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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="description" content="UI-Vision">
<meta name="keywords" content="GUI Benchmark for Visual Perception and Interaction">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>UI-Vision: A Desktop-centric GUI Benchmark for Visual Perception and Interaction</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Google+Sans:wght@400;500;700&display=swap">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bulma@0.9.4/css/bulma.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jpswalsh/academicons@1/css/academicons.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.7.2/css/all.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./static/css/index.css">
<link rel="icon" href="./static/images/square.png">
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet">
<style>
.conference-badge {
margin: 1rem 0;
text-align: center;
}
.badge-text {
display: inline-block;
background: linear-gradient(45deg, #7aa2f7, #bb9af7);
color: #1a1b26;
padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
border-radius: 20px;
font-weight: 600;
font-size: 1.1rem;
box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}
</style>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script defer src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.7.2/js/all.min.js"></script>
<script type="module" src="https://gradio.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/4.16.0/gradio.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Navigation -->
<nav class="navbar is-fixed-top" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
<div class="container">
<div class="navbar-brand">
<a class="navbar-item" href="index.html">
<img src="./static/images/square.png" alt="Logo" width="28" height="28">
<span class="ml-2 has-text-weight-semibold">UI-Vision</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="navbar-menu">
<div class="navbar-end">
<a class="navbar-item is-active" href="index.html">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fas fa-home"></i>
</span>
<span>UI-Vision</span>
</a>
<a class="navbar-item" href="suite.html">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fas fa-th-large"></i>
</span>
<span>Suite</span>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<section class="hero">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="hero-content">
<div class="logo-container">
<img src="./static/images/square.png" alt="UI-Vision Logo" class="logo-image">
</div>
<h1 class="publication-title">UI-Vision: A Desktop-centric GUI Benchmark for Visual Perception and Interaction</h1>
<div class="publication-links">
<span class="link-block">
<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.15661" target="_blank" class="button is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i>
</span>
<span>Read the Paper</span>
</a>
</span>
<span class="link-block">
<a href="https://youtu.be/JcXS4AKTfrQ" target="_blank" class="button is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fab fa-youtube"></i>
</span>
<span>Watch Video Talk</span>
</a>
</span>
<span class="link-block">
<a href="https://github.com/uivision/UI-Vision" target="_blank" class="button is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fab fa-github"></i>
</span>
<span>GitHub</span>
</a>
</span>
<span class="link-block">
<a href="https://huggingface.co/datasets/ServiceNow/ui-vision" target="_blank" class="button is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fas fa-database"></i>
</span>
<span>Download Dataset</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="conference-badge">
<span class="badge-text">Accepted to ICML 2025</span>
</div>
<div class="publication-authors">
<div class="author-list">
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#" style="color:#f68946;">Shravan Nayak<sup>*,1,2,3</sup></a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://edward-jianqaq.github.io/" style="color:#F2A900;">Xiangru Jian<sup>*,4,3</sup></a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#" style="color:#f68946;">Kevin Qinghong Lin<sup>5</sup></a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#" style="color:#F2A900;">Juan A. Rodriguez<sup>1,6,3</sup></a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#" style="color:#008AD7;">Montek Kalsi<sup>3</sup></a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#" style="color:#f68946;">Rabiul Awal<sup>1,2,3</sup></a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#" style="color:#f68946;">Nicolas Chapados<sup>3</sup></a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#" style="color:#008AD7;">M. Tamer Özsu<sup>4</sup></a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#" style="color:#f68946;">Aishwarya Agrawal<sup>1,2,7</sup></a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#" style="color:#008AD7;">David Vazquez<sup>3</sup></a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#" style="color:#f68946;">Christopher Pal<sup>1,8,3,7</sup></a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#" style="color:#F2A900;">Perouz Taslakian<sup>3</sup></a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#" style="color:#008AD7;">Spandana Gella<sup>3</sup></a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#" style="color:#f68946;">Sai Rajeswar<sup>1,2,3</sup></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="author-affiliations">
