locid.h

// © 2016 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
// License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
/*
******************************************************************************
*
*   Copyright (C) 1996-2015, International Business Machines
*   Corporation and others.  All Rights Reserved.
*
******************************************************************************
*
* File locid.h
*
* Created by: Helena Shih
*
* Modification History:
*
*   Date        Name        Description
*   02/11/97    aliu        Changed gLocPath to fgLocPath and added methods to
*                           get and set it.
*   04/02/97    aliu        Made operator!= inline; fixed return value of getName().
*   04/15/97    aliu        Cleanup for AIX/Win32.
*   04/24/97    aliu        Numerous changes per code review.
*   08/18/98    stephen     Added tokenizeString(),changed getDisplayName()
*   09/08/98    stephen     Moved definition of kEmptyString for Mac Port
*   11/09/99    weiv        Added const char * getName() const;
*   04/12/00    srl         removing unicodestring api's and cached hash code
*   08/10/01    grhoten     Change the static Locales to accessor functions
******************************************************************************
*/

#ifndef LOCID_H
#define LOCID_H

#include "unicode/utypes.h"

#if U_SHOW_CPLUSPLUS_API

#include "unicode/bytestream.h"
#include "unicode/localpointer.h"
#include "unicode/strenum.h"
#include "unicode/stringpiece.h"
#include "unicode/uobject.h"
#include "unicode/putil.h"
#include "unicode/uloc.h"

/**
 * \file
 * \brief C++ API: Locale ID object.
 */

U_NAMESPACE_BEGIN

// Forward Declarations
void U_CALLCONV locale_available_init(); /**< @internal */

class StringEnumeration;
class UnicodeString;
class CharString;

