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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Web Access Control</title>
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<main>
<article about="" typeof="schema:Article">
<div class="head">
<h1 property="schema:name">Web Access Control</h1>
<p id="w3c-state"><a href="https://www.w3.org/standards/types/#reports" rel="rdf:type">Draft Community Group Report</a>, <time datetime="2024-05-12T00:00:00Z">12 May 2024</time></p>
<details open="">
<summary>More details about this document</summary>
<dl id="document-identifier">
<dt>This version</dt>
<dd><a href="https://solidproject.org/TR/2024/wac-20240512" rel="owl:sameAs mem:memento">https://solidproject.org/TR/2024/wac-20240512</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-latest-published-version">
<dt>Latest published version</dt>
<dd><a href="https://solidproject.org/TR/wac" rel="rel:latest-version">https://solidproject.org/TR/wac</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-previous-version">
<dt>Previous version</dt>
<dd><a href="https://solidproject.org/TR/2022/wac-20220705" rel="rel:predecessor-version">https://solidproject.org/TR/2022/wac-20220705</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-editors-draft">
<dt>Editor’s draft</dt>
<dd><a href="https://solid.github.io/web-access-control-spec/" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">https://solid.github.io/web-access-control-spec/</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-history">
<dt>History</dt>
<dd><a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/commits/main/index.html">Commit history</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-timemap">
<dt>TimeMap</dt>
<dd><a href="https://solidproject.org/TR/wac.timemap" rel="mem:timemap">https://solidproject.org/TR/wac.timemap</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-editors">
<dt>Editors</dt>
<dd id="Sarven-Capadisli"><span about="" rel="schema:creator schema:editor"><span about="https://csarven.ca/#i" typeof="schema:Person"><a href="https://csarven.ca/" rel="schema:url"><span about="https://csarven.ca/#i" property="schema:name"><span property="schema:givenName">Sarven</span> <span property="schema:familyName">Capadisli</span></span></a></span></span></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-authors">
<dt>Authors</dt>
<dd id="Tim-Berners-Lee"><span about="" rel="schema:author"><span about="https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#i" typeof="schema:Person"><a href="https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/" rel="schema:url"><span about="https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#i" property="schema:name"><span property="schema:givenName">Tim</span> <span property="schema:familyName">Berners-Lee</span></span></a></span></span></dd>
<dd id="Henry-Story"><span about="" rel="schema:author"><span about="https://bblfish.net/profile/card#me" typeof="schema:Person"><a href="https://bblfish.net/" rel="schema:url"><span about="https://bblfish.net/profile/card#me" property="schema:name"><span property="schema:givenName">Henry</span> <span property="schema:familyName">Story</span></span></a></span></span></dd>
<dd><a about="" href="https://csarven.ca/" rel="schema:author" resource="https://csarven.ca/#i">Sarven Capadisli</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-created">
<dt>Created</dt>
<dd><time content="2021-03-29T00:00:00Z" datatype="xsd:dateTime" datetime="2021-03-29T00:00:00Z" property="schema:dateCreated">2021-03-29</time></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-published">
<dt>Published</dt>
<dd><time content="2021-07-11T00:00:00Z" datatype="xsd:dateTime" datetime="2021-07-11T00:00:00Z" property="schema:datePublished">2021-07-11</time></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-modified">
<dt>Modified</dt>
<dd><time content="2024-05-12T00:00:00Z" datatype="xsd:dateTime" datetime="2024-05-12T00:00:00Z" property="schema:dateModified">2024-05-12</time></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-feedback">
<dt>Feedback</dt>
<dd><a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec" rel="doap:repository">GitHub solid/web-access-control-spec</a> (<a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/pulls">pull requests</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/new">new issue</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues" rel="doap:bug-database">open issues</a>)</dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-derived-from">
<dt>Derived From</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li><cite><a data-versiondate="2021-06-16T12:49:59Z" data-versionurl="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616124959/https://www.w3.org/wiki/WebAccessControl" href="https://www.w3.org/wiki/WebAccessControl" rel="prov:wasDerivedFrom">WebAccessControl</a></cite></li>
<li><cite><a data-versiondate="2021-06-16T12:53:07Z" data-versionurl="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616125307/https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/blob/65034fd0fa1f270aff32af56cb59fd8949f64591/README.md" href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/blob/65034fd0fa1f270aff32af56cb59fd8949f64591/README.md" rel="prov:wasDerivedFrom">solid/web-access-control-spec</a></cite></li>
<li><cite><a data-versiondate="2021-06-16T13:01:41Z" data-versionurl="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616130141/https://solidproject.org/TR/protocol" href="https://solidproject.org/TR/protocol" rel="prov:wasDerivedFrom">Solid Protocol</a></cite></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-language">
<dt>Language</dt>
<dd><span content="en" lang="" property="dcterms:language" xml:lang="">English</span></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-type">
<dt>Document Type</dt>
<dd><a href="http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#Specification" rel="rdf:type">Specification</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-version">
<dt>Version</dt>
<dd><span lang="" property="schema:version" xml:lang="">1.0.0</span></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-in-reply-to">
<dt>In Reply To</dt>
<dd><a href="https://solidproject.org/about" rel="as:inReplyTo">About Solid</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-policy">
<dt>Policy</dt>
<dd>
<dl id="document-policy-offer" rel="odrl:hasPolicy" resource="#document-policy-offer" typeof="odrl:Policy">
<dt>Rule</dt>
<dd><a about="#document-policy-offer" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-Offer" typeof="odrl:Offer">Offer</a></dd>
<dt>Unique Identifier</dt>
<dd><a href="https://solidproject.org/TR/wac#document-policy-offer" rel="odrl:uid">https://solidproject.org/TR/wac#document-policy-offer</a></dd>
<dt>Target</dt>
<dd><a href="https://solidproject.org/TR/wac" rel="odrl:target">https://solidproject.org/TR/wac</a></dd>
<dt>Permission</dt>
<dd>
<dl id="document-permission" rel="odrl:permission" resource="#document-permission" typeof="odrl:Permission">
<dt>Assigner</dt>
<dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/groups/cg/solid/" rel="odrl:assigner">W3C Solid Community Group</a></dd>
<dt>Action</dt>
<dd>
<ul rel="odrl:action">
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-aggregate" resource="odrl:aggregate">Aggregate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-archive" resource="odrl:archive">Archive</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-concurrentUse" resource="odrl:concurrentUse">Concurrent Use</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-DerivativeWorks" resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#DerivativeWorks">Derivative Works</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-derive" resource="odrl:derive">Derive</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-digitize" resource="odrl:digitize">Digitize</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-display" resource="odrl:display">Display</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-Distribution" resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Distribution">Distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-index" resource="odrl:index">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-inform" resource="odrl:inform">Inform</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-install" resource="odrl:install">Install</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-Notice" resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Notice">Notice</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-present" resource="odrl:present">Present</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-print" resource="odrl:print">Print</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-read" resource="odrl:read">Read</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-reproduce" resource="odrl:reproduce">Reproduce</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-Reproduction" resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Reproduction">Reproduction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-stream" resource="odrl:stream">Stream</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-synchronize" resource="odrl:synchronize">Synchronize</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-textToSpeech" resource="odrl:textToSpeech">Text-to-speech</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-transform" resource="odrl:transform">Transform</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-vocab/#term-translate" resource="odrl:translate">Translate</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</details>
