[\\s]+(.*?)[\\s]+# HelpEndMarker";

  my @podParts = $sourceCodeOfThisScriptAsString =~ m/$regex/s;

  if ( scalar( @podParts ) != 1 )
  {
    die "Internal error isolating the POD documentation.\n";
  }

  my $podAsStr = $podParts[0];


  # Replace some known placeholders. This is the only practical way to make sure
  # that the script name and version number in the help text are always right.
  # If you duplicate name and version in the source code and in the help text,
  # they will inevitably get out of sync at some point in time.
  #
  # There are faster ways to replace multiple placeholders, but optimising this
  # is not worth the effort.

  $podAsStr =~ s/SCRIPT_VERSION/@{[ SCRIPT_VERSION ]}/gs;
  $podAsStr =~ s/SCRIPT_NAME/$Script/gs;

  return $podAsStr;
}


sub print_help_text ()
{
  my $podAsStr = get_pod_from_this_script();


  # Prepare an in-memory file with the POD contents.

  my $memFileWithPodContents;

  open( my $memFileWithPod, '+>', \$memFileWithPodContents )
    or die "Cannot create in-memory file: $!\n";

  binmode( $memFileWithPod )  # Avoids CRLF conversion.
    or die "Cannot access in-memory file in binary mode: $!\n";

  ( print $memFileWithPod $podAsStr ) or
    die "Error writing to in-memory file: $!\n";

  seek $memFileWithPod, 0, 0
    or die "Cannot seek inside in-memory file: $!\n";


  write_stdout( "\n" );

  # Unfortunately, pod2usage does not return any error indication.
  # However, if the POD text has syntax errors, the user will see
  # error messages in a "POD ERRORS" section at the end of the output.

  pod2usage( -exitval    => "NOEXIT",
             -verbose    => 2,
             -noperldoc  => 1,  # Perl does not come with the perl-doc package as standard (at least on Debian 4.0).
             -input      => $memFileWithPod,
             -output     => \*STDOUT );

  $memFileWithPod->close()
    or die "Cannot close in-memory file: $!\n";
}


sub get_license_text ()
{
  return ( <<EOL

                    GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                       Version 3, 19 November 2007

 Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

                            Preamble

  The GNU Affero General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
software and other kinds of works, specifically designed to ensure
cooperation with the community in the case of network server software.

  The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
to take away your freedom to share and change the works.  By contrast,
our General Public Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to
share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
software for all its users.

  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
free programs, and that you know you can do these things.

  Developers that use our General Public Licenses protect your rights
with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer
you this License which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute
and/or modify the software.

  A secondary benefit of defending all users' freedom is that
improvements made in alternate versions of the program, if they
receive widespread use, become available for other developers to
incorporate.  Many developers of free software are heartened and
encouraged by the resulting cooperation.  However, in the case of
software used on network servers, this result may fail to come about.
The GNU General Public License permits making a modified version and
letting the public access it on a server without ever releasing its
source code to the public.

  The GNU Affero General Public License is designed specifically to
ensure that, in such cases, the modified source code becomes available
to the community.  It requires the operator of a network server to
provide the source code of the modified version running there to the
users of that server.  Therefore, public use of a modified version, on
a publicly accessible server, gives the public access to the source
code of the modified version.

  An older license, called the Affero General Public License and
published by Affero, was designed to accomplish similar goals.  This is
a different license, not a version of the Affero GPL, but Affero has
released a new version of the Affero GPL which permits relicensing under
this license.

  The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.

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actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product.  A product
is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial
commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent
the only significant mode of use of the product.

  "Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods,
procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install
and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from
a modified version of its Corresponding Source.  The information must
suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object
code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because
modification has been made.

  If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or
specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as
part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the
User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a
fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the
Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied
by the Installation Information.  But this requirement does not apply
if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install
modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has
been installed in ROM).

  The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a
requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates
for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for
the User Product in which it has been modified or installed.  Access to a
network may be denied when the modification itself materially and
adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and
protocols for communication across the network.

  Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided,
in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly
documented (and with an implementation available to the public in
source code form), and must require no special password or key for
unpacking, reading or copying.