/**
 * A <code>Locale</code> object represents a specific geographical, political,
 * or cultural region. An operation that requires a <code>Locale</code> to perform
 * its task is called <em>locale-sensitive</em> and uses the <code>Locale</code>
 * to tailor information for the user. For example, displaying a number
 * is a locale-sensitive operation--the number should be formatted
 * according to the customs/conventions of the user's native country,
 * region, or culture.
 *
 * The Locale class is not suitable for subclassing.
 *
 * <P>
 * You can create a <code>Locale</code> object using the constructor in
 * this class:
 * \htmlonly<blockquote>\endhtmlonly
 * <pre>
 *       Locale( const   char*  language,
 *               const   char*  country,
 *               const   char*  variant);
 * </pre>
 * \htmlonly</blockquote>\endhtmlonly
 * The first argument to the constructors is a valid <STRONG>ISO
 * Language Code.</STRONG> These codes are the lower-case two-letter
 * codes as defined by ISO-639.
 * You can find a full list of these codes at:
 * <BR><a href ="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/">
 * http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/</a>
 *
 * <P>
 * The second argument to the constructors is a valid <STRONG>ISO Country
 * Code.</STRONG> These codes are the upper-case two-letter codes
 * as defined by ISO-3166.
 * You can find a full list of these codes at a number of sites, such as:
 * <BR><a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/index.html">
 * http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/index.html</a>
 *
 * <P>
 * The third constructor requires a third argument--the <STRONG>Variant.</STRONG>
 * The Variant codes are vendor and browser-specific.
 * For example, use REVISED for a language's revised script orthography, and POSIX for POSIX.
 * Where there are two variants, separate them with an underscore, and
 * put the most important one first. For
 * example, a Traditional Spanish collation might be referenced, with
 * "ES", "ES", "Traditional_POSIX".
 *
 * <P>
 * Because a <code>Locale</code> object is just an identifier for a region,
 * no validity check is performed when you construct a <code>Locale</code>.
 * If you want to see whether particular resources are available for the
 * <code>Locale</code> you construct, you must query those resources. For
 * example, ask the <code>NumberFormat</code> for the locales it supports
 * using its <code>getAvailableLocales</code> method.
 * <BR><STRONG>Note:</STRONG> When you ask for a resource for a particular
 * locale, you get back the best available match, not necessarily
 * precisely what you asked for. For more information, look at
 * <code>ResourceBundle</code>.
 *
 * <P>
 * The <code>Locale</code> class provides a number of convenient constants
 * that you can use to create <code>Locale</code> objects for commonly used
 * locales. For example, the following refers to a <code>Locale</code> object
 * for the United States:
 * \htmlonly<blockquote>\endhtmlonly
 * <pre>
 *       Locale::getUS()
 * </pre>
 * \htmlonly</blockquote>\endhtmlonly
 *
 * <P>
 * Once you've created a <code>Locale</code> you can query it for information about
 * itself. Use <code>getCountry</code> to get the ISO Country Code and
 * <code>getLanguage</code> to get the ISO Language Code. You can
 * use <code>getDisplayCountry</code> to get the
 * name of the country suitable for displaying to the user. Similarly,
 * you can use <code>getDisplayLanguage</code> to get the name of
 * the language suitable for displaying to the user. Interestingly,
 * the <code>getDisplayXXX</code> methods are themselves locale-sensitive
 * and have two versions: one that uses the default locale and one
 * that takes a locale as an argument and displays the name or country in
 * a language appropriate to that locale.
 *
 * <P>
 * ICU provides a number of classes that perform locale-sensitive
 * operations. For example, the <code>NumberFormat</code> class formats
 * numbers, currency, or percentages in a locale-sensitive manner. Classes
 * such as <code>NumberFormat</code> have a number of convenience methods
 * for creating a default object of that type. For example, the
 * <code>NumberFormat</code> class provides these three convenience methods
 * for creating a default <code>NumberFormat</code> object:
 * \htmlonly<blockquote>\endhtmlonly
 * <pre>
 *     UErrorCode success = U_ZERO_ERROR;
 *     Locale myLocale;
 *     NumberFormat *nf;
 *
 *     nf = NumberFormat::createInstance( success );          delete nf;
 *     nf = NumberFormat::createCurrencyInstance( success );  delete nf;
 *     nf = NumberFormat::createPercentInstance( success );   delete nf;
 * </pre>
 * \htmlonly</blockquote>\endhtmlonly
 * Each of these methods has two variants; one with an explicit locale
 * and one without; the latter using the default locale.
 * \htmlonly<blockquote>\endhtmlonly
 * <pre>
 *     nf = NumberFormat::createInstance( myLocale, success );          delete nf;
 *     nf = NumberFormat::createCurrencyInstance( myLocale, success );  delete nf;
 *     nf = NumberFormat::createPercentInstance( myLocale, success );   delete nf;
 * </pre>
 * \htmlonly</blockquote>\endhtmlonly
 * A <code>Locale</code> is the mechanism for identifying the kind of object
 * (<code>NumberFormat</code>) that you would like to get. The locale is
 * <STRONG>just</STRONG> a mechanism for identifying objects,
 * <STRONG>not</STRONG> a container for the objects themselves.
 *
 * <P>
 * Each class that performs locale-sensitive operations allows you
 * to get all the available objects of that type. You can sift
 * through these objects by language, country, or variant,
 * and use the display names to present a menu to the user.
 * For example, you can create a menu of all the collation objects
 * suitable for a given language. Such classes implement these
 * three class methods:
 * \htmlonly<blockquote>\endhtmlonly
 * <pre>
 *       static Locale* getAvailableLocales(int32_t& numLocales)
 *       static UnicodeString& getDisplayName(const Locale&  objectLocale,
 *                                            const Locale&  displayLocale,
 *                                            UnicodeString& displayName)
 *       static UnicodeString& getDisplayName(const Locale&  objectLocale,
 *                                            UnicodeString& displayName)
 * </pre>
 * \htmlonly</blockquote>\endhtmlonly
 *
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 * @see ResourceBundle
 */
class U_COMMON_API Locale : public UObject {
public:
    /** Useful constant for the Root locale. @stable ICU 4.4 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getRoot();
    /** Useful constant for this language. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getEnglish();
    /** Useful constant for this language. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getFrench();
    /** Useful constant for this language. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getGerman();
    /** Useful constant for this language. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getItalian();
    /** Useful constant for this language. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getJapanese();
    /** Useful constant for this language. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getKorean();
    /** Useful constant for this language. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getChinese();
    /** Useful constant for this language. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getSimplifiedChinese();
    /** Useful constant for this language. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getTraditionalChinese();

