loan_prediction_using_feature_extraction.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Loading Packages"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd \n",
    "import numpy as np                     # For mathematical calculations \n",
    "import seaborn as sns                  # For data visualization \n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt        # For plotting graphs \n",
    "%matplotlib inline \n",
    "import warnings                        # To ignore any warnings warnings.filterwarnings(\"ignore\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Reading data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "train =pd.read_csv('train_final.csv')\n",
    "test = pd.read_csv('test_final.csv')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['Credit_History', 'Loan_Status', 'LoanAmount_log', 'Gender_Female',\n",
       "       'Gender_Male', 'Married_No', 'Married_Yes', 'Dependents_3',\n",
       "       'Dependents_0', 'Dependents_1', 'Dependents_2', 'Education_Graduate',\n",
       "       'Education_Not Graduate', 'Self_Employed_No', 'Self_Employed_Yes',\n",
       "       'Property_Area_Rural', 'Property_Area_Semiurban', 'Property_Area_Urban',\n",
       "       'Total_Income_log', 'EMI', 'Balance Income'],\n",
       "      dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "train.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Credit_History</th>\n",
       "      <th>Loan_Status</th>\n",
       "      <th>LoanAmount_log</th>\n",
       "      <th>Gender_Female</th>\n",
       "      <th>Gender_Male</th>\n",
       "      <th>Married_No</th>\n",
       "      <th>Married_Yes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Dependents_3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Dependents_0</th>\n",
       "      <th>Dependents_1</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>Education_Graduate</th>\n",
       "      <th>Education_Not Graduate</th>\n",
       "      <th>Self_Employed_No</th>\n",
       "      <th>Self_Employed_Yes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Property_Area_Rural</th>\n",
       "      <th>Property_Area_Semiurban</th>\n",
       "      <th>Property_Area_Urban</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total_Income_log</th>\n",
       "      <th>EMI</th>\n",
       "      <th>Balance Income</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.852030</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.674026</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.852030</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.714568</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.355556</td>\n",
       "      <td>5735.444444</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.189655</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.006368</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.183333</td>\n",
       "      <td>2816.666667</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.787492</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.505323</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.333333</td>\n",
       "      <td>4607.666667</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.948760</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.699515</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.391667</td>\n",
       "      <td>5608.333333</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>5 rows × 21 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   Credit_History  Loan_Status  LoanAmount_log  Gender_Female  Gender_Male  \\\n",
       "0             1.0            1        4.852030              0            1   \n",
       "1             1.0            0        4.852030              0            1   \n",
       "2             1.0            1        4.189655              0            1   \n",
       "3             1.0            1        4.787492              0            1   \n",
       "4             1.0            1        4.948760              0            1   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Married_No  Married_Yes  Dependents_3  Dependents_0  Dependents_1  ...  \\\n",
       "0           1            0             0             1             0  ...   \n",
       "1           0            1             0             0             1  ...   \n",
       "2           0            1             0             1             0  ...   \n",
       "3           0            1             0             1             0  ...   \n",
       "4           1            0             0             1             0  ...   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Education_Graduate  Education_Not Graduate  Self_Employed_No  \\\n",
       "0                   1                       0                 1   \n",
       "1                   1                       0                 1   \n",
       "2                   1                       0                 0   \n",
       "3                   0                       1                 1   \n",
       "4                   1                       0                 1   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Self_Employed_Yes  Property_Area_Rural  Property_Area_Semiurban  \\\n",
       "0                  0                    0                        0   \n",
       "1                  0                    1                        0   \n",
       "2                  1                    0                        0   \n",
       "3                  0                    0                        0   \n",
       "4                  0                    0                        0   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Property_Area_Urban  Total_Income_log       EMI  Balance Income  \n",
       "0                    1          8.674026       NaN             NaN  \n",
       "1                    0          8.714568  0.355556     5735.444444  \n",
       "2                    1          8.006368  0.183333     2816.666667  \n",
       "3                    1          8.505323  0.333333     4607.666667  \n",
       "4                    1          8.699515  0.391667     5608.333333  \n",
       "\n",
       "[5 rows x 21 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "train.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Credit_History             0\n",
       "LoanAmount_log             0\n",
       "Gender_Female              0\n",
       "Gender_Male                0\n",
       "Married_No                 0\n",
       "Married_Yes                0\n",
       "Dependents_3               0\n",
       "Dependents_0               0\n",
       "Dependents_1               0\n",
       "Dependents_2               0\n",
       "Education_Graduate         0\n",
       "Education_Not Graduate     0\n",
       "Self_Employed_No           0\n",
       "Self_Employed_Yes          0\n",
       "Property_Area_Rural        0\n",
       "Property_Area_Semiurban    0\n",
       "Property_Area_Urban        0\n",
       "Total_Income_log           0\n",
       "EMI                        0\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "test.isna().sum()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "KeyError",
     "evalue": "'Balance Income'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/miniconda3/envs/rjn/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mget_loc\u001b[0;34m(self, key, method, tolerance)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2645\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 2646\u001b[0;31m                 \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_engine\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mget_loc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   2647\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mexcept\u001b[0m \u001b[0mKeyError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32mpandas/_libs/index.pyx\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32mpandas/_libs/index.pyx\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32mpandas/_libs/hashtable_class_helper.pxi\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpandas._libs.hashtable.PyObjectHashTable.get_item\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32mpandas/_libs/hashtable_class_helper.pxi\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpandas._libs.hashtable.PyObjectHashTable.get_item\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'Balance Income'",
