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a << i is faster than a.push(e). I suspect it's because #push takes *args, and the overhead from that is relatively slower than <<, which takes a single arg.
$ ruby --version
ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) [arm64-darwin23]
Warming up --------------------------------------
push 2.673M i/100ms
<< 3.180M i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
push 26.901M (± 0.7%) i/s - 136.334M in 5.068171s
<< 32.351M (± 0.8%) i/s - 162.187M in 5.013725s
Comparison:
<<: 32350784.7 i/s
push: 26901465.1 i/s - 1.20x slower
benchmark.rb
require "benchmark/ips"
a = []
Benchmark.ips do |x|
x.report("push") do |times|
i = 0
a.clear
while (i += 1) < times
a.push(i)
end
end
x.report("<<") do |times|
i = 0
a.clear
while (i += 1) < times
a << i
end
end
x.compare!
endMetadata
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