Add internal query linter

When working on the compiler it's easy to accidentally break something
that results in a segfault. Most of these errors can be detected by
checks on the Codegen IR, in particular correct type-safety and
variable-scoping.

- Add Glean.Query.Lint to implement query consistency checks
- Turn on query linting with `GLEAN_DEBUG=lint` or `--debug-query-lint`
- Linting is automatically enabled for all tests via `withTestEnv`

Author: simonmar

glean.cabal.in

@@ -651,6 +651,7 @@ library db
         Glean.Query.Expand
         Glean.Query.Flatten
         Glean.Query.Flatten.Types
+        Glean.Query.Lint
         Glean.Query.Opt
         Glean.Query.Prune
         Glean.Query.Reorder

glean/db/Glean/Database/Config.hs

@@ -204,15 +204,17 @@ data Config = Config
 data DebugFlags = DebugFlags
   { tcDebug :: !Bool
   , queryDebug :: !Bool
+  , queryLint :: !Bool
   }
 
 instance Default DebugFlags where
-  def = DebugFlags { tcDebug = False, queryDebug = False }
+  def = DebugFlags { tcDebug = False, queryDebug = False, queryLint = False }
 
 instance Semigroup DebugFlags where
   a <> b = DebugFlags
     { tcDebug = tcDebug a || tcDebug b
     , queryDebug = queryDebug a || queryDebug b
+    , queryLint = queryLint a || queryLint b
     }
 
 instance Monoid DebugFlags where
@@ -561,6 +563,7 @@ options = do
     debugParser = do
       tcDebug <- switch (long "debug-tc")
       queryDebug <- switch (long "debug-query")
+      queryLint <- switch (long "debug-query-lint")
       return DebugFlags{..}
 
     serverConfigThriftSource = option (eitherReader ThriftSource.parse)

glean/db/Glean/Database/Env.hs

@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ getDebugEnv = do
   where
   add "tc" = return def { tcDebug = True }
   add "query" = return def { queryDebug = True }
+  add "lint" = return def { queryLint = True }
   add other = do
     logWarning $ "Unkonwn GLEAN_DEBUG class: " <> other
     return def