<span class="author-block"><sup>*</sup>Equal contribution</span>
<span class="author-block"><sup>1</sup>Mila - Quebec AI Institute</span>
<span class="author-block"><sup>2</sup>Université de Montréal</span>
<span class="author-block"><sup>3</sup>ServiceNow</span>
<span class="author-block"><sup>4</sup>University of Waterloo</span>
<span class="author-block"><sup>5</sup>National University of Singapore</span>
<span class="author-block"><sup>6</sup>École de Technologie Supérieure</span>
<span class="author-block"><sup>7</sup>CIFAR AI Chair</span>
<span class="author-block"><sup>8</sup>Polytechnique Montréal</span>
</div>
<div class="author-correspondence">
<span>Correspondence to: Shravan Nayak <shravan.nayak@mila.quebec>, Xiangru Jian <x2jian@uwaterloo.ca></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="nav-section">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<nav class="content-nav">
<a href="#intro" class="nav-item active">
<span class="nav-text">Overview</span>
</a>
<a href="#platforms" class="nav-item">
<span class="nav-text">Platforms</span>
</a>
<a href="#dataset" class="nav-item">
<span class="nav-text">Dataset & Benchmark</span>
</a>
<a href="#results" class="nav-item">
<span class="nav-text">Results</span>
</a>
<a href="#citation" class="nav-item">
<span class="nav-text">Citation</span>
</a>
<a href="suite.html" class="nav-item">
<span class="nav-text">Research Suite</span>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
</section>
<section class="section" id="intro">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="content">
<div class="overview-section">
<div class="overview-header">
<div class="title-group">
<h1>UI-Vision</h1>
</div>
<div class="key-metrics">
<span><i class="fas fa-desktop"></i>Desktop GUI</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-wrench"></i>83 Apps</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-code"></i>Open Source Platform</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="overview-content">
<div class="capabilities-panel">
<h2><i class="fas fa-star"></i>Core Capabilities</h2>
<div class="capabilities-list">
<div class="capability">
<i class="fas fa-crosshairs"></i>
<span>Element Grounding</span>
</div>
<div class="capability">
<i class="fas fa-th-large"></i>
<span>Layout Analysis</span>
</div>
<div class="capability">
<i class="fas fa-play-circle"></i>
<span>Action Prediction</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="image-container">
<img src="./static/images/teaser-data.png" alt="UI-Vision Benchmark Overview" class="showcase-image">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="challenge-solution-container">
<div class="challenge-section">
<div class="section-header">
<i class="fas fa-exclamation-triangle"></i>
<span>The Challenge</span>
</div>
<div class="list-item">
<i class="fas fa-times"></i>
<span>Limited desktop environment focus</span>
</div>
<div class="list-item">
<i class="fas fa-times"></i>
<span>Lack of standardized benchmarks</span>
</div>
<div class="list-item">
<i class="fas fa-times"></i>
<span>Complex interface interactions</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="solution-section">
<div class="section-header">
<i class="fas fa-lightbulb"></i>
<span>Our Solution</span>
</div>
<div class="list-item">
<i class="fas fa-check"></i>
<span>Expert-verified annotations</span>
</div>
<div class="list-item">
<i class="fas fa-check"></i>
<span>Diverse application coverage</span>
</div>
<div class="list-item">
<i class="fas fa-check"></i>
<span>Real-world automation tasks</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="example-section">
<p class="title is-4">Task Examples</p>
<div class="example-toggle">
<button class="toggle-btn active" data-example="automation">
<i class="fas fa-robot"></i>
<span> Action Prediction</span>
</button>
<button class="toggle-btn" data-example="grounding">
<i class="fas fa-crosshairs"></i>
<span>Element or Layout Grounding</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="example-containers">
<!-- Agent Automation Example -->
<div class="example-container active" id="automation-example">
<div class="task-metadata">
<div class="metadata-item">
<i class="fas fa-desktop"></i>
<span>OS: Windows 11</span>
</div>
<div class="metadata-item">
<i class="fas fa-cube"></i>
<span>Platform: FreeCAD</span>
</div>
<div class="metadata-item">
<i class="fas fa-code-branch"></i>
<span>Version: 0.20.2</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="task-prompt">
<div class="task-prompt-label">
<i class="fas fa-terminal"></i>
<span>Example Task</span>
</div>
<div class="task-prompt-content">
<div class="command-line">
<span class="prompt">$</span>