    /** Useful constant for this country/region. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getFrance();
    /** Useful constant for this country/region. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getGermany();
    /** Useful constant for this country/region. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getItaly();
    /** Useful constant for this country/region. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getJapan();
    /** Useful constant for this country/region. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getKorea();
    /** Useful constant for this country/region. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getChina();
    /** Useful constant for this country/region. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getPRC();
    /** Useful constant for this country/region. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getTaiwan();
    /** Useful constant for this country/region. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getUK();
    /** Useful constant for this country/region. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getUS();
    /** Useful constant for this country/region. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getCanada();
    /** Useful constant for this country/region. @stable ICU 2.0 */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getCanadaFrench();

    /**
     * Construct a default locale object, a Locale for the default locale ID.
     *
     * @see getDefault
     * @see uloc_getDefault
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    Locale();

    /**
     * Construct a locale from language, country, variant.
     * If an error occurs, then the constructed object will be "bogus"
     * (isBogus() will return true).
     *
     * @param language Lowercase two-letter or three-letter ISO-639 code.
     *  This parameter can instead be an ICU style C locale (e.g. "en_US"),
     *  but the other parameters must not be used.
     *  This parameter can be nullptr; if so,
     *  the locale is initialized to match the current default locale.
     *  (This is the same as using the default constructor.)
     *  Please note: The Java Locale class does NOT accept the form
     *  'new Locale("en_US")' but only 'new Locale("en","US")'
     *
     * @param country  Uppercase two-letter ISO-3166 code. (optional)
     * @param variant  Uppercase vendor and browser specific code. See class
     *                 description. (optional)
     * @param keywordsAndValues A string consisting of keyword/values pairs, such as
     *                 "collation=phonebook;currency=euro"
     *
     * @see getDefault
     * @see uloc_getDefault
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    Locale(const char* language,
           const char* country = nullptr,
           const char* variant = nullptr,
           const char* keywordsAndValues = nullptr);

    /**
     * Initializes a Locale object from another Locale object.
     *
     * @param other The Locale object being copied in.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    Locale(const    Locale& other);

    /**
     * Move constructor; might leave source in bogus state.
     * This locale will have the same contents that the source locale had.
     *
     * @param other The Locale object being moved in.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    Locale(Locale&& other) noexcept;

    /**
     * Destructor
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    virtual ~Locale() ;

    /**
     * Replaces the entire contents of *this with the specified value.
     *
     * @param other The Locale object being copied in.
     * @return      *this
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    Locale& operator=(const Locale& other);

    /**
     * Move assignment operator; might leave source in bogus state.
     * This locale will have the same contents that the source locale had.
     * The behavior is undefined if *this and the source are the same object.
     *
     * @param other The Locale object being moved in.
     * @return      *this
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    Locale& operator=(Locale&& other) noexcept;

    /**
     * Checks if two locale keys are the same.
     *
     * @param other The locale key object to be compared with this.
     * @return      true if the two locale keys are the same, false otherwise.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    bool    operator==(const    Locale&     other) const;

    /**
     * Checks if two locale keys are not the same.
     *
     * @param other The locale key object to be compared with this.
     * @return      true if the two locale keys are not the same, false
     *              otherwise.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    inline bool    operator!=(const    Locale&     other) const;

    /**
     * Clone this object.
     * Clones can be used concurrently in multiple threads.
     * If an error occurs, then nullptr is returned.
     * The caller must delete the clone.
     *
     * @return a clone of this object
     *
     * @see getDynamicClassID
     * @stable ICU 2.8
     */
    Locale *clone() const;

#ifndef U_HIDE_SYSTEM_API
    /**
     * Common methods of getting the current default Locale. Used for the
     * presentation: menus, dialogs, etc. Generally set once when your applet or
     * application is initialized, then never reset. (If you do reset the
     * default locale, you probably want to reload your GUI, so that the change
     * is reflected in your interface.)
     *
     * More advanced programs will allow users to use different locales for
     * different fields, e.g. in a spreadsheet.
     *
     * Note that the initial setting will match the host system.
     * @return a reference to the Locale object for the default locale ID
     * @system
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static const Locale& U_EXPORT2 getDefault();