<p class="copyright" rel="dcterms:rights" resource="#document-rights"><span property="dcterms:description"><a href="https://www.w3.org/policies/#copyright">Copyright</a> © 2021–2024 the Contributors to Web Access Control, Version 1.0.0, published by the <a about="" href="https://www.w3.org/groups/cg/solid/" rel="schema:publisher"><span property="schema:name">Solid Community Group</span></a> under the <a about="" href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/cla/" rel="schema:license">W3C Community Contributor License Agreement (CLA)</a>. A human-readable <a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/cla-deed/">summary</a> is available.</span></p>
<hr title="Separator for header" />
</div>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" id="content" property="schema:description">
<section id="abstract"><a class="self-link" href="#abstract"></a>
<h2>Abstract</h2>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:abstract">
<p>Web Access Control (<abbr title="Web Access Control">WAC</abbr>) is a decentralized cross-domain access control system providing a way for Linked Data systems to set authorization conditions on HTTP resources using the Access Control List (<abbr title="Access Control List">ACL</abbr>) model.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="sotd" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#sotd"><a class="self-link" href="#sotd"></a>
<h2 property="schema:name">Status of This Document</h2>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>This report was published by the <a href="https://www.w3.org/groups/cg/solid/">Solid Community Group</a>. It is not a W3C Standard nor is it on the W3C Standards Track. Please note that under the <a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/cla/">W3C Community Contributor License Agreement (CLA)</a> there is a limited opt-out and other conditions apply. Learn more about <a href="https://www.w3.org/community/">W3C Community and Business Groups</a>.</p>
</div>
</section>
<nav id="toc">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<div>
<ol class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#abstract"><bdi class="secno"></bdi> <span>Abstract</span></a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#sotd"><bdi class="secno"></bdi> <span>Status of This Document</span></a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#introduction"><bdi class="secno">1.</bdi> <span>Introduction</span></a>
<ol>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#terminology"><bdi class="secno">1.1</bdi> <span>Terminology</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#namespaces"><bdi class="secno">1.2</bdi> <span>Namespaces</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#conformance"><bdi class="secno">1.3</bdi> <span>Conformance</span></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#http-interactions"><bdi class="secno">2.</bdi> <span>HTTP Interactions</span></a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#acl-resources"><bdi class="secno">3.</bdi> <span>ACL Resources</span></a>
<ol>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#acl-resource-discovery"><bdi class="secno">3.1</bdi> <span>ACL Resource Discovery</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#acl-resource-representation"><bdi class="secno">3.2</bdi> <span>ACL Resource Representation</span></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#authorization-rule"><bdi class="secno">4.</bdi> <span>Authorization Rule</span></a>
<ol>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#access-objects"><bdi class="secno">4.1</bdi> <span>Access Objects</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#access-modes"><bdi class="secno">4.2</bdi> <span>Access Modes</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#access-subjects"><bdi class="secno">4.3</bdi> <span>Access Subjects</span></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#authorization-process"><bdi class="secno">5.</bdi> <span>Authorization Process</span></a>
<ol>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#effective-acl-resource"><bdi class="secno">5.1</bdi> <span>Effective ACL Resource</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#authorization-conformance"><bdi class="secno">5.2</bdi> <span>Authorization Conformance</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#authorization-evaluation"><bdi class="secno">5.3</bdi> <span>Authorization Evaluation</span></a>
<ol>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#reading-writing-resources"><bdi class="secno">5.3.1</bdi> <span>Reading and Writing Resources</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#web-origin-authorization"><bdi class="secno">5.3.2</bdi> <span>Web Origin Authorization</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#authorization-matching"><bdi class="secno">5.3.3</bdi> <span>Authorization Matching</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#access-privileges"><bdi class="secno">5.3.4</bdi> <span>Access Privileges</span></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#http-definitions"><bdi class="secno">6.</bdi> <span>HTTP Definitions</span></a>
<ol>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#wac-allow"><bdi class="secno">6.1</bdi> <span>wac-allow HTTP Header</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#acl-link-relation"><bdi class="secno">6.2</bdi> <span>acl Link Relation</span></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#extensions"><bdi class="secno">7.</bdi> <span>Extensions</span></a>
<ol>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#authorization-extensions"><bdi class="secno">7.1</bdi> <span>Authorization Extensions</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#access-mode-extensions"><bdi class="secno">7.2</bdi> <span>Access Mode Extensions</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#permission-inheritance-extensions"><bdi class="secno">7.3</bdi> <span>Permission Inheritance Extensions</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#distinct-effective-acl-resource-extensions"><bdi class="secno">7.4</bdi> <span>Distinct Effective ACL Resource Extensions</span></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#considerations"><bdi class="secno">8.</bdi> <span>Considerations</span></a>
<ol>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#security-considerations"><bdi class="secno">8.1</bdi> <span>Security Considerations</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#privacy-considerations"><bdi class="secno">8.2</bdi> <span>Privacy Considerations</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#accessibility-considerations"><bdi class="secno">8.3</bdi> <span>Accessibility Considerations</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#internationalization-considerations"><bdi class="secno">8.4</bdi> <span>Internationalization Considerations</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#security-privacy-review"><bdi class="secno">8.5</bdi> <span>Security and Privacy Review</span></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#changelog"><bdi class="secno">A.</bdi> <span>Change Log</span></a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#acknowledgements"><bdi class="secno">B.</bdi> <span>Acknowledgements</span></a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a class="tocxref" href="#references"><bdi class="secno">C.</bdi> <span>References</span></a>
<ol>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#normative-references"><bdi class="secno">C.1</bdi> <span>Normative References</span></a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#informative-references"><bdi class="secno">C.2</bdi> <span>Informative References</span></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</nav>
