diff --git a/ristretto_vm/src/instruction/array.rs b/ristretto_vm/src/instruction/array.rs
index 3602333d..c36b9cce 100644
--- a/ristretto_vm/src/instruction/array.rs
+++ b/ristretto_vm/src/instruction/array.rs
@@ -404,8 +404,33 @@ mod tests {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    // #[test]
-    // fn test_multianewarray() -> Result<()> {
-    //     todo!()
-    // }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multianewarray_single_dimension() -> Result<()> {
+        let (vm, mut call_stack, mut class) = crate::test::class()?;
+        let constant_pool = Arc::get_mut(&mut class).expect("class").constant_pool_mut();
+        let class_index = constant_pool.add_class("java/lang/Object")?;
+        let method = Method::new(
+            MethodAccessFlags::STATIC,
+            "test",
+            "()V",
+            10,
+            10,
+            Vec::new(),
+            Vec::new(),
+        )?;
+        let arguments = Vec::new();
+        let mut frame = Frame::new(&class, &Arc::new(method), arguments)?;
+        let stack = &mut frame.stack;
+        let class = frame.class;
+
+        stack.push_int(0)?;
+        let result = multianewarray(&vm, &mut call_stack, stack, &class, class_index, 1)?;
+        assert_eq!(Continue, result);
+        let object = stack.pop()?;
+        assert!(matches!(
+            object,
+            Value::Object(Some(Reference::Array(_, _)))
+        ));
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
diff --git a/ristretto_vm/src/instruction/field.rs b/ristretto_vm/src/instruction/field.rs
index 19d721bb..a1c17929 100644
--- a/ristretto_vm/src/instruction/field.rs
+++ b/ristretto_vm/src/instruction/field.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::operand_stack::OperandStack;
 use crate::Error::InvalidStackValue;
 use crate::Result;
 use ristretto_classfile::ConstantPool;
-use ristretto_classloader::Reference;
+use ristretto_classloader::{Reference, Value};
 
 /// See: <https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se23/html/jvms-6.html#jvms-6.5.getfield>
 #[inline]
@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ pub(crate) fn getfield(
     constant_pool: &ConstantPool,
     index: u16,
 ) -> Result<ExecutionResult> {
-    match stack.pop_object()? {
-        Some(Reference::Object(object)) => {
+    let value = stack.pop()?;
+    match value {
+        Value::Object(Some(Reference::Object(object))) => {
             let (_class_index, name_and_type_index) = constant_pool.try_get_field_ref(index)?;
             let (name_index, _descriptor_index) =
                 constant_pool.try_get_name_and_type(*name_and_type_index)?;
@@ -24,13 +25,9 @@ pub(crate) fn getfield(
             stack.push(value)?;
             Ok(Continue)
         }
-        Some(object) => Err(InvalidStackValue {
-            expected: "object".to_string(),
-            actual: object.to_string(),
-        }),
-        None => Err(InvalidStackValue {
+        _ => Err(InvalidStackValue {
             expected: "object".to_string(),
-            actual: "null".to_string(),
+            actual: value.to_string(),
         }),
     }
 }
@@ -43,9 +40,9 @@ pub(crate) fn putfield(
     index: u16,
 ) -> Result<ExecutionResult> {
     let value = stack.pop()?;
-    let mut object = stack.pop_object()?;
-    match object {
-        Some(Reference::Object(ref mut object)) => {
+    let mut object_value = stack.pop()?;
+    match object_value {
+        Value::Object(Some(Reference::Object(ref mut object))) => {
             let (_class_index, name_and_type_index) = constant_pool.try_get_field_ref(index)?;
             let (name_index, _descriptor_index) =
                 constant_pool.try_get_name_and_type(*name_and_type_index)?;
@@ -54,13 +51,9 @@ pub(crate) fn putfield(
             field.set_value(value)?;
             Ok(Continue)
         }
-        Some(object) => Err(InvalidStackValue {
-            expected: "object".to_string(),
-            actual: object.to_string(),
-        }),
-        None => Err(InvalidStackValue {
+        _ => Err(InvalidStackValue {
             expected: "object".to_string(),
-            actual: "null".to_string(),
+            actual: object_value.to_string(),
         }),
     }
 }
@@ -153,7 +146,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(matches!(result, Err(InvalidStackValue {
             expected,
             actual
-        }) if expected == "object" && actual == "null"));
+        }) if expected == "object" && actual == "object(null)"));
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -190,7 +183,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(matches!(result, Err(InvalidStackValue {
             expected,
             actual
-        }) if expected == "object" && actual == "null"));
+        }) if expected == "object" && actual == "object(null)"));
 
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/ristretto_vm/src/instruction/object.rs b/ristretto_vm/src/instruction/object.rs
index 20d46074..eab1b1f0 100644
--- a/ristretto_vm/src/instruction/object.rs
+++ b/ristretto_vm/src/instruction/object.rs
@@ -227,13 +227,13 @@ pub(crate) fn new(
 /// See: <https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se23/html/jvms-6.html#jvms-6.5.checkcast>
 #[inline]
 pub(crate) fn checkcast(stack: &mut OperandStack, class_name: &str) -> Result<ExecutionResult> {
-    let Value::Object(reference) = stack.peek()? else {
+    let Value::Object(object) = stack.peek()? else {
         return Err(RuntimeError("Expected object".to_string()));
     };
-    if reference.is_none() {
+    let Some(object) = object else {
         return Ok(Continue);
-    }
-    if !is_instanceof(reference, class_name)? {
+    };
+    if !is_instanceof(object, class_name)? {
         return Err(ClassCastError(class_name.to_string()));
     }
     Ok(Continue)
@@ -243,10 +243,10 @@ pub(crate) fn checkcast(stack: &mut OperandStack, class_name: &str) -> Result<Ex
 #[inline]
 pub(crate) fn instanceof(stack: &mut OperandStack, class_name: &str) -> Result<ExecutionResult> {
     let object = stack.pop_object()?;
-    if object.is_none() {
+    let Some(object) = object else {
         stack.push_int(0)?;
         return Ok(Continue);
-    }
+    };
     if is_instanceof(&object, class_name)? {
         stack.push_int(1)?;
     } else {
@@ -256,11 +256,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instanceof(stack: &mut OperandStack, class_name: &str) -> Result<E
 }
 
 #[inline]
-fn is_instanceof(object: &Option<Reference>, class_name: &str) -> Result<bool> {
-    let Some(object) = object else {
-        return Ok(false);
-    };
-
+fn is_instanceof(object: &Reference, class_name: &str) -> Result<bool> {
     match object {
         Reference::ByteArray(_)
         | Reference::CharArray(_)