    /**
     * Sets the default. Normally set once at the beginning of a process,
     * then never reset.
     * setDefault() only changes ICU's default locale ID, <strong>not</strong>
     * the default locale ID of the runtime environment.
     *
     * @param newLocale Locale to set to.  If nullptr, set to the value obtained
     *                  from the runtime environment.
     * @param success The error code.
     * @system
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static void U_EXPORT2 setDefault(const Locale& newLocale,
                                     UErrorCode&   success);
#endif  /* U_HIDE_SYSTEM_API */

    /**
     * Returns a Locale for the specified BCP47 language tag string.
     * If the specified language tag contains any ill-formed subtags,
     * the first such subtag and all following subtags are ignored.
     * <p>
     * This implements the 'Language-Tag' production of BCP 47, and so
     * supports legacy language tags (marked as “Type: grandfathered” in BCP 47)
     * (regular and irregular) as well as private use language tags.
     *
     * Private use tags are represented as 'x-whatever',
     * and legacy tags are converted to their canonical replacements where they exist.
     *
     * Note that a few legacy tags have no modern replacement;
     * these will be converted using the fallback described in
     * the first paragraph, so some information might be lost.
     *
     * @param tag     the input BCP47 language tag.
     * @param status  error information if creating the Locale failed.
     * @return        the Locale for the specified BCP47 language tag.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    static Locale U_EXPORT2 forLanguageTag(StringPiece tag, UErrorCode& status);

    /**
     * Returns a well-formed language tag for this Locale.
     * <p>
     * <b>Note</b>: Any locale fields which do not satisfy the BCP47 syntax
     * requirement will be silently omitted from the result.
     *
     * If this function fails, partial output may have been written to the sink.
     *
     * @param sink    the output sink receiving the BCP47 language
     *                tag for this Locale.
     * @param status  error information if creating the language tag failed.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    void toLanguageTag(ByteSink& sink, UErrorCode& status) const;

    /**
     * Returns a well-formed language tag for this Locale.
     * <p>
     * <b>Note</b>: Any locale fields which do not satisfy the BCP47 syntax
     * requirement will be silently omitted from the result.
     *
     * @param status  error information if creating the language tag failed.
     * @return        the BCP47 language tag for this Locale.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    template<typename StringClass>
    inline StringClass toLanguageTag(UErrorCode& status) const;

    /**
     * Creates a locale which has had minimal canonicalization
     * as per uloc_getName().
     * @param name The name to create from.  If name is null,
     *  the default Locale is used.
     * @return new locale object
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     * @see uloc_getName
     */
    static Locale U_EXPORT2 createFromName(const char *name);

#ifndef U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API
    /** @internal */
    static Locale U_EXPORT2 createFromName(StringPiece name);
#endif  /* U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API */

    /**
     * Creates a locale from the given string after canonicalizing
     * the string according to CLDR by calling uloc_canonicalize().
     * @param name the locale ID to create from.  Must not be nullptr.
     * @return a new locale object corresponding to the given name
     * @stable ICU 3.0
     * @see uloc_canonicalize
     */
    static Locale U_EXPORT2 createCanonical(const char* name);

    /**
     * Returns the locale's ISO-639 language code.
     * @return      An alias to the code
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    inline const char *  getLanguage( ) const;

    /**
     * Returns the locale's ISO-15924 abbreviation script code.
     * @return      An alias to the code
     * @see uscript_getShortName
     * @see uscript_getCode
     * @stable ICU 2.8
     */
    inline const char *  getScript( ) const;

    /**
     * Returns the locale's ISO-3166 country code.
     * @return      An alias to the code
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    inline const char *  getCountry( ) const;

    /**
     * Returns the locale's variant code.
     * @return      An alias to the code
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    inline const char *  getVariant( ) const;

    /**
     * Returns the programmatic name of the entire locale, with the language,
     * country and variant separated by underbars. If a field is missing, up
     * to two leading underbars will occur. Example: "en", "de_DE", "en_US_WIN",
     * "de__POSIX", "fr__MAC", "__MAC", "_MT", "_FR_EURO"
     * @return      A pointer to "name".
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    inline const char * getName() const;

    /**
     * Returns the programmatic name of the entire locale as getName() would return,
     * but without keywords.
     * @return      A pointer to "name".
     * @see getName
     * @stable ICU 2.8
     */
    const char * getBaseName() const;

