first steps into data types

Author: thomasWeise

bibliography/bibliography.bib

@@ -164,6 +164,7 @@ @string { a_zinoviev_dimitry
 @string { l_australia_hobart = "{{Hobart}, {TAS}, {Australia}}" }
 @string { l_portugal_lisbon = "{{Lisbon}, {Portugal}}" }
 @string { l_switzerland_cham = "{{Cham}, {Switzerland}}" }
+@string { l_switzerland_geneva = "{{Geneva}, {Switzerland}}" }
 @string { l_uk_birmingham = "{{Birmingham}, {England}, {UK}} " }
 @string { l_uk_cambridge = "{{Cambridge}, {England}, {UK}}" }
 @string { l_uk_chichester = "{{Chichester}, {West Sussex}, {England}, {UK}}" }
@@ -189,7 +190,10 @@ @string { p_cambridge_uni_press_ass
 @string { p_cnri = "{Corporation for National Research Initiatives~({CNRI})}" }
 @string { p_cornell_university_library = "{Cornell Universiy Library}" }
 @string { p_github = "{{GitHub} Inc}" }
+@string { p_iec = "{International Electrotechnical Commission~{(IEC)}}" }
 @string { p_ieee = "{Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers~{(IEEE)}}" }
+@string { p_iso = "{International Organization for Standardization~{(ISO)}}" }
+@string { p_iso_iec = "{International Organization for Standardization~{(ISO)} / International Electrotechnical Commission~{(IEC)}}" }
 @string { p_informs = "{The Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences~({INFORMS})}" }
 @string { p_mit_press = "{{MIT} Press}" }
 @string { p_oreilly = "{{O'Reilly} Media, Inc.}" }
@@ -210,13 +214,14 @@ @string { pa_cambridge_uni_press_ass
 @string { pa_cnri = l_usa_reston }
 @string { pa_cornell_university_library = l_usa_ithaca }
 @string { pa_github = l_usa_san_francisco }
+@string { pa_iso_iec = l_switzerland_geneva }
 @string { pa_ieee = l_usa_piscataway }
 @string { pa_informs = l_usa_catonsville }
 @string { pa_mit_press = l_usa_cambridge }
 @string { pa_oreilly = l_usa_sebastopol }
 @string { pa_packt = l_uk_birmingham }
 @string { pa_pearson_education = l_usa_hoboken }
-@string { pa_ploss = l_usa_san_francisco }
+@string { pa_plos = l_usa_san_francisco }
 @string { pa_microsoft_press = pa_pearson_education }
 @string { pa_springer_cham = l_switzerland_cham }
 @string { pa_springer_nature_limited = l_uk_london }
@@ -314,6 +319,12 @@ @xdata{rep_cnri_proposal
  type = {CNRI Proposal},
 }
 
+@xdata{rep_iso_iec_standard,
+ institution = p_iso_iec,
+ address = pa_iso_iec,
+ type = {International Standard},
+}
+
 
 %% series
 @xdata{ser_bs,
@@ -449,6 +460,15 @@ @article{HMvdWGVCWTBSKPHvKBHFdRWPGMSRWAGO2020APWN
  doi = {10.1038/S41586-020-2649-2},
 }
 
+@techreport{ISOIEC207PLCWDOS,
+ title = {Programming Languages -- \softwareStyle{C}, Working Document of~{SC22/WG14}},
+ number = {{ISO/\linebreak{3}IEC9899:2017} {C17~ballot} {N2176}},
+ xdata = {rep_iso_iec_standard},
+ date = {2017-11},
+ url = {https://files.lhmouse.com/standards/ISO%20C%20N2176.pdf},
+ urldate = {2024-06-29},
+}
+
 @book{LH2015DSAAWP,
  author = a_lee_kent_d # and # a_hubbard_steve,
  title = {Data Structures and Algorithms with \python},

notation/math.sty

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+%%%
+%%% Mathematical Notation
+%%%
+\protected\gdef\mathSpace#1{\ensuremath{\mathbb{#1}}}%
+%
+\newSymbol{realNumbers}{\mathSpace{R}}{R}{the set of the real numbers}%
+\newSymbol{integerNumbers}{\ensuremath{\mathSpace{Z}}}{Z}{the set of the integers numbers including positive and negative numbers and~0, i.e., {\dots}, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, {\dots}, and so on}%
+%
+\protected\gdef\intRange#1#2{\ensuremath{#1..#2}}%
+%

notation/notation.sty

@@ -3,4 +3,5 @@
 \RequirePackage{notation/sources}%
 \RequirePackage{notation/terms}%
 \RequirePackage{notation/acronyms}%
+\RequirePackage{notation/math}%
 %

text/main/basics/basics.tex

@@ -8,5 +8,6 @@
 \end{itemize}%
 %
 \hinput{gettingStarted}{gettingStarted.tex}%
+\hinput{simpleDataTypesAndOperations}{simpleDataTypesAndOperations.tex}%
 \endhsection%
 %

text/main/basics/gettingStarted/firstProgram/firstProgram.tex

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
 Indeed, the text \bashil{Hello World!} appears.
 