<section id="introduction" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#introduction"><a class="self-link" href="#introduction"></a>
<h2 about="#introduction" property="schema:name" typeof="deo:Introduction">Introduction</h2>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
<p id="motivation" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#motivation" typeof="deo:Motivation"><a class="self-link" href="#motivation"></a><span datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">Unauthorized access or modification of Web resources could lead to unintended loss, damage or disclosure of data. To support read-write operations within the framework of HTTP, mechanisms for expressing and application of authorization conditions are needed to meet the social requirements of decentralised applications.</span></p>
<p><dfn id="wac"><a class="self-link" href="#wac"></a>Web Access Control</dfn> (<abbr title="Web Access Control">WAC</abbr>) is a decentralized cross-domain access control system providing a way for Linked Data systems to set authorization conditions on HTTP resources using the <dfn id="acl"><a class="self-link" href="#acl"></a>Access Control List</dfn> (<abbr title="Access Control List">ACL</abbr>) model.</p>
<p id="wac-overview" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#wac-overview"><a class="self-link" href="#wac-overview"></a><span datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">The WAC specification describes how to enable applications to discover <a href="#authorization">Authorizations</a> associated with a given <a href="#resource">resource</a>, and to control such rules, as directed by an agent. Server manages the association between a resource and an <a href="#acl-resource">ACL resource</a>, and applies the authorization conditions on requested operations. Authorizations are described using the <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/auth/acl" rel="cito:citesAsAuthority">ACL ontology</a></cite> to express and determine access privileges of a requested resource. Any kind of access can be given to a resource as per the ACL ontology. This specification uses the <a href="#access-mode">access modes</a> currently defined by the ACL ontology, such as the class of operations to read, write, append and control resources. An Authorization can allow public access to resources or place the requirement for authenticated <a href="#agent">agents</a>. Resources and agents can be on different origins.</span></p>
<div class="note" id="specification-orthogonality" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#specification-orthogonality"><a class="self-link" href="#specification-orthogonality"></a>
<h4 property="schema:name"><span>Note</span>: Specification Orthogonality</h4>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>This specification does not specify mechanisms for authentication or methods to verify assertions. It is assumed that systems using WAC have the ability to apply authentication and verification techniques when desired.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>The access control system can be enhanced by adding more inference or expressivity to express social constraints. See the <cite><a href="#extensions" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Extensions</a></cite> section.</p>
<p>This specification is for:</p>
<ul about="" rel="schema:audience">
<li><a href="http://data.europa.eu/esco/occupation/a7c1d23d-aeca-4bee-9a08-5993ed98b135">Resource server developers</a> and <a href="http://data.europa.eu/esco/occupation/a44a1dc5-be08-4840-8bd5-770c4ac1ca6d">security technicians</a> who want to enable agents to obtain and control access to resources;</li>
<li><a href="http://data.europa.eu/esco/occupation/c40a2919-48a9-40ea-b506-1f34f693496d">Application developers</a> who want to implement a client to obtain and control access to resources.</li>
</ul>
<section id="terminology" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#terminology" typeof="skos:ConceptScheme"><a class="self-link" href="#terminology"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name skos:prefLabel">Terminology</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
<p property="skos:definition">The WAC specification defines the following terms. These terms are referenced throughout this specification.</p>
<span rel="skos:hasTopConcept"><span resource="#uri"></span><span resource="#resource"></span><span resource="#container-resource"></span><span resource="#root-container"></span><span resource="#acl-resource"></span><span resource="#authorization"></span><span resource="#access-mode"></span><span resource="#agent"></span><span resource="#agent-group"></span><span resource="#agent-class"></span><span resource="#origin"></span></span>
<dl>
<dt about="#uri" property="skos:prefLabel" typeof="skos:Concept"><dfn id="uri"><a class="self-link" href="#uri"></a>URI</dfn></dt>
<dd about="#uri" property="skos:definition">A <dfn>Uniform Resource Identifier</dfn> (<abbr title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</abbr>) provides the means for identifying resources [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-rfc3986">RFC3986</a></cite>].</dd>
<dt about="#resource" property="skos:prefLabel" typeof="skos:Concept"><dfn id="resource"><a class="self-link" href="#resource"></a>resource</dfn></dt>
<dd about="#resource" property="skos:definition">A resource is the target of an HTTP request identified by a URI [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-rfc9110">RFC9110</a></cite>].</dd>
<dt about="#container-resource" property="skos:prefLabel" typeof="skos:Concept"><dfn id="container-resource"><a class="self-link" href="#container-resource"></a>container resource</dfn></dt>
<dd about="#container-resource" property="skos:definition">A container resource is a hierarchical collection of resources that contains other resources, including containers.</dd>
<dt about="#root-container" property="skos:prefLabel" typeof="skos:Concept"><dfn id="root-container"><a class="self-link" href="#root-container"></a>root container</dfn></dt>
<dd about="#root-container" property="skos:definition">A root container is a container resource that is at the highest level of the collection hierarchy.</dd>
<dt about="#acl-resource" property="skos:prefLabel" typeof="skos:Concept"><dfn id="acl-resource"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-resource"></a>ACL resource</dfn></dt>
<dd about="#acl-resource" property="skos:definition">An ACL resource is represented by an <em>RDF document</em> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-rdf11-concepts">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>] that includes <a href="#authorization">Authorizations</a> determining access to resources.</dd>
<dt about="#authorization" property="skos:prefLabel" typeof="skos:Concept"><dfn id="authorization"><a class="self-link" href="#authorization"></a>Authorization</dfn></dt>
<dd about="#authorization" property="skos:definition">An Authorization is an abstract thing which is identified by a URI and whose properties are defined in an <a href="#acl-resource">ACL resource</a>, e.g., <a href="#access-mode">access modes</a> granted to <a href="#agent">agents</a> the ability to perform operations on <a href="#resource">resources</a>.</dd>
<dt about="#access-mode" property="skos:prefLabel" typeof="skos:Concept"><dfn id="access-mode"><a class="self-link" href="#access-mode"></a>access mode</dfn></dt>
<dd about="#access-mode" property="skos:definition">An access mode is a class of operations that can be performed on one or more resources.</dd>
<dt about="#agent" property="skos:prefLabel" typeof="skos:Concept"><dfn id="agent"><a class="self-link" href="#agent"></a>agent</dfn></dt>
<dd about="#agent" property="skos:definition">An agent is a person, social entity or software identified by a URI, e.g., a WebID denotes an agent [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-webid">WEBID</a></cite>].</dd>
<dt about="#agent-group" property="skos:prefLabel" typeof="skos:Concept"><dfn id="agent-group"><a class="self-link" href="#agent-group"></a>agent group</dfn></dt>
<dd about="#agent-group" property="skos:definition">An agent group is a group of persons or entities identified by a URI.</dd>
<dt about="#agent-class" property="skos:prefLabel" typeof="skos:Concept"><dfn id="agent-class"><a class="self-link" href="#agent-class"></a>agent class</dfn></dt>
<dd about="#agent-class" property="skos:definition">An agent class is a class of persons or entities identified by a URI.</dd>
<dt about="#origin" property="skos:prefLabel" typeof="skos:Concept"><dfn id="origin"><a class="self-link" href="#origin"></a>origin</dfn></dt>