    /**
     * Add the likely subtags for this Locale, per the algorithm described
     * in the following CLDR technical report:
     *
     *   http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/#Likely_Subtags
     *
     * If this Locale is already in the maximal form, or not valid, or there is
     * no data available for maximization, the Locale will be unchanged.
     *
     * For example, "sh" cannot be maximized, since there is no
     * reasonable maximization.
     *
     * Examples:
     *
     * "und_Zzzz" maximizes to "en_Latn_US"
     *
     * "en" maximizes to "en_Latn_US"
     *
     * "de" maximizes to "de_Latn_DE"
     *
     * "sr" maximizes to "sr_Cyrl_RS"
     *
     * "zh_Hani" maximizes to "zh_Hani_CN"
     *
     * @param status  error information if maximizing this Locale failed.
     *                If this Locale is not well-formed, the error code is
     *                U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    void addLikelySubtags(UErrorCode& status);

    /**
     * Minimize the subtags for this Locale, per the algorithm described
     * in the following CLDR technical report:
     *
     *   http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/#Likely_Subtags
     *
     * If this Locale is already in the minimal form, or not valid, or there is
     * no data available for minimization, the Locale will be unchanged.
     *
     * Since the minimization algorithm relies on proper maximization, see the
     * comments for addLikelySubtags for reasons why there might not be any
     * data.
     *
     * Examples:
     *
     * "en_Latn_US" minimizes to "en"
     *
     * "de_Latn_US" minimizes to "de"
     *
     * "sr_Cyrl_RS" minimizes to "sr"
     *
     * "zh_Hant_TW" minimizes to "zh_TW" (The region is preferred to the
     * script, and minimizing to "zh" would imply "zh_Hans_CN".)
     *
     * @param status  error information if maximizing this Locale failed.
     *                If this Locale is not well-formed, the error code is
     *                U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    void minimizeSubtags(UErrorCode& status);

    /**
     * Canonicalize the locale ID of this object according to CLDR.
     * @param status the status code
     * @stable ICU 67
     * @see createCanonical
     */
    void canonicalize(UErrorCode& status);

    /**
     * Gets the list of keywords for the specified locale.
     *
     * @param status the status code
     * @return pointer to StringEnumeration class, or nullptr if there are no keywords.
     * Client must dispose of it by calling delete.
     * @see getKeywords
     * @stable ICU 2.8
     */
    StringEnumeration * createKeywords(UErrorCode &status) const;

    /**
     * Gets the list of Unicode keywords for the specified locale.
     *
     * @param status the status code
     * @return pointer to StringEnumeration class, or nullptr if there are no keywords.
     * Client must dispose of it by calling delete.
     * @see getUnicodeKeywords
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    StringEnumeration * createUnicodeKeywords(UErrorCode &status) const;

    /**
     * Gets the set of keywords for this Locale.
     *
     * A wrapper to call createKeywords() and write the resulting
     * keywords as standard strings (or compatible objects) into any kind of
     * container that can be written to by an STL style output iterator.
     *
     * @param iterator  an STL style output iterator to write the keywords to.
     * @param status    error information if creating set of keywords failed.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    template<typename StringClass, typename OutputIterator>
    inline void getKeywords(OutputIterator iterator, UErrorCode& status) const;

    /**
     * Gets the set of Unicode keywords for this Locale.
     *
     * A wrapper to call createUnicodeKeywords() and write the resulting
     * keywords as standard strings (or compatible objects) into any kind of
     * container that can be written to by an STL style output iterator.
     *
     * @param iterator  an STL style output iterator to write the keywords to.
     * @param status    error information if creating set of keywords failed.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    template<typename StringClass, typename OutputIterator>
    inline void getUnicodeKeywords(OutputIterator iterator, UErrorCode& status) const;

    /**
     * Gets the value for a keyword.
     *
     * This uses legacy keyword=value pairs, like "collation=phonebook".
     *
     * ICU4C doesn't do automatic conversion between legacy and Unicode
     * keywords and values in getters and setters (as opposed to ICU4J).
     *
     * @param keywordName name of the keyword for which we want the value. Case insensitive.
     * @param buffer The buffer to receive the keyword value.
     * @param bufferCapacity The capacity of receiving buffer
     * @param status Returns any error information while performing this operation.
     * @return the length of the keyword value
     *
     * @stable ICU 2.8
     */
    int32_t getKeywordValue(const char* keywordName, char *buffer, int32_t bufferCapacity, UErrorCode &status) const;