 Well, before that text, we see the command line that was actually executed, namely the \python\ interpreter with our file's path as parameter.
-And after our program's output, we are notified that \inQuotes{Process finished with exit code 0,} which means that the program has completed successfully and without error.
+And after our program's output, we are notified that \inQuotes{Process finished with exit code~0,} which means that the program has completed successfully and without error.
 
 Congratulations.
 You now have written, saved, and executed your first ever \python\ program!%

text/main/basics/simpleDataTypesAndOperations/introduction/int/int.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+\hsection{Integers}%
+\label{sec:int}%
+%
+Integer arithmetic is the very first thing that you learn in mathematics in primary school.
+Integer arithmetic is also the very first thing you learn here.
+\emph{Integer} is a Latin word that means \inQuotes{whole} or \inQuotes{intact.}
+The integers include all whole numbers and negative numbers and zero, without fractions and decimals.
+
+In many programming languages, there are different integer datatypes with different ranges.
+In \softwareStyle{Java}, a \pythonil{byte} is an integer datatype with range~\intRange{-2^7}{2^7-1}, a \pythonil{short} has range~\intRange{-2^{15}}{2^{17}-1}, an \pythonil{int} has range~\intRange{-2^{31}}{2^{31}-1}, and \pythonil{long} has range~\intRange{-2^{63}}{2^{63}-1}, for example.
+The draft for the \softwareStyle{C17} standard for the \softwareStyle{C}~programming language lists five signed and five unsigned integer types, plus several ways to extend them~\cite{ISOIEC207PLCWDOS}.
+%
+\endhsection%
+%

text/main/basics/simpleDataTypesAndOperations/introduction/introduction.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+\hsection{Primitive Data Types and Operations}%
+%
+We now know how to create and run \python\ programs, both in the \pgls{IDE} and \pgls{terminal}.
+We have also already learned our first two \python\ commands:%
+%
+\begin{itemize}%
+\item \pythonil{print("Hello World!")} prints the text \inQuotes{Hello World!} to the output.
+\item \pythonil{exit()} exits and terminates the \python\ interpreter.%
+\end{itemize}%
+%
+Now, it would be very strange if the \pythonil{print} function could print \inQuotes{Hello World!}.
+That would not make much sense.
+\pythonil{print} expects one parameter.
+This parameter cannot just be anything.
+It must be a text.
+
+The command \pythonil{exit}, on the other hand, can either have no parameter or one parameter.
+If it receives one parameter, this parameter will be the exit code of the program.
+Here, \pythonil{0} indicates success.
+If no parameter is provided, this will be used as default value.
+We need to invoke \pythonil{exit} if we use the \python\ console in the \pgls{terminal} explicitly.
+If we just run a program, then after the last instruction of the program was executed, then the interpreter will also terminate with exit code~0.
+Indeed, when we executed our first program in \cref{sec:ourFirstProgram}, we saw exactly that happen in \cref{fig:firstProgram09programResult}.
+Different from the parameter of \pythonil{print}, which must be some text, the parameter of \pythonil{exit} needs to be a number.
+
+We realize:
+Distinguishing different types of data makes sense.
+Sometimes we need to do something with text.
+Sometimes we want to do something with numbers.
+Somtimes, we want to just handle a decision which can be either \inQuotes{yes} or \inQuotes{no}.
+
+Of course, for these different situations, different possible operations may be useful.
+For example, when we use numbers, we may want to divide or multiply them.
+When we handle text, we may want to concatenate two portions of text, or maybe we want to convert lowercase characters to uppercase.
+We may want to do something if two decision variables are both \inQuotes{yes} or, maybe, if at least one of them is.
+
+In this chapter, we will look into the simple datatypes of \python, namely:%
+%
+\begin{itemize}%
+%
+\item \pythonil{int}: the integer datatype, which represents integers numbers~\integerNumbers~(\cref{sec:int}),%
+\item \pythonil{float}: the floating point numbers, i.e., a subset of the real numbers~\realNumbers,%
+\item \pythonil{bool}: Boolean values, which can be either \pythonil{True} or \pythonil{False}, and%
+\item \pythonil{str}: strings, i.e., portions of text of arbitrary length.%
+\item \pythonil{None}: nothing, which is the result of any command that does not expliclty return a value.%
+%
+\end{itemize}%
+%
+\hinput{int}{int.tex}%
+%
+\endhsection%
+%

text/main/basics/simpleDataTypesAndOperations/simpleDataTypesAndOperations.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+\hsection{Primitive Data Types and Operations}%
+%
+\hinput{introduction}{introduction.tex}%
+%
+\endhsection%
+%