<dd about="#origin" property="skos:definition">An origin indicates where an HTTP request originates from [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-rfc6454">RFC6454</a></cite>].</dd>
</dl>
<p>In addition to the terminology above, this specification also uses terminology from the [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-infra">INFRA</a></cite>] specification. When INFRA terminology is used, such as <a href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#strings">string</a> and <a href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#booleans">boolean</a>, it is linked directly to that specification.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="namespaces" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#namespaces"><a class="self-link" href="#namespaces"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name">Namespaces</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<table>
<caption>Prefixes and Namespaces</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Prefix</th>
<th>Namespace</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>rdf</code></td>
<td>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#</td>
<td>[<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-rdf-schema">RDF-SCHEMA</a></cite>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>acl</code></td>
<td>http://www.w3.org/ns/auth/acl#</td>
<td>ACL ontology</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>foaf</code></td>
<td>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/</td>
<td>[<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-foaf">FOAF</a></cite>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>vcard</code></td>
<td>http://www.w3.org/2006/vcard/ns#</td>
<td>[<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-vcard-rdf">VCARD-RDF</a></cite>]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</section>
<section id="conformance" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#conformance"><a class="self-link" href="#conformance"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name">Conformance</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>All assertions, diagrams, examples, and notes are non-normative, as are all sections explicitly marked non-normative. Everything else is normative.</p>
<p>The key words “MUST” and “MUST NOT” are to be interpreted as described in <cite><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp14" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">BCP 14</a></cite> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-rfc2119">RFC2119</a></cite>] [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-rfc8174">RFC8174</a></cite>] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.</p>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</section>
<section id="http-interactions" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#http-interactions"><a class="self-link" href="#http-interactions"></a>
<h2 property="schema:name">HTTP Interactions</h2>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
<p>Clients who want to perform read-write operations on <a href="#acl-resource">ACL resources</a> with respect to <a href="#authorization">Authorizations</a> which are stored on a server can do so within the framework of HTTP. This specification does not describe the HTTP interaction to read-write resources. It is assumed that servers have a mapping to handle HTTP requests and the required Authorizations to grant operations on resources. Implementations are strongly encouraged to use existing approaches that provide an extension of the rules of <cite><a class="bibref" href="https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData" rel="cito:citesAsAuthority">Linked Data</a></cite>, e.g., [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-solid-protocol">SOLID-PROTOCOL</a></cite>], [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-ldp">LDP</a></cite>], [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-activitypub">ACTIVITYPUB</a></cite>].</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="acl-resources" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#acl-resources"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-resources"></a>
<h2 property="schema:name">ACL Resources</h2>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>This section describes ACL resource <a href="#acl-resource-discovery" rel="cito:discusses">discovery</a> and <a href="#acl-resource-representation" rel="cito:discusses">representation</a>.</p>
<section id="acl-resource-discovery" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#acl-resource-discovery"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-resource-discovery"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name">ACL Resource Discovery</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p about="" id="server-link-acl" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#server-link-acl"><a class="self-link" href="#server-link-acl"></a><span property="spec:statement">When a server wants to enable applications to discover <a href="#authorization">Authorizations</a> associated with a given <a href="#resource">resource</a>, the <span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Server">server</span> <span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUST">MUST</span> advertise the <a href="#acl-resource">ACL resource</a> that is associated with a resource by responding to an HTTP request including a <code>Link</code> header with the <code>rel</code> value of <code>acl</code> (<cite><a href="#acl-link-relation" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">acl Link Relation</a></cite>) and the ACL resource as link target [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-rfc8288">RFC8288</a></cite>].</span></p>
<p>ACL Resource Discovery is used towards determining the <cite><a href="#effective-acl-resource" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Effective ACL Resource</a></cite> of a resource.</p>
<p about="" id="server-resource-acl-max" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#server-resource-acl-max"><a class="self-link" href="#server-resource-acl-max"></a><span property="spec:statement"><span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Server">Servers</span> <span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUSTNOT">MUST NOT</span> directly associate more than one ACL resource to a resource.</span></p>
<p about="" id="client-link-acl" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#client-link-acl"><a class="self-link" href="#client-link-acl"></a><span property="spec:statement"><span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Client">Clients</span> <span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUST">MUST</span> discover the ACL resource associated with a resource by making an HTTP request on the target URL, and checking the HTTP <code>Link</code> header with the <code>rel</code> parameter.</span></p>
<div class="note" id="acl-resource-uri-security" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#uri-security"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-resource-uri-security"></a>
<h4 property="schema:name"><span>Note</span>: ACL Resource URI Security</h4>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>The URI of an ACL resource does not in itself pose a security threat ([<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-rfc3986">RFC3986</a></cite>] security considerations). This specification does not constrain the discoverability of ACL resources.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="note" id="uri-origin" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#uri-origin"><a class="self-link" href="#uri-origin"></a>
<h4 property="schema:name"><span>Note</span>: URI Origin</h4>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>The resource and the associated ACL resource can be on different origins [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-rfc6454">RFC6454</a></cite>].</p>
</div>
</div>
<p about="" id="client-acl-uri" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#client-acl-uri"><a class="self-link" href="#client-acl-uri"></a><span property="spec:statement"><span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Client">Clients</span> <span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUSTNOT">MUST NOT</span> derive the URI of the ACL resource through string operations on the URI of the resource.</span></p>