<span class="command">process_input</span>
<span class="args">--app=</span><span class="string">"freecad"</span>
<span class="args">--input=</span><span class="string">"data.json"</span>
<span class="args">--model=</span><span class="string">"ui-tars-72b"</span>
</div>
<div class="input-sections">
<div class="input-section">
<div class="section-header">
<i class="fas fa-file-code"></i>
<span>data.json (Step 2 of N)</span>
</div>
<div class="section-content">
<div class="input-json">{
"task_description": "Create a circle sketch and a 5.00mm pocket with the created sketch.",
"current_step": "Navigate menus",
"step_index": 2,
"screenshot": "current_frame.png",
"action_history": [
"CLICK(1058, 537)",
"MOVE_TO(974, 472)",
"DRAG_TO(949, 417)"
]
}</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="task-sequence">
<div class="sequence-step">
<div class="step-number">1</div>
<div class="step-content">Draw circle on XY plane</div>
</div>
<div class="sequence-step">
<div class="step-number">2</div>
<div class="step-content">Select pocket operation</div>
</div>
<div class="sequence-step">
<div class="step-number">3</div>
<div class="step-content">Choose circle as profile</div>
</div>
<div class="sequence-step">
<div class="step-number">4</div>
<div class="step-content">Set pocket depth: 5.00mm</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="task-preview">
<img src="./static/images/teaser.png" alt="CAD Task Example" class="showcase-image">
<div class="image-caption">
<i class="fas fa-layer-group"></i>
<span>Agent Execution: Step-by-step CAD Task Automation</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="benchmark-section">
<div class="system-requirements">
<div class="req-items">
<div class="req-item">
<div class="req-header">
<i class="fas fa-eye"></i>
<span>Visual Analysis</span>
</div>
<div class="req-details">
<span class="req-status">[ Required ]</span>
<span class="req-desc">Detect and locate UI elements in interface</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="req-item">
<div class="req-header">
<i class="fas fa-sitemap"></i>
<span>State Tracking</span>
</div>
<div class="req-details">
<span class="req-status">[ Required ]</span>
<span class="req-desc">Monitor system state and element changes</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="req-item">
<div class="req-header">
<i class="fas fa-code-branch"></i>
<span>Action Planning</span>
</div>
<div class="req-details">
<span class="req-status">[ Required ]</span>
<span class="req-desc">Generate optimal step sequence</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="validation-checks">
<div class="success-metrics">
<i class="fas fa-check-circle"></i>
<span class="metrics-label">Required Capabilities:</span>
<span class="metric-item">[ 1. Element Detection ]</span>
<span class="metric-separator">→</span>
<span class="metric-item">[ 2. Action Sequencing ]</span>
<span class="metric-separator">→</span>
<span class="metric-item">[ 3. Parameter Accuracy ]</span>
<span class="metric-separator">→</span>
<span class="metric-item">[ 4. Task Completion ]</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Agent Grounding Example -->
<div class="example-container" id="grounding-example">
<div class="task-metadata">
<div class="metadata-item">
<i class="fas fa-desktop"></i>
<span>OS: Windows 11</span>
</div>
<div class="metadata-item">
<i class="fas fa-window-maximize"></i>
<span>Platform: Chrome</span>
</div>
<div class="metadata-item">
<i class="fas fa-code-branch"></i>
<span>Version: 120.0</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="task-prompt">
<div class="task-prompt-label">
<i class="fas fa-terminal"></i>
<span>Example Task</span>
</div>
<div class="task-prompt-content">
<div class="command-line">
<span class="prompt">$</span>
<span class="command">process_input</span>
<span class="args">--app=</span><span class="string">"chrome"</span>
<span class="args">--input=</span><span class="string">"query.json"</span>
<span class="args">--model=</span><span class="string">"ui-tars-72b"</span>
</div>
<div class="input-sections">
<div class="input-section">
<div class="section-header">
<i class="fas fa-file-code"></i>
<span>query.json</span>
</div>
<div class="section-content">
<div class="input-json">{
"task_description": "Find and highlight the main navigation menu in the browser interface",
"current_step": "Element grounding",
"step_index": 1,
"screenshot": "browser_interface.png",
"query": "Locate the main navigation menu"
}</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grounding-preview">
<img src="./static/images/grounding.png" alt="Grounding Example" class="showcase-image">
<div class="image-caption">
<i class="fas fa-layer-group"></i>
<span>Agent Response: Visual Grounding of UI Elements</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="benchmark-section">
<div class="system-requirements">
<div class="req-items">
<div class="req-item">
<div class="req-header">
<i class="fas fa-eye"></i>
<span>Visual Understanding</span>
</div>
<div class="req-details">
<span class="req-status">[ Required ]</span>