  7. Additional Terms.

  "Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this
License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.
Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
that they are valid under applicable law.  If additional permissions
apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately
under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by
this License without regard to the additional permissions.

  When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of
it.  (Additional permissions may be written to require their own
removal in certain cases when you modify the work.)  You may place
additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work,
for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.

  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you
add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of
that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:

    a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the
    terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or

    b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or
    author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal
    Notices displayed by works containing it; or

    c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or
    requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in
    reasonable ways as different from the original version; or

    d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or
    authors of the material; or

    e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some
    trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or

    f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that
    material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of
    it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for
    any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on
    those licensors and authors.

  All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further
restrictions" within the meaning of section 10.  If the Program as you
received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is
governed by this License along with a term that is a further
restriction, you may remove that term.  If a license document contains
a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this
License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms
of that license document, provided that the further restriction does
not survive such relicensing or conveying.

  If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the
additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating
where to find the applicable terms.

  Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the
form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;
the above requirements apply either way.

  8. Termination.

  You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
provided under this License.  Any attempt otherwise to propagate or
modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under
this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third
paragraph of section 11).

  However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright
holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means
prior to 60 days after the cessation.

  Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.

  Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same
material under section 10.

  9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.

  You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
run a copy of the Program.  Ancillary propagation of a covered work
occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance.  However,
nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
modify any covered work.  These actions infringe copyright if you do
not accept this License.  Therefore, by modifying or propagating a
covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.

  10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.

  Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
propagate that work, subject to this License.  You are not responsible
for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.

  An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an
organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
organization, or merging organizations.  If propagation of a covered
work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could
give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the
Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if
the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.

  You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
rights granted or affirmed under this License.  For example, you may
not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.

  11. Patents.

  A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based.  The
work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".

  A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
consequence of further modification of the contributor version.  For
purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant
patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
this License.

  Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to
make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
propagate the contents of its contributor version.

  In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
sue for patent infringement).  To "grant" such a patent license to a
party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a
patent against the party.

  If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a
publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
license to downstream recipients.  "Knowingly relying" means you have
actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
country that you have reason to believe are valid.

  If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
work and works based on it.

  A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
specifically granted under this License.  You may not convey a covered
work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.

  Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.

  12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.

  If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot convey a
covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
not convey it at all.  For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

  13. Remote Network Interaction; Use with the GNU General Public License.

  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, if you modify the
Program, your modified version must prominently offer all users
interacting with it remotely through a computer network (if your version
supports such interaction) an opportunity to receive the Corresponding
Source of your version by providing access to the Corresponding Source
from a network server at no charge, through some standard or customary
means of facilitating copying of software.  This Corresponding Source
shall include the Corresponding Source for any work covered by version 3
of the GNU General Public License that is incorporated pursuant to the
following paragraph.

  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
under version 3 of the GNU General Public License into a single
combined work, and to convey the resulting work.  The terms of this
License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
but the work with which it is combined will remain governed by version
3 of the GNU General Public License.

  14. Revised Versions of this License.

  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
the GNU Affero General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions
will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.

  Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU Affero General
Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
version or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of the
GNU Affero General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
by the Free Software Foundation.

  If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
versions of the GNU Affero General Public License can be used, that proxy's
public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
to choose that version for the Program.

  Later license versions may give you additional or different
permissions.  However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.

  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

  16. Limitation of Liability.

  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.

  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.

                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>

    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU Affero General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

  If your software can interact with users remotely through a computer
network, you should also make sure that it provides a way for users to
get its source.  For example, if your program is a web application, its
interface could display a "Source" link that leads users to an archive
of the code.  There are many ways you could offer source, and different
solutions will be better for different programs; see section 13 for the
specific requirements.

