diff --git a/.vscode/settings.json b/.vscode/settings.json index f934b47..637bd69 100644 --- a/.vscode/settings.json +++ b/.vscode/settings.json @@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ "exercises/4-multitasking/3-asynchronous-multitasking/1-async-channels/Cargo.toml", "exercises/4-multitasking/3-asynchronous-multitasking/2-async-chat/Cargo.toml", "exercises/5-rust-for-web/1-rust-for-web-servers/1-lettuce-crop/Cargo.toml", + "exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/Cargo.toml", "exercises/6-rust-for-systems-programming/1-foreign-function-interface/1-crc-in-c/Cargo.toml", "exercises/6-rust-for-systems-programming/1-foreign-function-interface/2-crc-in-rust/Cargo.toml", "exercises/6-rust-for-systems-programming/1-foreign-function-interface/3-qoi-bindgen/Cargo.toml", diff --git a/.zed/settings.json b/.zed/settings.json index 834ebc2..d80f756 100644 --- a/.zed/settings.json +++ b/.zed/settings.json @@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ "exercises/4-multitasking/3-asynchronous-multitasking/1-async-channels/Cargo.toml", "exercises/4-multitasking/3-asynchronous-multitasking/2-async-chat/Cargo.toml", "exercises/5-rust-for-web/1-rust-for-web-servers/1-lettuce-crop/Cargo.toml", + "exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/Cargo.toml", "exercises/6-rust-for-systems-programming/1-foreign-function-interface/1-crc-in-c/Cargo.toml", "exercises/6-rust-for-systems-programming/1-foreign-function-interface/2-crc-in-rust/Cargo.toml", "exercises/6-rust-for-systems-programming/1-foreign-function-interface/3-tweetnacl-bindgen/Cargo.toml", diff --git a/book/src/SUMMARY.md b/book/src/SUMMARY.md index 77b1867..66e10ea 100644 --- a/book/src/SUMMARY.md +++ b/book/src/SUMMARY.md @@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ - [Rust for Web]() - [Rust for Web Servers](rust-for-web-servers.md) - [Rust in the Cloud](rust-in-the-cloud.md) + - [Rust in the Browser](rust-in-the-browser.md) - [Rust for Systems Programming]() - [Foreign Function Interface](foreign-function-interface.md) diff --git a/book/src/rust-in-the-browser.md b/book/src/rust-in-the-browser.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1eea497 --- /dev/null +++ b/book/src/rust-in-the-browser.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +# Unit 5.3 - Rust in the Browser + +## Exercise 5.3.1: Lettuce Crop WebAssembly +In exercise 5.1.1, we build a web server that hosts an image cropping service. But do we really need to do this cropping on our server? Wouldn't it be much more privacy-friendly if we could do the image cropping in the user's browser instead of uploading images to our external server? + +In this exercise, we will create a new version of our Lettuce Crop website that crops images with [WebAssembly](https://webassembly.org/). WebAssembly allows you to run compiled code in a safe sandboxed environment in the browser. This means we will not need a dedicated server anymore, as the website will only consist of static files which we can be hosted using any HTTP server. You could even host it for free using [GitHub pages](https://pages.github.com/)! + +### 5.3.1.A Building with Wasm Pack +In `exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm` we have set up a basic WebAssembly project. As you can see in the `Cargo.toml`, the project has been configured as a dynamic library (`"cdylib"`). We've also added the `wasm-bindgen` crate as a dependency, which is used to generate WebAssembly bindings. + +To build the project, we will use `wasm-pack`. First, install `wasm-pack` with: +``` +cargo install wasm-pack +``` +Then, build the project with `wasm-pack`. Since we want to use it in the browser, we set the [wasm-pack target](https://rustwasm.github.io/docs/wasm-pack/commands/build.html#target) to `web`, and we tell it to put the generate files in the `assets/pkg` folder: +``` +wasm-pack build --target web --out-dir assets/pkg +``` + +Now, a bunch of files should appear in the `assets/pkg` folder: +- A `.wasm` file, which contains the compiled WebAssembly code +- Some `.d.ts` files, which describe the TypeScript types of the generated bindings +- A `.js` files, which contains the JavaScript bindings for our WebAssembly binary + +### 5.3.1.B Interacting with JavaScript +So what functionality does the compiled WebAssembly currently include? In `lib.rs` you can see two functions: an extern `alert()` function, and a `hello()` function. Both of these functions have been annotated with `#[wasm_bindgen]` to indicate that we want to bind them with WebAssembly. Extern functions will be bound to existing JavaScript methods, in this case the [window's `alert()` function](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/alert) which shows a popup dialog. + +Let's add the WebAssembly to our website. Add the following JavaScript in the `` of the `index.html` to load the WebAssembly binary and call our `hello()` function when we press the submit button: +```html + +``` + +To try out the website, you can use any HTTP server that is able to serve local files. You could use `axum` to host the files like we did in exercise 5.1.1, but you can also use for example `npx http-server` if you have `npm` installed. + +### 5.3.1.C Cropping images +Let's add a `crop_image(bytes: Vec, max_size: u32) -> Vec` function to our Rust library that will crop our images. You can use the same logic as in exercise 5.1.1 (part D and E) to create a `DynamicImage` from the input bytes, crop it, and export it as WebP. Mark the function with `#[wasm_bindgen]` and rebuild the library to generate WebAssembly bindings for it. + +If you look at the generated JavaScript bindings, you will see that the `Vec`s for the `crop_image` function have been turned into `Uint8Array`s. We will need to write some JavaScript to read the user's selected image and give it to our `crop_image` as a `Uint8Array`. + +First, let's grab our other two input elements: +```js +const max_size = document.querySelector('input[name="max_size"]'); +const image = document.querySelector('input[name="image"]'); +``` +Then, in the `onclick` of the submit button, you can grab the selected file using `image.files[0]`. To get the contents of the file, we will use a [`FileReader`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FileReader): +```js +const file = image.files[0]; +const reader = new FileReader(); +reader.onload = (evt) => { + const bytes = new Uint8Array(evt.target.result); + const cropped_bytes = crop_image(bytes, max_size.value); // call our function + // TODO: do something with the cropped_bytes +}; +reader.readAsArrayBuffer(file); +``` +Finally, to display the resulting cropped image to the user, we will construct a [`Blob`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Blob) from the `Uint8Array`, and turn this `Blob` into a URL to which we will redirect the user: +```js +window.location.href = URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([cropped_bytes])); +``` +If you select an invalid file, you will get an error in the browser console. Feel free to add some better error handling by using a [try-catch](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/try...catch), and by validating whether `image.files[0]` exists before reading it. It would also be nice to verify that `max_size` has a sensible value. + +### 5.3.1.D Using the web-sys crate (bonus) +Instead of using JavaScript to interact with the HTML document or manually binding extern JavaScript functions using `#[wasm_bindgen]` like we saw with `alert()`, we can also use the [`web-sys`](https://crates.io/crates/web-sys) crate. This crate provides bindings for the JavaScript web APIs available in the browser. However, most of these APIs have to be manually enabled with individual features. + +Add the `web-sys` crate to your project with all the needed features enabled: +``` +cargo add web-sys --features "Window,Document,HtmlElement,HtmlImageElement,Blob,Url" +``` + +Now, instead having the `crop_image` function return an array of bytes, let's have it instead append an image to HTML document: +- First, get the HTML body element: + ```rust + let window = web_sys::window().unwrap(); + let document = window.document().unwrap(); + let body = document.body().unwrap(); + ``` +- Then, we can create an HTML image element: + ```rust + let img = document.create_element("img").unwrap(); + let img: web_sys::HtmlImageElement = img.dyn_into().unwrap(); + ``` +- To set the source of the image, we will again need to create a `Blob` to get a temporary data URL. For this, we first create a JavaScript array: + ```rust + let bytes = web_sys::js_sys::Array::new(); + bytes.push(&web_sys::js_sys::Uint8Array::from(&buffer[..])); + ``` +- And then we can create a Blob and create a URL: + ```rust + let blob = web_sys::Blob::new_with_u8_array_sequence(&bytes).unwrap(); + let url = web_sys::Url::create_object_url_with_blob(&blob).unwrap(); + ``` +- And finally, we can set the image's source and append the image to the document's body: + ```rust + img.set_src(&url); + body.append_child(&img).unwrap(); + ``` +- Remember to also update the JavaScript code in the HTML document accordingly. diff --git a/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/Cargo.lock b/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/Cargo.lock new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3fca472 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/Cargo.lock @@ -0,0 +1,1018 @@ +# This file is automatically @generated 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+[dependencies] +wasm-bindgen = "0.2.100" +image = "0.25.5" diff --git a/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/assets/crop.txt b/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/assets/crop.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..35ba69a --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/assets/crop.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +The lettuce crop shown on our Lettuce Crop demo site is based on a photograph by Richard Revel, licensed CC0, available at +https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=207177&picture=green-salad + +See more of his work here: https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/browse-author.php?page=1350&a=111549 diff --git a/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/assets/crop.webp b/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/assets/crop.webp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e537c54 Binary files /dev/null and b/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/assets/crop.webp differ diff --git a/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/assets/index.html b/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/assets/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f182d73 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/assets/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + + + + + + Lettuce Crop + + + + + + +
+
+
+

