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References

This folder contains reference information for all medical calculators. PDFs are git-ignored for copyright reasons - store locally only.

Paper References by Calculator

CKD-EPI 2021 (eGFR)

Field	Value
Citation	Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, et al. New Creatinine- and Cystatin C-Based Equations to Estimate GFR without Race. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(19):1737-1749.
DOI	10.1056/NEJMoa2102953
PMID	34554658
Year	2021
Key Points	Race-free eGFR equation; replaces CKD-EPI 2009

ASA Physical Status Classification

Field	Value
Citation	Mayhew D, Mendonca V, Murthy BVS. A review of ASA physical status – historical perspectives and modern developments. Anaesthesia. 2019;74(3):373-379.
DOI	10.1111/anae.14569
PMID	30648259
Year	2019
Official Source	ASA Physical Status Classification System (Last amended October 2019)
Key Points	Preoperative fitness assessment; Classes I-VI with E suffix for emergency

Mallampati Score (Modified)

Field	Value
Original Citation	Mallampati SR, Gatt SP, Gugino LD, et al. A clinical sign to predict difficult tracheal intubation: a prospective study. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1985;32(4):429-434.
DOI	10.1007/BF03011357
PMID	4027773
Year	1985

Field	Value
Modified Citation	Samsoon GL, Young JR. Difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective study. Anaesthesia. 1987;42(5):487-490.
DOI	10.1111/j.1365-2044.1987.tb04039.x
PMID	3592174
Year	1987
Key Points	Original 3-class system modified to 4 classes; predicts difficult intubation

RCRI (Revised Cardiac Risk Index / Lee Index)

Field	Value
Citation	Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999;100(10):1043-1049.
DOI	10.1161/01.cir.100.10.1043
PMID	10477528
Year	1999

Field	Value
Guideline Citation	Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. Circulation. 2014;130(24):e278-e333.
DOI	10.1161/CIR.0000000000000106
PMID	25085961
Year	2014
Key Points	6 risk factors for perioperative cardiac complications; widely used in preoperative assessment

APACHE II Score

Field	Value
Citation	Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(10):818-829.
DOI	N/A
PMID	3928249
Year	1985
Key Points	ICU mortality prediction; 12 physiologic variables + age + chronic health; Score 0-71

RASS (Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale)

Field	Value
Original Citation	Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(10):1338-1344.
DOI	10.1164/rccm.2107138
PMID	12421743
Year	2002

Field	Value
Validation Citation	Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, et al. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA. 2003;289(22):2983-2991.
DOI	10.1001/jama.289.22.2983
PMID	12799407
Year	2003
Key Points	Sedation assessment scale -5 to +4; used with CAM-ICU for delirium screening

Pediatric Drug Dosing Calculator

Field	Value
Citation	Taketomo CK, Hodding JH, Kraus DM. Pediatric & Neonatal Dosage Handbook. 29th ed. Hudson, OH: Lexicomp; 2022.
DOI	N/A (Textbook)
Key Points	Standard reference for pediatric drug dosing; weight-based calculations

Field	Value
Citation	Kliegman RM, et al. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2020.
Key Points	Comprehensive pediatric reference; includes drug dosing guidelines

Field	Value
Citation	Anderson BJ, Holford NH. Getting the dose right for obese children. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(1):54-55.
DOI	10.1136/archdischild-2016-311696
PMID	27831906
Year	2017
Key Points	Weight-based dosing considerations for pediatric patients

Maximum Allowable Blood Loss (MABL)

Field	Value
Citation	Gross JB. Estimating allowable blood loss: corrected for dilution. Anesthesiology. 1983;58(3):277-280.
DOI	10.1097/00000542-198303000-00016
PMID	6829965
Year	1983
Key Points	Dilution-corrected MABL formula; more accurate than simple calculation

Field	Value
Citation	Butterworth JF, Mackey DC, Wasnick JD. Morgan & Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2022. Chapter 51: Fluid Management & Blood Component Therapy.
Key Points	EBV estimation by patient type; MABL calculation methods

