4.x: Introduce exponential retry backoff policy



Migrated to Jira: [DRIVER-255](https://scylladb.atlassian.net/browse/DRIVER-255)

[DRIVER-255]: https://scylladb.atlassian.net/browse/DRIVER-255?atlOrigin=eyJpIjoiNWRkNTljNzYxNjVmNDY3MDlhMDU5Y2ZhYzA5YTRkZjUiLCJwIjoiZ2l0aHViLWNvbS1KU1cifQ