<p class="advisement">Source: <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/8" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/8</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/62" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/62</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/131" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/131</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/176" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/176</a></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="acl-resource-representation" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#acl-resource-representation"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-resource-representation"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name">ACL Resource Representation</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>An ACL resource is an <em>RDF document</em> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-rdf11-concepts">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>] that can hold any information, typically comprises an unordered set of <a href="#authorization">Authorizations</a>, any of which could permit an attempted access.</p>
<p about="" id="server-get-acl-turtle" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#server-get-acl-turtle"><a class="self-link" href="#server-get-acl-turtle"></a><span property="spec:statement"><span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Server">Servers</span> <span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUST">MUST</span> accept an HTTP <code>GET</code> and <code>HEAD</code> request targeting an ACL resource when the value of the <code>Accept</code> header requests a representation in <code>text/turtle</code> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-turtle">TURTLE</a></cite>].</span></p>
<p about="" id="server-acl-without-representation" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#server-acl-without-representation"><a class="self-link" href="#server-acl-without-representation"></a><span property="spec:statement"><span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Server">Servers</span> who want a resource to inherit Authorizations (<cite><a href="#effective-acl-resource" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Effective ACL Resource</a></cite>) from a container resource <span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUSTNOT">MUST NOT</span> have a representation for the ACL resource that is associated with the resource.</span></p>
<p about="" id="server-get-acl-without-representation" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#server-get-acl-without-representation"><a class="self-link" href="#server-get-acl-without-representation"></a><span property="spec:statement">When an authorized HTTP <code>GET</code> or <code>HEAD</code> request targets an ACL resource without an existing representation, the <span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Server">server</span> <span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUST">MUST</span> respond with the <code>404</code> status code as per [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-rfc9110">RFC9110</a></cite>].</span></p>
<p about="" id="server-root-container-acl" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#server-root-container-acl"><a class="self-link" href="#server-root-container-acl"></a><span property="spec:statement">When an authorized HTTP <code>GET</code> or <code>HEAD</code> request targets <a href="#root-container">root container</a>’s ACL resource, the <span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Server">server</span> <span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUST">MUST</span> respond with a representation.</span></p>
<p about="" id="server-root-container-acl-authorization-control" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#server-root-container-acl-authorization-control"><a class="self-link" href="#server-root-container-acl-authorization-control"></a><span property="spec:statement">The ACL resource of the root container <span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Server"></span><span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUST">MUST</span> include an Authorization allowing the <code>acl:Control</code> access privilege (<cite><a href="#acl-mode-control" rel="rdfs:seeAlso"><code>acl:Control</code></a></cite> access mode).</span></p>
<p class="advisement">Source: <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/45" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/45</a></p>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</section>
<section id="authorization-rule" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#authorization-rule"><a class="self-link" href="#authorization-rule"></a>
<h2 property="schema:name">Authorization Rule</h2>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p><a href="#authorization">Authorization</a> (instance of <code>acl:Authorization</code>) is the most fundamental unit of access control describing access permissions granting to agents the ability to perform operations on resources. Authorizations are described with RDF statements and can express any information. This section describes the following characteristics of an Authorization: <a href="#access-objects" rel="cito:discusses">access objects</a> to specify what can be accessed, <a href="#access-modes" rel="cito:discusses">access modes</a> to specify permissions, and <a href="#access-subjects" rel="cito:discusses">access subjects</a> to specify who can access the objects. See the <cite><a href="#authorization-conformance" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Authorization Conformance</a></cite> section for applicable Authorizations towards <cite><a href="#authorization-evaluation" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Authorization Evaluation</a></cite>.</p>
<section id="access-objects" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#access-objects"><a class="self-link" href="#access-objects"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name">Access Objects</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p id="acl-accessto"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-accessto"></a>The <code>acl:accessTo</code> predicate denotes the resource to which access is being granted.</p>
<p id="acl-default"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-default"></a>The <code>acl:default</code> predicate denotes the container resource whose Authorization can be applied to a resource lower in the collection hierarchy.</p>
<p>Inheriting Authorizations from the most significant container’s ACL resource is useful to avoid individually managing an ACL resource for each resource, as well as to define access control for resources that do not exist yet.</p>
<p class="advisement">Source: <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/59" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/59</a></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="access-modes" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#access-modes"><a class="self-link" href="#access-modes"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name">Access Modes</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>The <a href="#access-mode">access modes</a> described in this section are defined in the <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/auth/acl" rel="cito:citesAsAuthority">ACL ontology</a></cite>, such as the class of operations to read, write, append and control resources. The requirements for new access modes is explained in the <cite><a href="#access-mode-extensions" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Access Mode Extensions</a></cite> section.</p>
<p id="acl-mode"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-mode"></a>The <code>acl:mode</code> predicate denotes a class of operations that the agents can perform on a resource.</p>
<a class="self-link" href="#acl-access-modes"></a>
<dl id="acl-access-modes">
<dt id="acl-mode-read"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-mode-read"></a><code>acl:Read</code></dt>
<dd>Allows access to a class of read operations on a resource, e.g., to view the contents of a resource on HTTP <code>GET</code> requests.</dd>
<dt id="acl-mode-write"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-mode-write"></a><code>acl:Write</code></dt>
<dd>Allows access to a class of write operations on a resource, e.g., to create, delete or modify resources on HTTP <code>PUT</code>, <code>POST</code>, <code>PATCH</code>, <code>DELETE</code> requests.</dd>
<dt id="acl-mode-append"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-mode-append"></a><code>acl:Append</code></dt>
<dd>Allows access to a class of append operations on a resource, e.g., to add information, but not remove, information on HTTP <code>POST</code>, <code>PATCH</code> requests.</dd>