Field	Value
Citation	Miller RD, et al. Miller's Anesthesia. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2020. Chapter 49: Blood Therapy.
Key Points	Blood conservation and transfusion thresholds

Transfusion Volume Calculator

Field	Value
Citation	Roseff SD, Luban NL, Manno CS. Guidelines for assessing appropriateness of pediatric transfusion. Transfusion. 2002;42(11):1398-1413.
DOI	10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00208.x
PMID	12421212
Year	2002
Key Points	Pediatric transfusion guidelines; volume calculations

Field	Value
Citation	New HV, Berryman J, Bolton-Maggs PH, et al. Guidelines on transfusion for fetuses, neonates and older children. Br J Haematol. 2016;175(5):784-828.
DOI	10.1111/bjh.14233
PMID	27861734
Year	2016
Key Points	UK guidelines for pediatric transfusion; comprehensive recommendations

Field	Value
Citation	Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Dennis JA, et al. Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;12(12):CD002042.
DOI	10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub5
PMID	34932836
Year	2021
Key Points	Restrictive vs liberal transfusion thresholds; Cochrane review

Field	Value
Citation	Cote CJ, Lerman J, Anderson BJ. A Practice of Anesthesia for Infants and Children. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. Chapter 10: Blood Conservation.
Key Points	Pediatric blood conservation strategies; transfusion calculations

CURB-65 (Pneumonia Severity)

Field	Value
Citation	Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003;58(5):377-382.
DOI	10.1136/thorax.58.5.377
PMID	12728155
Year	2003
Key Points	5 criteria: Confusion, Urea, RR, BP, Age ≥65; score 0-5; guides hospital admission

Field	Value
Guideline Citation	Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44 Suppl 2:S27-72.
DOI	10.1086/511159
PMID	17278083
Year	2007
Key Points	IDSA/ATS guidelines recommending CURB-65 for severity assessment

CHA₂DS₂-VASc Score (AF Stroke Risk - Original)

Field	Value
Citation	Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, et al. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2010;137(2):263-272.
DOI	10.1378/chest.09-1584
PMID	19762550
Year	2010
Key Points	AF stroke risk; 9 points max (includes sex); Score ≥2 = anticoagulation recommended

Field	Value
Guideline Citation	Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):373-498.
DOI	10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612
PMID	32860505
Year	2020
Key Points	ESC 2020 guidelines recommending CHA₂DS₂-VASc for anticoagulation decisions

CHA₂DS₂-VA Score (AF Stroke Risk - 2024 ESC) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Guideline Citation	Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M, Bunting KV, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(36):3314-3414.
DOI	10.1093/eurheartj/ehae176
PMID	39217497
Year	2024
Key Points	2024 ESC update removes sex as risk modifier; 8 points max; sex-neutral thresholds

Field	Value
Original Citation	Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, et al. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2010;137(2):263-272.
DOI	10.1378/chest.09-1584
PMID	19762550
Year	2010
Key Points	Original score development; basis for 2024 update

Why sex was removed (2024 ESC rationale):

Female sex alone does not increase stroke risk without other factors
Avoids gender-based treatment disparities
Simplifies clinical decision-making
Evidence from meta-analyses showing sex is a risk modifier, not independent risk factor

HEART Score (Chest Pain Risk) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Six AJ, Backus BE, Kelder JC. Chest pain in the emergency room: value of the HEART score. Neth Heart J. 2008;16(6):191-196.
DOI	10.1007/BF03086144
PMID	18665203
Year	2008
Key Points	ED chest pain triage; 5 criteria; score 0-3 low risk for MACE

Field	Value
Validation Citation	Backus BE, Six AJ, Kelder JC, et al. Chest pain in the emergency room: a multicenter validation of the HEART Score. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2010;9(3):164-169.
DOI	10.1097/HPC.0b013e3181ec36d8
PMID	20802272
Year	2010
Key Points	Multicenter validation of HEART score

Wells Score for DVT ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al. Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(13):1227-1235.
DOI	10.1056/NEJMoa023153
PMID	14507948
Year	2003
Key Points	DVT probability; combines clinical score with D-dimer; guides ultrasound