      "\nDuring handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-49-6f6f207fc850>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtest\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'EMI'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfillna\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtest\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'EMI'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmedian\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0minplace\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32mTrue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 5\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mtest\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Balance Income'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfillna\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtest\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Balance Income'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmedian\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0minplace\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32mTrue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/miniconda3/envs/rjn/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/frame.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__getitem__\u001b[0;34m(self, key)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2798\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcolumns\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnlevels\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m>\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2799\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_getitem_multilevel\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 2800\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcolumns\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mget_loc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   2801\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mis_integer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2802\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/miniconda3/envs/rjn/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mget_loc\u001b[0;34m(self, key, method, tolerance)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2646\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_engine\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mget_loc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2647\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mexcept\u001b[0m \u001b[0mKeyError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 2648\u001b[0;31m                 \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_engine\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mget_loc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_maybe_cast_indexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   2649\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mget_indexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmethod\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmethod\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtolerance\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtolerance\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2650\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mndim\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m>\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0msize\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m>\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32mpandas/_libs/index.pyx\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32mpandas/_libs/index.pyx\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32mpandas/_libs/hashtable_class_helper.pxi\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpandas._libs.hashtable.PyObjectHashTable.get_item\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32mpandas/_libs/hashtable_class_helper.pxi\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpandas._libs.hashtable.PyObjectHashTable.get_item\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'Balance Income'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "train['EMI'].fillna(train['EMI'].median(), inplace=True)\n",
    "train['Balance Income'].fillna(train['Balance Income'].median(), inplace=True)\n",
    "\n",
    "test['EMI'].fillna(test['EMI'].median(), inplace=True)\n",
    "test['Balance Income'].fillna(test['Balance Income'].median(), inplace=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X = train.drop('Loan_Status',1) \n",
    "y = train.Loan_Status"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Credit_History</th>\n",
       "      <th>LoanAmount_log</th>\n",
       "      <th>Gender_Female</th>\n",
       "      <th>Gender_Male</th>\n",
       "      <th>Married_No</th>\n",
       "      <th>Married_Yes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Dependents_3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Dependents_0</th>\n",
       "      <th>Dependents_1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Dependents_2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Education_Graduate</th>\n",
       "      <th>Education_Not Graduate</th>\n",
       "      <th>Self_Employed_No</th>\n",
       "      <th>Self_Employed_Yes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Property_Area_Rural</th>\n",
       "      <th>Property_Area_Semiurban</th>\n",
       "      <th>Property_Area_Urban</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total_Income_log</th>\n",
       "      <th>EMI</th>\n",
       "      <th>Balance Income</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.85203</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.674026</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.3625</td>\n",
       "      <td>4970.333333</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   Credit_History  LoanAmount_log  Gender_Female  Gender_Male  Married_No  \\\n",
       "0             1.0         4.85203              0            1           1   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Married_Yes  Dependents_3  Dependents_0  Dependents_1  Dependents_2  \\\n",
       "0            0             0             1             0             0   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Education_Graduate  Education_Not Graduate  Self_Employed_No  \\\n",
       "0                   1                       0                 1   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Self_Employed_Yes  Property_Area_Rural  Property_Area_Semiurban  \\\n",
       "0                  0                    0                        0   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Property_Area_Urban  Total_Income_log     EMI  Balance Income  \n",
       "0                    1          8.674026  0.3625     4970.333333  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "X.head(1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We will use the train_test_split function from sklearn to divide our train dataset. So, first let us import train_test_split."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split\n",
    "\n",
    "x_train, x_cv, y_train, y_cv = train_test_split(X,y, test_size =0.3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now we will train the model on training dataset and make predictions for the test dataset. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "LogisticRegression(max_iter=1000)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression \n",