Lettuce Crop

+

Upload an image to make it square!

+
+
+ +
+

+ + +

+

+ + + + +

+
+ + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/assets/styles.css b/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/assets/styles.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2585a4a --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/assets/styles.css @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Noto+Sans:wght@100..900&display=swap'); + +html { + background-color: #a1a691; +} + +body { + max-width: 40em; + margin: 4em auto; + padding: 1.5em 4em; + font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; + background-color: #fff; + box-shadow: 0.5em 0.5em 0em #0006; +} + +header { + display: flex; + align-items: center; + margin: 1.5em 0; +} + +.logo { + float: left; + margin-right: 1em; + width: 5em; +} + +hgroup>* { + margin: 0; + line-height: 1.2em; +} + +h1 { + color: #3f7a16; +} + +hgroup>p { + font-size: 1.25em; +} + +form { + text-align: center; + margin: 1em 0; +} + +.box { + background-color: #b4d385; + border-radius: 1em; + padding: 1em; +} + +.box>label { + display: block; + padding-bottom: 0.5em; +} + +input:not([type="file"]) { + border-radius: 4px; + border: 1px solid #727272; + padding: 0.5em 0.5em; + min-width: 6em; +} + +input[type="submit"], +input[type="file"] { + cursor: pointer; +} + +.divider { + margin: 0 0.5em; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/src/lib.rs b/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/src/lib.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8cf1866 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/5-rust-for-web/3-rust-in-the-browser/1-lettuce-crop-wasm/src/lib.rs @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +use wasm_bindgen::prelude::wasm_bindgen; + +#[wasm_bindgen] +extern "C" { + fn alert(s: &str); +} + +#[wasm_bindgen] +pub fn hello(world: &str) { + alert(format!("Hello {world}!").as_str()); +}