  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU AGPL, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

EOL
  );
}


# ----------- Script-specific code -----------

my $g_verbose = FALSE;

use constant UTF8_BOM_AS_BYTES => "\xEF\xBB\xBF";

sub read_text_line ( $ )
{
  my $fileHandle = shift;

  if ( eof( $fileHandle ) )
  {
    return undef;
  }

  my $textLine = readline( $fileHandle );

  if ( ! defined( $textLine ) )
  {
    die "Error reading a text line: $!\n";
  }

  if ( substr( $textLine, -2 ) eq "\x0D\x0A" )
  {
    # 'chop' is very efficient because it neither scans nor copies the string.
    chop $textLine;
    chop $textLine;

    return $textLine;
  }
  elsif ( substr( $textLine, -1 ) eq "\x0A" )
  {
    # 'chop' is very efficient because it neither scans nor copies the string.
    chop $textLine;

    return $textLine;
  }
  else
  {
    # The last text line may have no terminator.
    return $textLine;
  }
}


sub convert_raw_bytes_to_utf8 ( $ )
{
  my $strAsBinaryData = shift;

  my $strUtf8;

  eval
  {
    $strUtf8 = Encode::decode( 'UTF-8',
                               $strAsBinaryData,
                               Encode::FB_CROAK | # Die with an error message if invalid UTF-8 is found.
                               Encode::LEAVE_SRC  # Just in case, because we are returning the original string ($strAsBinaryData) in case of error.
                             );
  };

  my $errorMessage = $@;

  if ( $errorMessage )
  {
    # The exact error message is very ugly, so I have decided to leave it out.
    generate_lint_error( "Invalid UTF-8 encoding." );

    # If we could not convert the string to UTF-8, return the original string.
    return $strAsBinaryData;
  }
  else
  {
    return $strUtf8;
  }
}


use constant UBRL_FIRST => 0x2800;
use constant UBRL_LAST  => 0x28FF;

use constant PIXEL_COMPONENT_ON  => 255;
use constant PIXEL_COMPONENT_OFF => 0;

use constant MAX_PIXEL_COMPONENT_VALUE => ( PIXEL_COMPONENT_ON >= PIXEL_COMPONENT_OFF )
                                          ? PIXEL_COMPONENT_ON
                                          : PIXEL_COMPONENT_OFF;
sub get_pixel_value ( $ $ )
{
  my $unicodeBraille8 = shift;
  my $bitPos          = shift;

  if ( $unicodeBraille8 & ( 1 << $bitPos ) )
  {
    return TRUE;
  }
  else
  {
    return FALSE;
  }
}


sub process_line ( $ $ )
{
  my $lineText       = shift;
  my $bitmapArrayRef = shift;

  $lineText = convert_raw_bytes_to_utf8( $lineText );

  my @characters = split( //, $lineText );

  if ( FALSE )
  {
    write_stdout( "Line: \n" );

    foreach my $char ( @characters )
    {
      utf8::encode( $char );

      write_stdout( "Character: " . $char . "\n" );
    }
  }

  my $charCount = scalar( @characters );

  if ( $charCount == 0 )
  {
    die "The line is empty.\n";
  }

  my @row1;
  my @row2;
  my @row3;
  my @row4;

  for ( my $i = 0; $i < $charCount; ++$i )
  {
    eval
    {
      my $char = $characters[ $i ];

      my $charOrd = ord( $char );

      if ( $charOrd < UBRL_FIRST ||
           $charOrd > UBRL_LAST )
      {
        my $charAsNative = $char;
        utf8::encode( $charAsNative );
        die sprintf( "Character %s is not a Unicode 8-dot Braille character in the range (U+%X..U+%X).\n",
                     format_str_for_message( $charAsNative ), UBRL_FIRST, UBRL_LAST );
      }

      push @row1, get_pixel_value( $charOrd, 0 );
      push @row1, get_pixel_value( $charOrd, 3 );

      push @row2, get_pixel_value( $charOrd, 1 );
      push @row2, get_pixel_value( $charOrd, 4 );

      push @row3, get_pixel_value( $charOrd, 2 );
      push @row3, get_pixel_value( $charOrd, 5 );

      push @row4, get_pixel_value( $charOrd, 6 );
      push @row4, get_pixel_value( $charOrd, 7 );
    };

    my $errorMsgFromEval = $@;

    if ( $errorMsgFromEval )
    {
      die "Error at character $i: " . $errorMsgFromEval;
    }
  }

  push @$bitmapArrayRef, \@row1;
  push @$bitmapArrayRef, \@row2;
  push @$bitmapArrayRef, \@row3;
  push @$bitmapArrayRef, \@row4;
}


sub read_braille_file ( $ $ )
{
  my $brailleFileHandle = shift;
  my $bitmapArrayRef    = shift;

  my $lineNumber = 1;

  eval
  {
    my $firstTextLine = read_text_line( $brailleFileHandle );

    if ( ! defined ( $firstTextLine ) )
    {
      die "The file is empty.\n";
    }