<dt id="acl-mode-control"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-mode-control"></a><code>acl:Control</code></dt>
<dd>Allows access to a class of read and write operations on an ACL resource associated with a resource.</dd>
</dl>
<div class="note" id="access-mode-classes" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#access-mode-classes"><a class="self-link" href="#access-mode-classes"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name"><span>Note</span>: Access Mode Classes</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p><code>acl:Access</code> is a superclass where specific access modes (entailing a class of operations) can be subclassed. It is not intended to be used for setting or matching access privileges.</p>
<p><code>acl:Append</code> is a subclass of <code>acl:Write</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="note" id="uri-ownership" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#uri-ownership"><a class="self-link" href="#uri-ownership"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name"><span>Note</span>: URI Ownership</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p><q>URI ownership</q>, as per <cite><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/#uri-ownership" rel="cito:citesAsAuthority">Architecture of the World Wide Web</a></cite> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-webarch">WEBARCH</a></cite>], is outside the scope of this specification, and thus cannot be changed by modifying Authorizations.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="note" id="loss-of-control-mitigation" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#loss-of-control-mitigation"><a class="self-link" href="#loss-of-control-mitigation"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name"><span>Note</span>: Loss of Control Mitigation</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>It is assumed that systems using WAC have mechanisms to mitigate loss of control of the resources, such as by ensuring valid ACL resources and Authorizations, by providing administrative functions on the storage, or by implicitly granting control over all resources in a storage to owners.</p>
<p class="advisement">Source: <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/67" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/67</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/153" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/153</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/pull/264" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">pull/264</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="advisement">Source: <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/33" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/33</a></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="access-subjects" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#access-subjects"><a class="self-link" href="#access-subjects"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name">Access Subjects</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>The ability of a <em>subject</em> to access a resource can be granted to identifiable agents, a class of agents, a group of agents, or an origin.</p>
<p id="acl-agent"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-agent"></a>The <code>acl:agent</code> predicate denotes an <a href="#agent">agent</a> being given the access permission.</p>
<p id="acl-agentclass"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-agentclass"></a>The <code>acl:agentClass</code> predicate denotes a <a href="#agent-class">class of agents</a> being given the access permission.</p>
<p>Two agent classes are defined here:</p>
<dl>
<dt id="acl-agentclass-foaf-agent"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-agentclass-foaf-agent"></a><code>foaf:Agent</code></dt>
<dd>Allows access to any agent, i.e., the public.</dd>
<dt id="acl-agentclass-authenticated-agent"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-agentclass-authenticated-agent"></a><code>acl:AuthenticatedAgent</code></dt>
<dd>Allows access to any authenticated agent.</dd>
</dl>
<p id="acl-agentgroup"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-agentgroup"></a>The <code>acl:agentGroup</code> predicate denotes a <a href="#agent-group">group of agents</a> being given the access permission. The object of an <code>acl:agentGroup</code> statement is an instance of <code>vcard:Group</code>, where the members of the group are specified with the <code>vcard:hasMember</code> predicate.</p>
<p id="acl-origin"><a class="self-link" href="#acl-origin"></a>The <code>acl:origin</code> predicate denotes the <a href="#origin">origin</a> of an HTTP request that is being given the access permission.</p>
<div class="note" id="subject-verification" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#subject-verification"><a class="self-link" href="#subject-verification"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name"><span>Note</span>: Subject Verification</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>Servers might accept different authentication protocols as well as credential verification methods.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="note" id="origin-considerations" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#origin-considerations"><a class="self-link" href="#origin-considerations"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name"><span>Note</span>: Origin Considerations</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>Typical Web browsers use origin based security. While it has many limitations, it is however ubiquitous.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="issue" id="client-identification" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#client-identification"><a class="self-link" href="#client-identification"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name"><span>Issue</span>: Client Identification</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>Distinguishing social entities and clients: <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/81" rel="cito:citesAsRelated">issues/81</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="advisement">Source: <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/34" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/34</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/32" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/32</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/59">issues/59</a></p>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</section>
<section id="authorization-process" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#authorization-process"><a class="self-link" href="#authorization-process"></a>
<h2 property="schema:name">Authorization Process</h2>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>This section describes how implementations can determine the <a href="#effective-acl-resource" rel="cito:discusses">effective ACL resource</a> of a resource and hence which set of <a href="#authorization-conformance" rel="cito:discusses">conforming authorizations</a> to use.</p>
<p>Servers process access requests by <a href="#authorization-evaluation" rel="cito:discusses">evaluating the Authorizations</a> associated with referenced resources in order to determine whether the necessary access permissions are granted for a particular request.</p>
<section id="effective-acl-resource" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#effective-acl-resource"><a class="self-link" href="#effective-acl-resource"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name">Effective ACL Resource</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>Servers enforce the effective ACL resource of a resource, whereas clients determine the effective ACL resource of a resource to perform control operations.</p>
<p id="effective-acl-resource-with-representation"><a class="self-link" href="#effective-acl-resource-with-representation"></a>When an ACL resource associated with a resource has a representation (<cite><a href="#acl-resource-representation" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">ACL Resource Representation</a></cite>), it is the <em>effective ACL resource</em> of the requested resource.</p>
<p id="effective-acl-resource-without-representation"><a class="self-link" href="#effective-acl-resource-without-representation"></a>When an ACL resource associated with a resource does not have a representation (<cite><a href="#acl-resource-representation" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">ACL Resource Representation</a></cite>), no Authorizations can be immediately checked against the requested resource. In this case, a container resource’s ACL resource might apply on every access to a member resource, in specifying Authorizations for the requested resource.</p>