Field	Value
Original Citation	Wells PS, Hirsh J, Anderson DR, et al. Accuracy of clinical assessment of deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet. 1995;345(8961):1326-1330.
DOI	10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92535-x
PMID	7752753
Year	1995
Key Points	Original Wells criteria development

Wells Score for PE ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al. Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the models utility with the SimpliRED D-dimer. Thromb Haemost. 2000;83(3):416-420.
DOI	N/A
PMID	10744147
Year	2000
Key Points	PE probability; 7 criteria; guides CTPA vs D-dimer

Field	Value
Validation Citation	van Belle A, Büller HR, Huisman MV, et al. Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography. JAMA. 2006;295(2):172-179.
DOI	10.1001/jama.295.2.172
PMID	16403929
Year	2006
Key Points	CHRISTOPHER study validating Wells PE + D-dimer algorithm

MELD Score (End-Stage Liver Disease) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M, et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology. 2001;33(2):464-470.
DOI	10.1053/jhep.2001.22172
PMID	11172350
Year	2001
Key Points	Original MELD formula; 3-month mortality prediction; transplant prioritization

Field	Value
MELD-Na Citation	Kim WR, Biggins SW, Kremers WK, et al. Hyponatremia and mortality among patients on the liver-transplant waiting list. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(10):1018-1026.
DOI	10.1056/NEJMoa0801209
PMID	18768945
Year	2008
Key Points	MELD-Na incorporates sodium; adopted by UNOS 2016

SOFA Score (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment)

Field	Value
Citation	Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22(7):707-710.
DOI	10.1007/BF01709751
PMID	8844239
Year	1996
Key Points	6 organ systems; score 0-24; daily assessment for ICU mortality

qSOFA Score (Quick SOFA)

Field	Value
Citation	Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, et al. Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):762-774.
DOI	10.1001/jama.2016.0288
PMID	26903335
Year	2016
Key Points	Bedside screening for sepsis; 3 criteria (RR, SBP, GCS); score ≥2 = high risk

NEWS/NEWS2 (National Early Warning Score)

Field	Value
Citation	Royal College of Physicians. National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2: Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. Updated report of a working party. London: RCP, 2017.
URL	https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/national-early-warning-score-news-2
Year	2017
Key Points	7 physiological parameters; score 0-20; guides clinical escalation

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

Field	Value
Citation	Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet. 1974;2(7872):81-84.
DOI	10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91639-0
PMID	4136544
Year	1974
Key Points	Consciousness assessment; 3-15 scale; Eye, Verbal, Motor responses

CAM-ICU (Confusion Assessment Method for ICU)

Field	Value
Citation	Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA. 2001;286(21):2703-2710.
DOI	10.1001/jama.286.21.2703
PMID	11730446
Year	2001
Key Points	ICU delirium screening; 4 features; requires RASS assessment

Caprini VTE Risk Assessment ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Caprini JA. Thrombosis risk assessment as a guide to quality patient care. Dis Mon. 2005;51(2-3):70-78.
DOI	10.1016/j.disamonth.2005.02.003
PMID	15900257
Year	2005
Key Points	Perioperative VTE risk; 40+ risk factors; guides prophylaxis

Field	Value
Validation Citation	Bahl V, Hu HM, Henke PK, Wakefield TW, Campbell DA Jr, Caprini JA. A validation study of a retrospective venous thromboembolism risk scoring method. Ann Surg. 2010;251(2):344-350.
DOI	10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181b7fca6
PMID	19779324
Year	2010
Key Points	Validation in 8,216 patients; stratifies VTE risk by score

Field	Value
Review Citation	Caprini JA. Risk assessment as a guide for the prevention of the many faces of venous thromboembolism. Am J Surg. 2010;199(1 Suppl):S3-10.
DOI	10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.10.006
PMID	20103082
Year	2010
Key Points	Comprehensive review of VTE risk assessment and prophylaxis