glean/db/Glean/Query/Lint.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+{-
+  Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+  All rights reserved.
+
+  This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
+  LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+-}
+
+module Glean.Query.Lint (
+    lintQuery
+  ) where
+
+import Control.Monad.Except
+import Control.Monad.State
+import Data.List (foldl')
+import Data.IntSet (IntSet)
+import qualified Data.IntSet as IntSet
+import Compat.Prettyprinter
+
+import Glean.Angle.Types
+  (Type_(..), latestAngleVersion, tempPredicateId)
+import Glean.Database.Schema.Types
+  (DbSchema, PredicateDetails(..), lookupPid, lookupPredicateId)
+import Glean.Display
+import Glean.Query.Codegen.Types
+import Glean.RTS.Term as RTS
+import Glean.RTS.Types as RTS
+import Glean.Schema.Util (tupleSchema)
+
+-- | The lint monad: tracks the set of bound variable IDs in state,
+-- and can throw a pretty-printed error.
+type L a = StateT IntSet (Except (Doc ())) a
+
+runL :: L a -> Either (Doc ()) a
+runL m = runExcept (evalStateT m IntSet.empty)
+
+lintError :: Doc () -> L a
+lintError = throwError
+
+-- | Record a variable as bound.
+bindVar :: Var -> L ()
+bindVar v = modify (IntSet.insert (varId v))
+
+-- | Check that a variable is currently bound.
+requireBound :: Var -> L ()
+requireBound v = do
+  bound <- get
+  unless (varId v `IntSet.member` bound) $
+    lintError $ "unbound variable:" <+> displayDefault v
+
+-- | Run an action in a nested scope. The bound set is saved and
+-- restored afterwards, so bindings made inside do not escape.
+scoped :: L a -> L a
+scoped m = do
+  saved <- get
+  a <- m
+  put saved
+  return a
+
+{-
+  Check the query for internal consistency. lintQuery will check
+  the following properties of the query:
+
+  - type-correctness, e.g.
+    - in A = B, the types of A and B are equivalent
+    - in FactGenerator and DerivedFactGenerator, the types of the key
+      and value pattern match those of the predicate in the schema
+    - arguments of primitives have the correct type
+  - bind-before-use: for all variables, MatchBind occurs before MatchVar
+
+-}
+lintQuery :: DbSchema -> CodegenQuery -> Either (Doc ()) ()
+lintQuery schema QueryWithInfo{..} = runL $ do
+  let CgQuery head body = qiQuery
+  lintStatements schema body
+  lintPat head
+  case qiGenerator of
+    Nothing -> checkEqType "query head" head qiReturnType
+    Just gen -> do
+      lintGenerator gen
+      lintGeneratorTypes schema head gen
+
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Bind-before-use and type checking for statement lists
+
+lintStatements :: DbSchema -> [CgStatement] -> L ()
+lintStatements schema = mapM_ (lintStatement schema)
+
+lintStatement :: DbSchema -> CgStatement -> L ()
+lintStatement schema = \case
+  CgStatement pat gen -> do
+    -- The generator is evaluated first; its patterns can bind variables
+    lintGenerator gen
+    -- Then the LHS pattern matches the generator result, and can use
+    -- variables bound by the generator as well as previously bound ones
+    lintPat pat
+    -- Type check: pattern type should match generator result type
+    lintStmtTypes schema pat gen
+
+  CgAllStatement var expr stmts -> do
+    -- The inner statements are evaluated in a nested scope
+    innerBound <- scoped $ do
+      lintStatements schema stmts
+      get
+    -- The expression uses variables bound in the inner scope
+    saved <- get
+    put innerBound
+    lintPat expr
+    put saved
+    -- The variable bound by 'all' is available to subsequent statements
+    bindVar var
+
+  CgNegation stmts ->
+    -- Negation introduces its own scope; bindings do not escape
+    scoped $ lintStatements schema stmts
+
+  CgDisjunction stmtss -> do
+    -- Each branch starts with the same bound set. Variables bound
+    -- in all branches are available afterwards.
+    bounds <- forM stmtss $ \stmts -> scoped $ do
+      lintStatements schema stmts
+      get
+    case bounds of
+      [] -> return ()
+      (b:bs) -> put (foldl' IntSet.intersection b bs)
+
+  CgConditional{..} -> do
+    outer <- get
+    lintStatements schema cond
+    -- then branch sees cond bindings
+    lintStatements schema then_
+    thenBound <- get
+    -- else branch only sees pre-condition bindings
+    put outer
+    lintStatements schema else_
+    elseBound <- get
+    -- Variables bound in both branches are available after
+    put (IntSet.intersection thenBound elseBound)
+
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Check uses and record bindings in a single depth-first left-to-right
+-- traversal, so that a MatchBind makes the variable immediately
+-- available for a later MatchVar in the same pattern.
+
+lintPat :: Pat -> L ()
+lintPat = mapM_ lintMatch
+
+lintMatch :: Match () Var -> L ()
+lintMatch = \case
+  MatchBind v -> bindVar v
+  MatchVar v -> requireBound v
+  MatchAnd a b -> do
+    lintPat a
+    lintPat b
+  MatchPrefix _ rest ->
+    lintPat rest
+  MatchArrayPrefix _ pre whole -> do
+    mapM_ lintPat pre
+    lintPat whole
+  _ -> return ()
+
+-- | Lint expression-position subterms of a generator, then bind
+-- pattern-position variables.
+lintGenerator :: Generator -> L ()
+lintGenerator = \case
+  FactGenerator _ kpat vpat _ -> do
+    lintPat kpat
+    lintPat vpat
+  TermGenerator expr ->
+    lintPat expr
+  DerivedFactGenerator _ key value -> do
+    lintPat key
+    lintPat value
+  ArrayElementGenerator _ arr ->
+    lintPat arr
+  SetElementGenerator _ set ->
+    lintPat set
+  PrimCall _ args _ ->
+    mapM_ lintPat args
+
+-- | Type-check the result generator (qiGenerator). The head expression
+-- is the fact ID that the generator will look up.
+lintGeneratorTypes :: DbSchema -> Pat -> Generator -> L ()
+lintGeneratorTypes schema head gen = case gen of
+  FactGenerator pidRef kpat vpat _ -> do
+    mdetails <- lookupPredicate schema pidRef
+    forM_ mdetails $ \details -> do
+      checkEqType
+        ("result generator key of" <+> displayDefault pidRef)
+        kpat (predicateKeyType details)
+      checkEqType
+        ("result generator value of" <+> displayDefault pidRef)
+        vpat (predicateValueType details)
+    checkEqType "result generator fact ID" head (PredicateTy () pidRef)
+  _ -> return ()
+
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Type checking
+
+-- | Check the type consistency of a statement: pattern type vs
+-- generator result type, and predicate key/value types for fact
+-- generators.
+lintStmtTypes :: DbSchema -> Pat -> Generator -> L ()
+lintStmtTypes schema pat gen = case gen of
+  FactGenerator pidRef kpat vpat _ -> do
+    mdetails <- lookupPredicate schema pidRef
+    forM_ mdetails $ \details -> do
+      checkEqType
+        ("key of" <+> displayDefault pidRef) kpat (predicateKeyType details)
+      checkEqType
+        ("value of" <+> displayDefault pidRef) vpat (predicateValueType details)
+    -- The LHS pattern matches the fact ID, which has the predicate type
+    checkEqType "fact generator result" pat (PredicateTy () pidRef)
+
+  DerivedFactGenerator pidRef key value -> do
+    mdetails <- lookupPredicate schema pidRef
+    forM_ mdetails $ \details -> do
+      checkEqType
+        ("key of" <+> displayDefault pidRef) key (predicateKeyType details)
+      checkEqType
+        ("value of" <+> displayDefault pidRef) value (predicateValueType details)
+    checkEqType "derived fact generator result" pat (PredicateTy () pidRef)
+
+  TermGenerator expr ->
+    case (patType pat, patType expr) of
+      (Just pty, Just ety) -> typesShouldMatch "term generator" pty ety
+      _ -> return ()
+
+  ArrayElementGenerator eltTy _arr ->
+    checkEqType "array element generator" pat eltTy
+
+  SetElementGenerator eltTy _set ->
+    checkEqType "set element generator" pat eltTy
+
+  PrimCall _op _args retTy ->
+    checkEqType "primcall result" pat retTy
+
+lookupPredicate :: DbSchema -> PidRef -> L (Maybe PredicateDetails)
+lookupPredicate schema (PidRef pid predId)
+  -- The temporary predicate used for derived fact generators is not
+  -- stored in the schema, so skip it.
+  | predId == tempPredicateId = return Nothing
+  | otherwise =
+    case lookupPid pid schema of
+      Nothing -> case lookupPredicateId predId schema of
+        Nothing ->
+          lintError $ "unknown predicate:" <+> displayDefault predId
+        Just details -> return (Just details)
+      Just details -> return (Just details)
+
+-- | Check that the type of a pattern matches an expected type.
+-- When the pattern's type cannot be determined, the check is skipped.
+checkEqType :: Doc () -> Pat -> Type -> L ()
+checkEqType ctx pat expected =
+  case patType pat of
+    Nothing -> return ()
+    Just actual -> typesShouldMatch ctx actual expected
+
+typesShouldMatch :: Doc () -> Type -> Type -> L ()
+typesShouldMatch ctx actual expected
+  | eqType latestAngleVersion actual expected = return ()
+  | otherwise = throwError $ vcat
+      [ "type mismatch in" <+> ctx <> ":"
+      , "  expected:" <+> displayDefault expected
+      , "  actual:" <+> displayDefault actual
+      ]
+
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Inferring the type of a pattern
+
+-- | Attempt to determine the type of a pattern. Returns Nothing when
+-- the type cannot be determined from the pattern structure alone
+-- (e.g. an empty array or an Alt without surrounding context).
+patType :: Pat -> Maybe Type
+patType (Byte _) = Just ByteTy
+patType (Nat _) = Just NatTy
+patType (RTS.String _) = Just StringTy
+patType (ByteArray _) = Just (ArrayTy ByteTy)
+patType (Array []) = Nothing
+patType (Array (t:_)) = ArrayTy <$> patType t
+patType (Tuple ts) = tupleSchema <$> traverse patType ts
+patType (Alt _ _) = Nothing
+patType (Ref m) = matchType m
+
+matchType :: Match () Var -> Maybe Type
+matchType (MatchWild ty) = Just ty
+matchType (MatchNever ty) = Just ty
+matchType (MatchBind v) = Just (varType v)
+matchType (MatchVar v) = Just (varType v)
+matchType (MatchFid _) = Nothing
+matchType (MatchAnd a _) = patType a
+matchType (MatchPrefix _ _) = Just StringTy
+matchType (MatchArrayPrefix ty _ _) = Just (ArrayTy ty)
+matchType (MatchExt _) = Nothing