<p id="effective-acl-resource-container-hierarchy"><a class="self-link" href="#effective-acl-resource-container-hierarchy"></a>WAC has the property of being recursive with respect to container hierarchy, meaning that a member resource inherits Authorizations from the closest container resource (heading towards the root container).</p>
<a class="self-link" href="#effective-acl-resource-algorithm"></a>
<dl id="effective-acl-resource-algorithm" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#effective-acl-resource-algorithm">
<dt property="schema:name">Effective ACL Resource Algorithm</dt>
<dd datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>To determine the <em>effective ACL resource</em> of a resource, perform the following steps. Returns <a href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#strings">string</a> (the URI of an ACL Resource).</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>Let <var>resource</var> be the <a href="#resource">resource</a>.</li>
<li>Let <var>aclResource</var> be the <a href="#acl-resource">ACL resource</a> of <var>resource</var>.</li>
<li>If <var>resource</var> has an associated <var>aclResource</var> with a representation, return <var>aclResource</var>.</li>
<li>Otherwise, repeat the steps using the <a href="#container-resource">container resource</a> of <var>resource</var>.</li>
</ol>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="note" id="effective-acl-resource-alternatives" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#effective-acl-resource-alternatives"><a class="self-link" href="#effective-acl-resource-alternatives"></a>
<h4 property="schema:name"><span>Note</span>: Effective ACL Resource Alternatives</h4>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>This specification does not constrain alternative methods to determine the effective ACL resource of a resource.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="advisement">Source: <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/55" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/55</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/106" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/106</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/130" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/130</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/257" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/257</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/251" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/251</a></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="authorization-conformance" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#authorization-conformance"><a class="self-link" href="#authorization-conformance"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name">Authorization Conformance</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>An applicable Authorization has the following properties:</p>
<ul>
<li>At least one <code>rdf:type</code> property whose object is <code>acl:Authorization</code>.</li>
<li>At least one <code>acl:accessTo</code> or <code>acl:default</code> property value (<cite><a href="#access-objects" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Access Objects</a></cite>).</li>
<li>At least one <code>acl:mode</code> property value (<cite><a href="#access-modes" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Access Modes</a></cite>).</li>
<li>At least one <code>acl:agent</code>, <code>acl:agentGroup</code>, <code>acl:agentClass</code> or <code>acl:origin</code> property value (<cite><a href="#access-subjects" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Access Subjects</a></cite>).</li>
</ul>
<p class="advisement">Source: <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/56" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/56</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/57" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/57</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/169" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/169</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/186" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/186</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/193" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/193</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/17" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/17</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/18" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/18</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/63" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/38</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/68" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/68</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/78" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/78</a>, <a href="https://github.com/fcrepo/fcrepo-specification/issues/145" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/145</a></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="authorization-evaluation" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#authorization-evaluation"><a class="self-link" href="#authorization-evaluation"></a>
<h3 property="schema:name">Authorization Evaluation</h3>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p id="authorization-evaluation-applicable"><a class="self-link" href="#authorization-evaluation-applicable"></a>The evaluation of an authorization is concerned with finding Authorizations that match the required parameters of an operation (<cite><a href="#authorization-conformance" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Authorization Conformance</a></cite>). Evaluation stops when all access permission requests have been granted by one or more Authorizations. Authorizations that do not match a required access permission have no effect on the outcome of the evaluation. Access is granted when conforming Authorizations are matched, otherwise access is denied.</p>
<p id="authorization-evaluation-context"><a class="self-link" href="#authorization-evaluation-context"></a>As per determining the <cite><a href="#effective-acl-resource" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Effective ACL Resource</a></cite> of a resource, an Authorization can be evaluated explicitly (via <code>acl:accessTo</code>) or inherited (via <code>acl:default</code>) against a particular request.</p>
<p id="authorization-evaluation-acl-mode-entailment"><a class="self-link" href="#authorization-evaluation-acl-mode-entailment"></a>When a request requires an access mode (<code>acl:mode</code>) which is a limitation of another access mode, then access is granted if either mode is allowed by an Authorization. For example, when a request requires <code>acl:Append</code>, then access will be granted to agents having <code>acl:Write</code>.</p>
<p id="authorization-evaluation-origin"><a class="self-link" href="#authorization-evaluation-origin"></a>The presence of the <code>acl:origin</code> property and its value is taken into account in the evaluation only when the HTTP request includes the <code>Origin</code> header (<cite><a href="#web-origin-authorization" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Web Origin Authorization</a></cite>). </p>
<section id="reading-writing-resources" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#reading-writing-resources"><a class="self-link" href="#reading-writing-resources"></a>
<h4 property="schema:name">Reading and Writing Resources</h4>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>Working alongside <cite><a href="#http-interactions" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">HTTP Interactions</a></cite>, WAC enables a standard set of operations which can be applied to different resource types for a given request based on the set of access modes which control those operations:</p>
<p id="http-crud"><a class="self-link" href="#http-crud"></a>Generally: read operations attempt to confirm the existence of a resource or to view the contents of a resource; write operations attempt to create, delete, or modify resources; append operations attempt to create resources or add information to existing resources; and control operations attempt to view, create, delete, or modify ACL resources.</p>