Apfel Score (PONV Risk) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Apfel CC, Läärä E, Koivuranta M, Greim CA, Roewer N. A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers. Anesthesiology. 1999;91(3):693-700.
DOI	10.1097/00000542-199909000-00022
PMID	10485781
Year	1999
Key Points	4 risk factors: female, non-smoker, history PONV/motion sickness, postop opioids; baseline 10% rising ~20% per factor

Field	Value
Guideline Citation	Gan TJ, Belani KG, Bergese S, et al. Fourth Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2020;131(2):411-448.
DOI	10.1213/ANE.0000000000004833
PMID	32467512
Year	2020
Key Points	SAMBA guidelines recommending Apfel score for PONV risk stratification

STOP-BANG Score (OSA Screening) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Chung F, Yegneswaran B, Liao P, et al. STOP questionnaire: a tool to screen patients for obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology. 2008;108(5):812-821.
DOI	10.1097/ALN.0b013e31816d83e4
PMID	18431116
Year	2008
Key Points	8 criteria: Snoring, Tired, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, BMI>35, Age>50, Neck>40cm, male Gender; score ≥3 = high OSA risk

Field	Value
Validation Citation	Chung F, Subramanyam R, Liao P, et al. High STOP-Bang score indicates a high probability of obstructive sleep apnoea. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108(5):768-775.
DOI	10.1093/bja/aes022
PMID	22401881
Year	2012
Key Points	Validation showing high sensitivity; score 5-8 = high probability moderate-severe OSA

Field	Value
Guideline Citation	Chung F, Memtsoudis SG, Ramachandran SK, et al. Society of Anesthesia and Sleep Medicine Guidelines on Preoperative Screening and Assessment of Adult Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Anesth Analg. 2016;123(2):452-473.
DOI	10.1213/ANE.0000000000001416
PMID	27442772
Year	2016
Key Points	SASM guidelines recommending STOP-BANG for preoperative OSA screening

NIHSS (NIH Stroke Scale) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Brott T, Adams HP Jr, Olinger CP, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke. 1989;20(7):864-870.
DOI	10.1161/01.str.20.7.864
PMID	2749846
Year	1989
Key Points	Stroke severity; 15 items; score 0-42; guides thrombolysis eligibility and prognosis

Field	Value
Validation Citation	Lyden P, Brott T, Tilley B, et al. Improved reliability of the NIH Stroke Scale using video training. NINDS TPA Stroke Study Group. Stroke. 1994;25(11):2220-2226.
DOI	10.1161/01.str.25.11.2220
PMID	7974549
Year	1994
Key Points	Reliability study; standardized training improves interrater reliability

Field	Value
Guideline Citation	Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: 2019 Update. Stroke. 2019;50(12):e344-e418.
DOI	10.1161/STR.0000000000000211
PMID	31662037
Year	2019
Key Points	AHA/ASA guidelines using NIHSS for stroke severity and treatment decisions

ABCD2 Score (TIA Stroke Risk) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Johnston SC, Rothwell PM, Nguyen-Huynh MN, et al. Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2007;369(9558):283-292.
DOI	10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60150-0
PMID	17258668
Year	2007
Key Points	TIA stroke risk prediction; 5 criteria (Age, BP, Clinical features, Duration, Diabetes); score 0-7; guides hospitalization

Field	Value
Guideline Citation	Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, et al. 2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack. Stroke. 2021;52(7):e364-e467.
DOI	10.1161/STR.0000000000000375
PMID	34024117
Year	2021
Key Points	AHA/ASA guideline recommending ABCD2 for TIA risk stratification

Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, Schouten HJ, van Gijn J. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke. 1988;19(5):604-607.
DOI	10.1161/01.str.19.5.604
PMID	3363593
Year	1988
Key Points	Post-stroke disability assessment; 7-point scale (0-6); widely used outcome measure

Field	Value
Original Citation	Rankin J. Cerebral vascular accidents in patients over the age of 60. II. Prognosis. Scott Med J. 1957;2(5):200-215.
DOI	10.1177/003693305700200504
PMID	13432835
Year	1957
Key Points	Original Rankin Scale development