<span class="req-desc">Analyze and interpret UI layouts and elements</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="req-item">
<div class="req-header">
<i class="fas fa-object-group"></i>
<span>Element Detection</span>
</div>
<div class="req-details">
<span class="req-status">[ Required ]</span>
<span class="req-desc">Identify and locate specific UI components</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="req-item">
<div class="req-header">
<i class="fas fa-project-diagram"></i>
<span>Spatial Reasoning</span>
</div>
<div class="req-details">
<span class="req-status">[ Required ]</span>
<span class="req-desc">Understand relative positions and layouts</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="validation-checks">
<div class="success-metrics">
<i class="fas fa-check-circle"></i>
<span class="metrics-label">Required Capabilities:</span>
<span class="metric-item">[ 1. Visual Analysis ]</span>
<span class="metric-separator">→</span>
<span class="metric-item">[ 2. Element Detection ]</span>
<span class="metric-separator">→</span>
<span class="metric-item">[ 3. Spatial Understanding ]</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Action Space Section -->
<div class="action-space">
<h3 class="title">Action Space</h3>
<table class="action-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Action</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="action-name">Move(x, y)</td>
<td>Move the mouse to the specified coordinates.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="action-name">Click(x, y, button)</td>
<td>Click the specified button at the given coordinates.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="action-name">Typing('Hello')</td>
<td>Types a specified string.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="action-name">Hotkey('ctrl', 'c')</td>
<td>Performs individual or combination hotkeys.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="action-name">Drag([x1,y1], [x2,y2])</td>
<td>Drags the mouse from start (x1,y1) to end (x2,y2).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Platforms Section -->
<section class="section" id="platforms">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
<div class="column">
<h2 class="title is-3">Platforms</h2>
<p class="subtitle has-text-centered">
Applications and tools analyzed in our research
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="platform-icons">
<div class="domain-section">
<h4><i class="fas fa-code"></i> Development (24.7%)</h4>
<div class="icon-grid">
<span><i class="fas fa-code"></i> Geany</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-brackets"></i> Brackets</span>
<span><i class="fab fa-java"></i> IntelliJ IDEA</span>
<span><i class="fab fa-python"></i> PyCharm</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-coffee"></i> NetBeans</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-moon"></i> Eclipse</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-cube"></i> FreeCAD</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-atom"></i> Atom</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-code"></i> VSCode</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-search"></i> DuckDuckGo</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="domain-section">
<h4><i class="fas fa-globe"></i> Browsers (4.7%)</h4>
<div class="icon-grid">
<span><i class="fab fa-firefox"></i> Firefox</span>
<span><i class="fab fa-chrome"></i> Chrome</span>
<span><i class="fab fa-opera"></i> Opera</span>
<span><i class="fab fa-brave"></i> Brave</span>
<span><i class="fab fa-chrome"></i> Chromium</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="domain-section">
<h4><i class="fas fa-tasks"></i> Productivity (32.9%)</h4>
<div class="icon-grid">
<span><i class="far fa-file-word"></i> LibreOffice Writer</span>
<span><i class="far fa-file-image"></i> LibreOffice Draw</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-database"></i> LibreOffice Base</span>
<span><i class="far fa-file-excel"></i> LibreOffice Calc</span>
<span><i class="far fa-file-powerpoint"></i> LibreOffice Impress</span>
<span><i class="far fa-file-alt"></i> OnlyOffice</span>
<span><i class="far fa-file-pdf"></i> PDF Edit</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-wpforms"></i> OnlyOffice Forms</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-table"></i> OnlyOffice Spreadsheet</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-calculator"></i> Gnumeric</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-edit"></i> Notepad++</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-sticky-note"></i> Simple Note</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-lock"></i> CryptomatorWeb</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-money-check"></i> GnuCash</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-chart-bar"></i> Metabase</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-video"></i> Jitsi</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="domain-section">