<p>As container resources and member resources are hierarchically organised, requests to perform operations on resources are in the context of the applicable container (<cite><a href="#effective-acl-resource" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Effective ACL Resource</a></cite>).</p>
<p about="" id="server-read-operation" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#server-read-operation"><a class="self-link" href="#server-read-operation"></a><span property="spec:statement">When an operation requests to read a resource, the <span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Server">server</span> <span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUST">MUST</span> match an Authorization allowing the <code>acl:Read</code> access privilege on the resource.</span></p>
<p about="" id="server-create-operation" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#server-create-operation"><a class="self-link" href="#server-create-operation"></a><span property="spec:statement">When an operation requests to create a resource as a member of a container resource, the <span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Server">server</span> <span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUST">MUST</span> match an Authorization allowing the <code>acl:Append</code> or <code>acl:Write</code> access privilege (as needed by the operation) on the resource to be created.</span></p>
<p about="" id="server-update-operation" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#server-update-operation"><a class="self-link" href="#server-update-operation"></a><span property="spec:statement">When an operation requests to update a resource, the <span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Server">server</span> <span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUST">MUST</span> match an Authorization allowing the <code>acl:Append</code> or <code>acl:Write</code> access privilege on the resource.</span></p>
<p about="" id="server-delete-operation" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#server-delete-operation"><a class="self-link" href="#server-delete-operation"></a><span property="spec:statement">When an operation requests to delete a resource, the <span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Server">server</span> <span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUST">MUST</span> match Authorizations allowing the <code>acl:Write</code> access privilege on the resource and the containing container.</span></p>
<div class="note" id="container-permissions" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#container-permissions"><a class="self-link" href="#container-permissions"></a>
<h5 property="schema:name"><span>Note</span>: Container Permissions</h5>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>When a server supports the creation of intermediate containers in the process of creating a resource, the server applies the same requirements for the create operation for each container.</p>
<p>When a server supports the recursive deletion of a container, the server applies the same requirements for the delete operation for each member resource.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="note" id="reinstated-resource-permissions" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#reinstated-resource-permissions"><a class="self-link" href="#reinstated-resource-permissions"></a>
<h5 property="schema:name"><span>Note</span>: Reinstated Resource Permissions</h5>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>Implementations might perform cleanup tasks such as deleting the ACL resource that is associated with a resource when the resource is deleted. As deleted resources can be replaced by new resources with the same URI, access permissions on the new resource can differ when the <cite><a href="#effective-acl-resource" rel="rdfs:seeAlso">Effective ACL Resource</a></cite> is determined.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p about="" id="server-control-operation" rel="spec:requirement" resource="#server-control-operation"><a class="self-link" href="#server-control-operation"></a><span property="spec:statement">When an operation requests to read and write an ACL resource, the <span rel="spec:requirementSubject" resource="spec:Server">server</span> <span rel="spec:requirementLevel" resource="spec:MUST">MUST</span> match an Authorization allowing the <code>acl:Control</code> access privilege on the resource.</span></p>
<div class="note" id="http-method-access-mode-mapping" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#http-method-access-mode-mapping"><a class="self-link" href="#http-method-access-mode-mapping"></a>
<h5 property="schema:name"><span>Note</span>: HTTP Method and Access Mode Mapping</h5>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p id="http-acl-resource"><a class="self-link" href="#http-acl-resource"></a>When the target of the HTTP request is the ACL resource, the operation can only be allowed with the <code>acl:Control</code> access mode. Having <code>acl:Control</code> does not imply that the agent has <code>acl:Read</code> or <code>acl:Write</code> access to the resource itself, just to its corresponding ACL resource. For example, an agent with control access can disable their own write access (to prevent accidental over-writing of a resource by an application), but be able to change their access levels at a later point (since they retain <code>acl:Control</code> access).</p>
<a class="self-link" href="#http-methods-access-modes"></a>
<dl id="http-methods-access-modes">
<dt id="http-get"><a class="self-link" href="#http-get"></a><code>GET</code></dt>
<dd>The HTTP <code>GET</code> method request targeting a resource can only be allowed with the <code>acl:Read</code> access mode.</dd>
<dt id="http-post"><a class="self-link" href="#http-post"></a><code>POST</code></dt>
<dd>The HTTP <code>POST</code> can be used to create a new resource in a container or add information to existing resources (but not remove resources or its contents) with either <code>acl:Append</code> or <code>acl:Write</code>.</dd>
<dt id="http-put"><a class="self-link" href="#http-put"></a><code>PUT</code></dt>
<dd>The HTTP <code>PUT</code> method requests to create or replace the resource state. <i>Creating</i> a new resource requires <code>acl:Append</code> and/or <code>acl:Write</code> access to the container as well as <code>acl:Write</code> access to the (new) resource. <i>Replacing</i> an existing resource requires only <code>acl:Write</code> access to the resource itself.</dd>
<dt id="http-patch"><a class="self-link" href="#http-patch"></a><code>PATCH</code></dt>
<dd>As the processing of HTTP <code>PATCH</code> method request depends on the request semantics and content, <code>acl:Append</code> can allow requests to <em>insert</em> but not <em>delete</em> operations, whereas <code>acl:Write</code> would allow both operations. To create a new resource, <code>acl:Append</code> or <code>acl:Write</code> access mode to the container is additionally required.</dd>
<dt id="http-delete"><a class="self-link" href="#http-delete"></a><code>DELETE</code></dt>
<dd>As the HTTP <code>DELETE</code> method requests to remove a resource, the <code>acl:Write</code> access mode would be required.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<p class="advisement">Source: <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/47" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/47</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/132" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/132</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/197" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/197</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/specification/issues/246" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/246</a>, <a href="https://github.com/solid/web-access-control-spec/issues/122" rel="cito:citesAsSourceDocument">issues/122</a></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="web-origin-authorization" inlist="" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#web-origin-authorization"><a class="self-link" href="#web-origin-authorization"></a>
<h4 property="schema:name">Web Origin Authorization</h4>
<div datatype="rdf:HTML" property="schema:description">
<p>User agents include the HTTP <code>Origin</code> header field to isolate different origins and permit controlled communication between origins. The <code>Origin</code> header warns the server that a possibly untrusted Web application is being used.</p>
<p id="server-origin-authorization"><a class="self-link" href="#server-origin-authorization"></a>When an HTTP request includes the <code>Origin</code> header, the requested operation is granted on the target resource when there is a match for:</p>
<ul>