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docs/labs/kubernetes-the-hard-way/lab4-certificate-authority.md

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author: Wale Soyinka
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contributors: Steven Spencer
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contributors: Steven Spencer, Ganna Zhyrnova
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tags:
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- kubernetes
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- k8s
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# Lab 4: Provisioning a CA and Generating TLS Certificates
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In this lab you will provision a [PKI Infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure) using openssl to bootstrap a Certificate Authority, and generate TLS certificates for the following components:
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In this lab, you will provision a [PKI Infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure) using OpenSSL to bootstrap a Certificate Authority and generate TLS certificates for the following components:
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* kube-apiserver
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* kube-controller-manager
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## Certificate Authority
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In this section you will provision a Certificate Authority that you will use to generate additional TLS certificates for the other Kubernetes components. Setting up CA and generating certificates with `openssl` can be time-consuming, especially when doing it for the first time. To streamline this lab, the inclusion of an `openssl` configuration file, `ca.conf`, defines all the details needed to generate certificates for each Kubernetes component.
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In this section, you will provision a Certificate Authority that you will use to generate additional TLS certificates for the other Kubernetes components. Setting up CA and generating certificates with `openssl` can be time-consuming, especially when doing it for the first time. To streamline this lab, an `openssl` configuration file, `ca.conf`, must be included, which defines all the details needed to generate certificates for each Kubernetes component.
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Take a moment to review the `ca.conf` configuration file:
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```bash
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cat ca.conf
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```
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You do not need to understand everything in the `ca.conf` file to complete this tutorial, but you should consider it a starting point for learning `openssl` and the configuration that goes into managing certificates at a high level.
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To complete this tutorial, you do not need to understand everything in the `ca.conf` file. Still, you should consider it a starting point for learning `openssl` and the configuration that goes into managing certificates at a high level.
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Every certificate authority starts with a private key and root certificate. In this section you are going to create a self-signed certificate authority, and while that is all you need for this tutorial, this is something you should not consider in a real-world production environment.
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Every certificate authority starts with a private key and root certificate. In this section, you will create a self-signed certificate authority, and while that is all you need for this tutorial, this is something you should not consider in a real-world production environment.
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Generate the CA configuration file, certificate, and private key:
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!!! Tip
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To view the details encoded in the generated certificate file (ca.crt), you can use this openssl command `openssl x509 -in ca.crt -text -noout | less`.
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To view the details encoded in the generated certificate file (ca.crt), you can use this OpenSSL command `openssl x509 -in ca.crt -text -noout | less`.
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## Create Client and Server Certificates
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In this section you will generate client and server certificates for each Kubernetes component and a client certificate for the Kubernetes `admin` user.
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In this section, you will generate client and server certificates for each Kubernetes component and a client certificate for the Kubernetes `admin` user.
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Generate the certificates and private keys:
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done
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```
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The results of running the above command will generate a private key, certificate request, and signed SSL certificate for each of the Kubernetes components. You can list the generated files with the following command:
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The above command results will generate a private key, certificate request, and signed SSL certificate for each Kubernetes component. You can list the generated files with the following command:
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```bash
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ls -1 *.crt *.key *.csr
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```
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## Distribute the Client and Server Certificates
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In this section you will copy the various certificates to every machine at a path where each Kubernetes component will search for its certificate pair. In a real-world environment, you would treat these certificates as a set of sensitive secrets, because Kubernetes uses these components as credentials to authenticate to each other.
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In this section, you will copy the various certificates to every machine using a path where each Kubernetes component will search for its certificate pair. In a real-world environment, you would treat these certificates as a set of sensitive secrets because Kubernetes uses these components as credentials to authenticate to each other.
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Copy the appropriate certificates and private keys to the `node-0` and `node-1` machines:
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root@server:~/
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```
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> You will use the `kube-proxy`, `kube-controller-manager`, `kube-scheduler`, and `kubelet` client certificates to generate client authentication configuration files in the next lab.
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In the next lab, you will use the `kube-proxy`, `kube-controller-manager`, `kube-scheduler`, and `kubelet` client certificates to generate client authentication configuration files.
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Next: [Generating Kubernetes Configuration Files for Authentication](lab5-kubernetes-configuration-files.md)

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