<h4><i class="fas fa-paint-brush"></i> Creativity (18.8%)</h4>
<div class="icon-grid">
<span><i class="fas fa-palette"></i> GIMP</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-vector-square"></i> Inkscape</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-cube"></i> Blender</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-folder"></i> Nemo</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-camera"></i> Flameshot</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="domain-section">
<h4><i class="fas fa-play"></i> Entertainment (9.4%)</h4>
<div class="icon-grid">
<span><i class="fas fa-play-circle"></i> VLC</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-comment"></i> Signal</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-cube"></i> Element</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-network-wired"></i> Matrix</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-film"></i> Emby</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-video"></i> Natron</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-download"></i> uTorrent</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-download"></i> qBittorrent</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-download"></i> KTorrent</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-cards"></i> Anki</span>
<span><i class="fas fa-comments"></i> Zulip</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Dataset & Benchmark Section -->
<section class="section" id="dataset">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
<div class="column">
<h2 class="title is-3">Dataset & Benchmark</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="insights-section">
<h3 class="title is-3">Dataset Composition</h3>
<div class="insight-card">
<div class="insight-content">
<div class="dataset-overview">
<div class="stat-grid">
<div class="stats-section">
<div class="dataset-stat-card">
<div class="stat-icon">
<i class="fas fa-laptop-code"></i>
</div>
<div class="stat-content">
<div class="stat-number">83</div>
<div class="stat-label">Applications</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="dataset-stat-card">
<div class="stat-icon">
<i class="fas fa-layer-group"></i>
</div>
<div class="stat-content">
<div class="stat-number">6</div>
<div class="stat-label">Domains</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="dataset-stat-card">
<div class="stat-icon">
<i class="fas fa-tags"></i>
</div>
<div class="stat-content">
<div class="stat-number">8,200+</div>
<div class="stat-label">Query-Label Pairs</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="dataset-stat-card">
<div class="stat-icon">
<i class="fas fa-play-circle"></i>
</div>
<div class="stat-content">
<div class="stat-number">450+</div>
<div class="stat-label">Demonstrations</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="info-section">
<div class="dataset-highlight">
<div class="highlight-icon">
<i class="fas fa-info-circle"></i>
</div>
<p>Each application is represented by multiple screenshots capturing different states and functionalities, ensuring comprehensive coverage of UI components and interaction patterns.</p>
</div>
<div class="section-title">
Scale & <span>Diversity</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="visualization-content">
<div class="pie-chart-container">
<img src="./static/images/pie-chart.png" alt="Dataset Domain Distribution" class="pie-chart">
<p class="chart-caption">Domain distribution across the UI-Vision dataset</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 class="insights-header">Benchmark Tasks</h3>
<div class="task-grid">
<div class="task-card">
<div class="task-icon">
<i class="fas fa-object-group"></i>
</div>
<h4 class="task-title">Element Grounding</h4>
<div class="task-example">
<div class="example-query">
<div class="text">
<span class="text-rotate">Find the save button</span>
<span class="text-rotate">Locate the volume slider</span>
<span class="text-rotate">Find the settings menu</span>
</div>
<img src="static/images/stars.png" class="sparkle" alt="star">
</div>
<div class="example-result">
<i class="fas fa-check-circle"></i>
<span>Locates specific UI elements</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="task-importance">
<i class="fas fa-star"></i>
<span>Foundation for GUI interaction</span>
</div>
<div class="task-metrics">
<div class="metric">
<span class="metric-label">Success Rate</span>
<span class="metric-value">31.4%</span>
<div class="metric-bar" style="--percentage: 31.4%"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="task-card">
<div class="task-icon">
<i class="fas fa-th-large"></i>
</div>
<h4 class="task-title">Layout Grounding</h4>
<div class="task-example">
<div class="example-query">
<div class="text">
<span class="text-rotate">Highlight the main navigation menu</span>
<span class="text-rotate">Find the sidebar content area</span>
<span class="text-rotate">Locate the footer section</span>
</div>
<img src="static/images/stars.png" class="sparkle" alt="star">
</div>
<div class="example-result">
<i class="fas fa-check-circle"></i>