glean/db/Glean/Query/UserQuery.hs

@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ import Glean.Query.Flatten
 import Glean.Query.Opt
 import Glean.Query.Reorder
 import Glean.Query.Incremental (makeIncremental)
+import Glean.Query.Lint (lintQuery)
 import Glean.RTS as RTS
 import Glean.RTS.Bytecode.Disassemble
 import qualified Glean.RTS.Bytecode.Gen.Version as Bytecode
@@ -993,6 +994,12 @@ compileAngleQuery rec ver dbSchema mode source stored debug = do
       vlog 2 "made incremental"
       return $ makeIncremental getStats reordered
 
+  when (queryLint debug) $
+    case lintQuery dbSchema final of
+      Left err -> throwIO $ Thrift.BadQuery $
+        Text.pack $ show $ "query lint:" <+> err
+      Right () -> return ()
+
   return (final, qiReturnType typechecked, preds)
   where
   ifDebug = when (queryDebug debug) . hPutStrLn stderr

glean/hs/Glean/RTS/Types.hs

@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ eqType version a b = case (a,b) of
   (NatTy, NatTy) -> True
   (StringTy, StringTy) -> True
   (ArrayTy a, ArrayTy b) -> eqType version a b
+  (SetTy a, SetTy b) -> eqType version a b
   (RecordTy as, RecordTy bs) ->
     let isTuple = all (Text.isInfixOf "tuplefield"  . fieldDefName)
         -- previous to version 7 records were always compared structurally