    # If there is an UTF-8 BOM, remove it.
    remove_str_prefix( \$firstTextLine, UTF8_BOM_AS_BYTES );

    process_line( $firstTextLine, $bitmapArrayRef );

    for ( $lineNumber = 2; ; ++$lineNumber )
    {
      my $textLine = read_text_line( $brailleFileHandle );

      if ( ! defined ( $textLine ) )
      {
        last;
      }

      process_line( $textLine, $bitmapArrayRef );
    }
  };

  my $errorMsgFromEval = $@;

  if ( $errorMsgFromEval )
  {
    die "Error reading line " . $lineNumber . ": " . $errorMsgFromEval;
  }
}


sub process_file_pair ( $ $ )
{
  my $brailleFilename = shift;
  my $bitmapFilename  = shift;

  if ( $g_verbose )
  {
    write_stdout( "Reading file " . format_str_for_message( $brailleFilename ) . "...\n" );
  }

  my @bitmap;  # An array of references to arrays of TRUE/FALSE integers.

  eval
  {
    my $brailleFileHandle = open_file_for_binary_reading( $brailleFilename );

    eval
    {
      my $brailleFileContents = read_braille_file( $brailleFileHandle, \@bitmap );
    };

    close_file_handle_and_rethrow_eventual_error( $brailleFileHandle, $@, CLOSE_AFTER_READING );
  };

  rethrow_eventual_error_with_filename( $brailleFilename, $@ );


  my $bitmapRowCount = scalar( @bitmap );

  if ( $bitmapRowCount == 0 )
  {
    die "The resulting bitmap height is 0.\n";
  }


  # Pad the bitmap lines if necessary.

  my $maxRowWidth = 0;

  for ( my $row = 0; $row < $bitmapRowCount; ++$row )
  {
    my $rowArrayRef = $bitmap[ $row ];

    my $rowWidth = scalar( @$rowArrayRef );

    if ( $rowWidth > $maxRowWidth )
    {
      $maxRowWidth = $rowWidth;
    }
  }

  if ( $maxRowWidth == 0 )
  {
    die "The resulting bitmap width is 0.\n";
  }

  for ( my $row = 0; $row < $bitmapRowCount; ++$row )
  {
    my $rowArrayRef = $bitmap[ $row ];

    my $rowWidth = scalar( @$rowArrayRef );

    if ( $rowWidth < $maxRowWidth )
    {
      my $padCount = $maxRowWidth - $rowWidth;

      if ( FALSE )
      {
        write_stdout( "Bitmap row $row: pad count $padCount\n" );
      }

      my @padding = ( FALSE ) x $padCount;

      push @$rowArrayRef, @padding;
    }
  }

  if ( $g_verbose )
  {
    write_stdout( "Bitmap size: " .
                  "$maxRowWidth column" . plural_s( $maxRowWidth ) .
                  " x " .
                  "$bitmapRowCount row" . plural_s( $bitmapRowCount ) .
                  "\n" );
  }

  if ( $g_verbose )
  {
    write_stdout( "Writing file " . format_str_for_message( $bitmapFilename ) . "...\n" );
  }

  eval
  {
    open ( my $bitmapFileHandle, ">", $bitmapFilename )
      or die "Cannot open file for writing: $!\n";

    binmode( $bitmapFileHandle )  # Avoids CRLF conversion.
      or die "Cannot access file in binary mode: $!\n";

    eval
    {
      print $bitmapFileHandle "P3\n" or
        die "Cannot write to file: $!\n";

      print $bitmapFileHandle "$maxRowWidth $bitmapRowCount\n" or
        die "Cannot write to file: $!\n";