<span>Groups functional regions</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="task-importance">
<i class="fas fa-star"></i>
<span>Tests GUI structure understanding</span>
</div>
<div class="task-metrics">
<div class="metric">
<span class="metric-label">Success Rate</span>
<span class="metric-value">24.3%</span>
<div class="metric-bar" style="--percentage: 24.3%"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="task-card">
<div class="task-icon">
<i class="fas fa-play-circle"></i>
</div>
<h4 class="task-title">Action Prediction</h4>
<div class="task-example">
<div class="example-query">
<div class="text">
<span class="text-rotate">Create a new document and save it</span>
<span class="text-rotate">Open settings and enable dark mode</span>
<span class="text-rotate">Export the file as PDF format</span>
</div>
<img src="static/images/stars.png" class="sparkle" alt="star">
</div>
<div class="example-result">
<i class="fas fa-check-circle"></i>
<span>Plans multi-step actions</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="task-importance">
<i class="fas fa-star"></i>
<span>Tests sequential decision-making</span>
</div>
<div class="task-metrics">
<div class="metric">
<span class="metric-label">Success Rate</span>
<span class="metric-value">12.8%</span>
<div class="metric-bar" style="--percentage: 12.8%"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="task-summary">
<div class="summary-icon">
<i class="fas fa-chart-line"></i>
</div>
<div class="summary-content">
<h4>Task Progression</h4>
<p>Tasks increase in complexity from basic element identification to complex action sequences, enabling comprehensive evaluation of AI capabilities in GUI environments.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Results & Insights Section -->
<section class="section" id="results">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
<div class="column">
<h2 class="title is-3">Results & Insights</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<!-- Visual Performance Overview -->
<div class="performance-overview">
<h4 class="title is-4">Model Performance Overview</h4>
<div class="model-categories">
<div class="category-card">
<div class="category-icon">
<i class="fas fa-robot"></i>
</div>
<h4>Open VLMs</h4>
<div class="score">
<span class="value">2.8%</span>
<div class="score-bar" style="--percentage: 2.8%"></div>
</div>
<div class="category-note">Base visual language models</div>
</div>
<div class="category-card">
<div class="category-icon">
<i class="fas fa-lock"></i>
</div>
<h4>Closed VLMs</h4>
<div class="score">
<span class="value">8.3%</span>
<div class="score-bar" style="--percentage: 8.3%"></div>
</div>
<div class="category-note">Proprietary models</div>
</div>
<div class="category-card">
<div class="category-icon">
<i class="fas fa-microchip"></i>
</div>
<h4>Small GUI Agents</h4>
<div class="score">
<span class="value">17.6%</span>
<div class="score-bar" style="--percentage: 17.6%"></div>
</div>
<div class="category-note"><8B parameters</div>
</div>
<div class="category-card highlight">
<div class="category-icon">
<i class="fas fa-microchip"></i>
</div>
<h4>Large GUI Agents</h4>
<div class="score">
<span class="value">25.5%</span>
<div class="score-bar" style="--percentage: 25.5%"></div>
</div>
<div class="category-note">>8B parameters</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="key-findings">
<div class="finding-card">
<div class="finding-header">
<i class="fas fa-chart-line"></i>
<h4>Model Size Matters</h4>
</div>
<p>Larger models (50B+ parameters) consistently outperform smaller counterparts across all tasks</p>
</div>
<div class="finding-card">
<div class="finding-header">
<i class="fas fa-brain"></i>
<h4>Specialization GUI Agents</h4>
</div>
<p>GUI-specialized models show significant advantages over general-purpose visual language models</p>
</div>
<div class="finding-card">
<div class="finding-header">
<i class="fas fa-tasks"></i>
<h4>Task Complexity</h4>
</div>
<p>Performance decreases with task complexity, with spatial understanding being the most challenging</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="domain-performance">
<h3 class="insights-header">Performance by Domain</h3>
<div class="domain-bars">
<div class="domain-bar">
<div class="domain-label">
<i class="fas fa-graduation-cap"></i>
<span>Education</span>
</div>
<div class="bar-container">
<div class="bar" style="--percentage: 30.7%">
<span class="bar-value">30.7%</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="domain-bar">
<div class="domain-label">
<i class="fas fa-globe"></i>
<span>Browsers</span>
</div>
<div class="bar-container">
<div class="bar" style="--percentage: 48.2%">
<span class="bar-value">48.2%</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="domain-bar">
<div class="domain-label">
<i class="fas fa-code"></i>
<span>Development</span>
</div>
<div class="bar-container">
<div class="bar" style="--percentage: 32.7%">
<span class="bar-value">32.7%</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="domain-bar">