Field	Value
Structured mRS Citation	Wilson JT, Hareendran A, Grant M, et al. Improving the assessment of outcomes in stroke: use of a structured interview to assign grades on the modified Rankin Scale. Stroke. 2002;33(9):2243-2246.
DOI	10.1161/01.str.0000027437.22450.bd
PMID	12215594
Year	2002
Key Points	Structured interview improves reliability

TIMI Risk Score for STEMI ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Morrow DA, Antman EM, Charlesworth A, et al. TIMI risk score for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000;102(17):2031-2037.
DOI	10.1161/01.cir.102.17.2031
PMID	11044416
Year	2000
Key Points	STEMI 30-day mortality prediction; 8 criteria; score 0-14; guides reperfusion urgency

Field	Value
Validation Citation	Morrow DA, Antman EM, Parsons L, et al. Application of the TIMI risk score for ST-elevation MI in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 3. JAMA. 2001;286(11):1356-1359.
DOI	10.1001/jama.286.11.1356
PMID	11560541
Year	2001
Key Points	Validation in NRMI-3 with >15,000 patients

Rockall Score (Upper GI Bleeding) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, Northfield TC. Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gut. 1996;38(3):316-321.
DOI	10.1136/gut.38.3.316
PMID	8675081
Year	1996
Key Points	UGIB mortality and rebleeding risk; Clinical + endoscopic components; score 0-11

Field	Value
Validation Citation	Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, Northfield TC. Incidence of and mortality from acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the United Kingdom. BMJ. 1995;311(6999):222-226.
DOI	10.1136/bmj.311.6999.222
PMID	7627034
Year	1995
Key Points	National audit of UGIB establishing mortality rates

FIB-4 Index (Liver Fibrosis) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, et al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Hepatology. 2006;43(6):1317-1325.
DOI	10.1002/hep.21178
PMID	16729309
Year	2006
Key Points	Non-invasive fibrosis assessment; formula: (Age × AST) / (Platelets × √ALT); cutoffs <1.30 (low) and >2.67 (high)

Field	Value
Age-Adjusted Citation	McPherson S, Hardy T, Dufour JF, et al. Age as a Confounding Factor for the Accurate Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Advanced NAFLD Fibrosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(5):740-751.
DOI	10.1038/ajg.2016.453
PMID	27725647
Year	2017
Key Points	Age-adjusted cutoffs for patients >65; improves specificity

Field	Value
NAFLD Validation Citation	Shah AG, Lydecker A, Murray K, et al. Comparison of noninvasive markers of fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(10):1104-1112.
DOI	10.1016/j.cgh.2009.05.033
PMID	19523535
Year	2009
Key Points	FIB-4 validated in NAFLD/NASH population

Aldrete Score (PACU Recovery) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Aldrete JA, Kroulik D. A postanesthetic recovery score. Anesth Analg. 1970;49(6):924-934.
DOI	N/A
PMID	5534693
Year	1970
Key Points	PACU discharge readiness; 5 criteria (activity, respiration, circulation, consciousness, color); score 0-10

Field	Value
Modified Citation	Aldrete JA. The post-anesthesia recovery score revisited. J Clin Anesth. 1995;7(1):89-91.
DOI	10.1016/0952-8180(94)00001-k
PMID	7772368
Year	1995
Key Points	Modified Aldrete replaces color with SpO₂; widely used; score ≥9 suitable for discharge

Hunt and Hess Scale (SAH Grading) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Hunt WE, Hess RM. Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1968;28(1):14-20.
DOI	10.3171/jns.1968.28.1.0014
PMID	5635959
Year	1968
Key Points	SAH clinical grading; Grade I-V; correlates with surgical outcome; Grade I-III favorable prognosis

Fisher Grade (SAH CT Classification) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Original Citation	Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM. Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery. 1980;6(1):1-9.
DOI	10.1227/00006123-198001000-00001
PMID	7354892
Year	1980
Key Points	CT-based SAH grading; predicts vasospasm risk; Grade 1-4

Field	Value
Modified Citation	Frontera JA, Claassen J, Schmidt JM, et al. Prediction of symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the modified fisher scale. Neurosurgery. 2006;59(1):21-27.
DOI	10.1227/01.NEU.0000218821.34014.1B
PMID	16823296
Year	2006
Key Points	Modified Fisher Scale; better vasospasm prediction; includes IVH assessment