      print $bitmapFileHandle "@{[ MAX_PIXEL_COMPONENT_VALUE ]}\n" or
        die "Cannot write to file: $!\n";

      for ( my $row = 0; $row < $bitmapRowCount; ++$row )
      {
        my $rowArrayRef = $bitmap[ $row ];

        my $rowText = "";

        for ( my $col = 0; $col < scalar( @$rowArrayRef ); ++$col )
        {
          if ( $col != 0 )
          {
            $rowText .= " ";
          }

          my $pixelValue = $rowArrayRef->[ $col ];

          if ( $pixelValue )
          {
            # There are 3 components for RGB.
            $rowText .= PIXEL_COMPONENT_ON . " " . PIXEL_COMPONENT_ON . " ". PIXEL_COMPONENT_ON;
          }
          else
          {
            $rowText .= PIXEL_COMPONENT_OFF . " " . PIXEL_COMPONENT_OFF . " ". PIXEL_COMPONENT_OFF;
          }
        }

        print $bitmapFileHandle "$rowText\n" or
          die "Cannot write to file: $!\n";
      }
    };

    close_file_handle_and_rethrow_eventual_error( $bitmapFileHandle, $@, CLOSE_AFTER_READING );
  };

  rethrow_eventual_error_with_filename( $bitmapFilename, $@ );

  if ( $g_verbose )
  {
    write_stdout( "Finished writing file.\n" );
  }
}


# ----------- Main routine -----------

sub main ()
{
  my $arg_help       = 0;
  my $arg_h          = 0;
  my $arg_help_pod   = 0;
  my $arg_version    = 0;
  my $arg_license    = 0;

  Getopt::Long::Configure( "no_auto_abbrev", "prefix_pattern=(--|-)", "no_ignore_case", "require_order" );

  my %options =
  (
    'help'       => \$arg_help,
    'h'          => \$arg_h,
    'help-pod'   => \$arg_help_pod,
    'version'    => \$arg_version,
    'license'    => \$arg_license,
    'verbose'    => \$g_verbose,
  );

  my $getOptionsResult = GetOptions( %options );

  if ( not $getOptionsResult )
  {
    # GetOptions() has already printed an error message.
    return EXIT_CODE_FAILURE;
  }

  if ( $arg_help || $arg_h )
  {
    print_help_text();
    return EXIT_CODE_SUCCESS;
  }

  if ( $arg_help_pod )
  {
    write_stdout( "This file is written in Perl's Plain Old Documentation (POD) format\n" );
    write_stdout( "and has been generated with option --help-pod .\n" );
    write_stdout( "Run the following Perl commands to convert it to HTML or to plain text for easy reading:\n" );
    write_stdout( "\n" );
    write_stdout( "  pod2html README.pod >README.html\n" );
    write_stdout( "  pod2text README.pod >README.txt\n" );
    write_stdout( "\n\n" );
    write_stdout( get_pod_from_this_script() );
    write_stdout( "\n" );
    return EXIT_CODE_SUCCESS;
  }

  if ( $arg_version )
  {
    write_stdout( "$Script version " . SCRIPT_VERSION . "\n" );
    return EXIT_CODE_SUCCESS;
  }

  if ( $arg_license )
  {
    write_stdout( get_license_text() );
    return EXIT_CODE_SUCCESS;
  }


  if ( scalar( @ARGV ) != 2 )
  {
    die "Invalid number of command-line arguments. Run this tool with the --help option for usage information.\n";
  }


  my $brailleFilename = shift @ARGV;
  my $bitmapFilename  = shift @ARGV;

  # Configure the end-of-line character for 'readline'.
  # Variable '$/' is also known as $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR.
  $/ = "\012";  # 012 = 10 = 0x0A = LF

  process_file_pair( $brailleFilename, $bitmapFilename );

  return EXIT_CODE_SUCCESS;
}


eval
{
  exit main();
};

my $errorMessage = $@;

# We want the error message to be the last thing on the screen,
# so we need to flush the standard output first.
STDOUT->flush();

print STDERR "\nError running '$Script': $errorMessage";

exit EXIT_CODE_FAILURE;