126.单词接龙Ⅱ.md

给定两个单词（beginWord 和 endWord）和一个字典 wordList，找出所有从 beginWord 到 endWord 的最短转换序列。转换需遵循如下规则：

每次转换只能改变一个字母。 转换过程中的中间单词必须是字典中的单词。 说明:

如果不存在这样的转换序列，返回一个空列表。 所有单词具有相同的长度。 所有单词只由小写字母组成。 字典中不存在重复的单词。 你可以假设 beginWord 和 endWord 是非空的，且二者不相同。

eg:

示例 1:

输入:
beginWord = "hit",
endWord = "cog",
wordList = ["hot","dot","dog","lot","log","cog"]

输出:
[
  ["hit","hot","dot","dog","cog"],
  ["hit","hot","lot","log","cog"]
]
示例 2:

输入:
beginWord = "hit"
endWord = "cog"
wordList = ["hot","dot","dog","lot","log"]

输出: []

解释: endWord "cog" 不在字典中，所以不存在符合要求的转换序列。

思路描述：BFS

const int INF = 1 << 20;

class Solution {
private:
    unordered_map<string, int> wordId;
    vector<string> idWord;
    vector<vector<int>> edges;
public:
    vector<vector<string>> findLadders(string beginWord, string endWord, vector<string>& wordList) {
        int id = 0;
        for (const string& word : wordList) {
            if (!wordId.count(word)) {
                wordId[word] = id++;
                idWord.push_back(word);
            }
        }
        if (!wordId.count(endWord)) {
            return {};
        }
        if (!wordId.count(beginWord)) {
            wordId[beginWord] = id++;
            idWord.push_back(beginWord);
        }
        edges.resize(idWord.size());
        for (int i = 0; i < idWord.size(); i++) {
            for (int j = i + 1; j < idWord.size(); j++) {
                if (transformCheck(idWord[i], idWord[j])) {
                    edges[i].push_back(j);
                    edges[j].push_back(i);
                }
            }
        }
        const int dest = wordId[endWord];
        vector<vector<string>> res;
        queue<vector<int>> q;
        vector<int> cost(id, INF);
        q.push(vector<int>{wordId[beginWord]});
        cost[wordId[beginWord]] = 0;
        while (!q.empty()) {
            vector<int> now = q.front();
            q.pop();
            int last = now.back();
            if (last == dest) {
                vector<string> tmp;
                for (int index : now) {
                    tmp.push_back(idWord[index]);
                }
                res.push_back(tmp);
            } else {
                for (int i = 0; i < edges[last].size(); i++) {
                    int to = edges[last][i];
                    if (cost[last] + 1 <= cost[to]) {
                        cost[to] = cost[last] + 1;
                        vector<int> tmp(now);
                        tmp.push_back(to);
                        q.push(tmp);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return res;
    }

    bool transformCheck(const string& str1, const string& str2) {
        int differences = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < str1.size() && differences < 2; i++) {
            if (str1[i] != str2[i]) {
                ++differences;
            }
        }
        return differences == 1;
    }
};