    "from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score\n",
    "\n",
    "model = LogisticRegression(max_iter=1000) \n",
    "model.fit(x_train, y_train)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#Let’s predict the Loan_Status for validation set and calculate its accuracy.\n",
    "\n",
    "pred_cv = model.predict(x_cv)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.8108108108108109"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Let us calculate how accurate our predictions are by calculating the accuracy.\n",
    "\n",
    "accuracy_score(y_cv,pred_cv)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "To check how robust our model is to unseen data, we can use Validation. It is a technique which involves reserving a particular sample of a dataset on which you do not train the model. Later, you test your model on this sample before finalizing it. Some of the common methods for validation are listed below:\n",
    "\n",
    "1. The validation set approach\n",
    "2. k-fold cross validation\n",
    "3. Leave one out cross validation (LOOCV)\n",
    "4. Stratified k-fold cross validation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "1 of kfold 5\n",
      "accuracy_score 0.8130081300813008\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "ValueError",
     "evalue": "X has 19 features per sample; expecting 20",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-30-642cd72be7d3>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     13\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'accuracy_score'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mscore\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     14\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mi\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m+=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 15\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0mpred_test\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmodel\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpredict\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtest\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m     16\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mpred\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmodel\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpredict_proba\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mxvl\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/miniconda3/envs/rjn/lib/python3.8/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_base.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpredict\u001b[0;34m(self, X)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    305\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mPredicted\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mclass\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlabel\u001b[0m \u001b[0mper\u001b[0m \u001b[0msample\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    306\u001b[0m         \"\"\"\n\u001b[0;32m--> 307\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mscores\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdecision_function\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mX\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    308\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mscores\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mshape\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    309\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mindices\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mscores\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m>\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mastype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/miniconda3/envs/rjn/lib/python3.8/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_base.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mdecision_function\u001b[0;34m(self, X)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    284\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mn_features\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcoef_\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mshape\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    285\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mX\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mshape\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m!=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mn_features\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 286\u001b[0;31m             raise ValueError(\"X has %d features per sample; expecting %d\"\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    287\u001b[0m                              % (X.shape[1], n_features))\n\u001b[1;32m    288\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: X has 19 features per sample; expecting 20"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold\n",
    "\n",
    "i=1 \n",
    "kf = StratifiedKFold(n_splits=5,random_state=1,shuffle=True) \n",
    "for train_index,test_index in kf.split(X,y):     \n",
    "    print('\\n{} of kfold {}'.format(i,kf.n_splits))  \n",
    "    xtr,xvl = X.loc[train_index],X.loc[test_index]  \n",
    "    ytr,yvl = y[train_index],y[test_index]  \n",
    "    model = LogisticRegression(max_iter = 10000,random_state=1)   \n",
    "    model.fit(xtr, ytr) \n",
    "    pred_test = model.predict(xvl) \n",
    "    score = accuracy_score(yvl,pred_test)  \n",
    "    print('accuracy_score',score)  \n",
    "    i+=1 \n",
    "    pred_test = model.predict(test)\n",
    "    pred=model.predict_proba(xvl)[:,1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "NameError",
     "evalue": "name 'pred' is not defined",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-44-ab6410aa4ce1>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfrom\u001b[0m \u001b[0msklearn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mimport\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmetrics\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mfpr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtpr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0m_\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmetrics\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mroc_curve\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0myvl\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mpred\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0mauc\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmetrics\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mroc_auc_score\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0myvl\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpred\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0mplt\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfigure\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfigsize\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m12\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m8\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0mplt\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mplot\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfpr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtpr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlabel\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"validation, auc=\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mauc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'pred' is not defined"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from sklearn import metrics \n",
    "fpr, tpr, _ = metrics.roc_curve(yvl,  pred) \n",
    "auc = metrics.roc_auc_score(yvl, pred) \n",
    "plt.figure(figsize=(12,8)) \n",
    "plt.plot(fpr,tpr,label=\"validation, auc=\"+str(auc))\n",
    "plt.xlabel('False Positive Rate') \n",
    "plt.ylabel('True Positive Rate') \n",
    "plt.legend(loc=4)\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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