FOUR Score (Full Outline of UnResponsiveness) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Wijdicks EF, Bamlet WR, Maramattom BV, et al. Validation of a new coma scale: The FOUR score. Ann Neurol. 2005;58(4):585-593.
DOI	10.1002/ana.20611
PMID	16178024
Year	2005
Key Points	Alternative to GCS; Eye + Motor + Brainstem + Respiration; score 0-16; detects locked-in syndrome

ICH Score (Intracerebral Hemorrhage) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Hemphill JC 3rd, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L, et al. The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001;32(4):891-897.
DOI	10.1161/01.str.32.4.891
PMID	11283388
Year	2001
Key Points	ICH 30-day mortality prediction; 5 components (GCS, age, volume, IVH, location); score 0-6

APGAR Score (Newborn Assessment) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Original Citation	Apgar V. A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. Curr Res Anesth Analg. 1953;32(4):260-267.
DOI	N/A
PMID	13083014
Year	1953
Key Points	Newborn assessment at 1 and 5 minutes; 5 components (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration); score 0-10

Field	Value
AAP Guideline	American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn. The Apgar Score. Pediatrics. 2015;136(4):819-822.
DOI	10.1542/peds.2015-2651
PMID	26416932
Year	2015
Key Points	Official AAP guidelines; proper use and limitations of APGAR

PEWS (Pediatric Early Warning Score) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Parshuram CS, Hutchison J, Middaugh K. Development and initial validation of the Bedside Paediatric Early Warning System score. Crit Care. 2009;13(4):R135.
DOI	10.1186/cc7998
PMID	19678924
Year	2009
Key Points	Pediatric clinical deterioration; 3 domains (behavior, cardiovascular, respiratory); score 0-13

Pediatric SOFA / pSOFA ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Matics TJ, Sanchez-Pinto LN. Adaptation and Validation of a Pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score and Evaluation of the Sepsis-3 Definitions in Critically Ill Children. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(10):e172352.
DOI	10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.2352
PMID	28783810
Year	2017
Key Points	Age-adjusted SOFA for pediatrics; validated against adult SOFA; Sepsis-3 compatible

Field	Value
Phoenix Criteria	Schlapbach LJ, Watson RS, Sorce LR, et al. International Consensus Criteria for Pediatric Sepsis and Septic Shock. JAMA. 2024;331(8):665-674.
DOI	10.1001/jama.2024.0179
PMID	38245889
Year	2024
Key Points	Phoenix Sepsis criteria; new international pediatric sepsis definition

PIM3 (Pediatric Index of Mortality 3) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Straney L, Clements A, Parslow RC, et al. Paediatric index of mortality 3: an updated model for predicting mortality in pediatric intensive care. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2013;14(7):673-681.
DOI	10.1097/PCC.0b013e31829760cf
PMID	23863821
Year	2013
Key Points	PICU mortality prediction; 10 variables at admission; probability formula

Pediatric GCS ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Reilly PL, Simpson DA, Sprod R, Thomas L. Assessing the conscious level in infants and young children: a paediatric version of the Glasgow Coma Scale. Childs Nerv Syst. 1988;4(1):30-33.
DOI	10.1007/BF00274080
PMID	3401866
Year	1988
Key Points	Age-adapted GCS for preverbal children; modified verbal responses; score 3-15

PSI/PORT Score (Pneumonia Severity Index) ⭐ NEW

Field	Value
Citation	Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(4):243-250.
DOI	10.1056/NEJM199701233360402
PMID	8995086
Year	1997
Key Points	CAP severity; 5 risk classes; guides inpatient vs outpatient treatment

Field	Value
Validation Citation	Aujesky D, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. Prospective comparison of three validated prediction rules for prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med. 2005;118(4):384-392.
DOI	10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.006
PMID	15808136
Year	2005
Key Points	Comparison with CURB-65 and CRB-65; PSI validated for CAP prognosis

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