    /**
     * Gets the value for a keyword.
     *
     * This uses legacy keyword=value pairs, like "collation=phonebook".
     *
     * ICU4C doesn't do automatic conversion between legacy and Unicode
     * keywords and values in getters and setters (as opposed to ICU4J).
     *
     * @param keywordName  name of the keyword for which we want the value.
     * @param sink         the sink to receive the keyword value.
     * @param status       error information if getting the value failed.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    void getKeywordValue(StringPiece keywordName, ByteSink& sink, UErrorCode& status) const;

    /**
     * Gets the value for a keyword.
     *
     * This uses legacy keyword=value pairs, like "collation=phonebook".
     *
     * ICU4C doesn't do automatic conversion between legacy and Unicode
     * keywords and values in getters and setters (as opposed to ICU4J).
     *
     * @param keywordName  name of the keyword for which we want the value.
     * @param status       error information if getting the value failed.
     * @return             the keyword value.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    template<typename StringClass>
    inline StringClass getKeywordValue(StringPiece keywordName, UErrorCode& status) const;

    /**
     * Gets the Unicode value for a Unicode keyword.
     *
     * This uses Unicode key-value pairs, like "co-phonebk".
     *
     * ICU4C doesn't do automatic conversion between legacy and Unicode
     * keywords and values in getters and setters (as opposed to ICU4J).
     *
     * @param keywordName  name of the keyword for which we want the value.
     * @param sink         the sink to receive the keyword value.
     * @param status       error information if getting the value failed.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    void getUnicodeKeywordValue(StringPiece keywordName, ByteSink& sink, UErrorCode& status) const;

    /**
     * Gets the Unicode value for a Unicode keyword.
     *
     * This uses Unicode key-value pairs, like "co-phonebk".
     *
     * ICU4C doesn't do automatic conversion between legacy and Unicode
     * keywords and values in getters and setters (as opposed to ICU4J).
     *
     * @param keywordName  name of the keyword for which we want the value.
     * @param status       error information if getting the value failed.
     * @return             the keyword value.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    template<typename StringClass>
    inline StringClass getUnicodeKeywordValue(StringPiece keywordName, UErrorCode& status) const;

    /**
     * Sets or removes the value for a keyword.
     *
     * For removing all keywords, use getBaseName(),
     * and construct a new Locale if it differs from getName().
     *
     * This uses legacy keyword=value pairs, like "collation=phonebook".
     *
     * ICU4C doesn't do automatic conversion between legacy and Unicode
     * keywords and values in getters and setters (as opposed to ICU4J).
     *
     * @param keywordName name of the keyword to be set. Case insensitive.
     * @param keywordValue value of the keyword to be set. If 0-length or
     *  nullptr, will result in the keyword being removed. No error is given if
     *  that keyword does not exist.
     * @param status Returns any error information while performing this operation.
     *
     * @stable ICU 49
     */
    void setKeywordValue(const char* keywordName, const char* keywordValue, UErrorCode &status) {
        setKeywordValue(StringPiece{keywordName}, StringPiece{keywordValue}, status);
    }

    /**
     * Sets or removes the value for a keyword.
     *
     * For removing all keywords, use getBaseName(),
     * and construct a new Locale if it differs from getName().
     *
     * This uses legacy keyword=value pairs, like "collation=phonebook".
     *
     * ICU4C doesn't do automatic conversion between legacy and Unicode
     * keywords and values in getters and setters (as opposed to ICU4J).
     *
     * @param keywordName name of the keyword to be set.
     * @param keywordValue value of the keyword to be set. If 0-length or
     *  nullptr, will result in the keyword being removed. No error is given if
     *  that keyword does not exist.
     * @param status Returns any error information while performing this operation.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    void setKeywordValue(StringPiece keywordName, StringPiece keywordValue, UErrorCode& status);

    /**
     * Sets or removes the Unicode value for a Unicode keyword.
     *
     * For removing all keywords, use getBaseName(),
     * and construct a new Locale if it differs from getName().
     *
     * This uses Unicode key-value pairs, like "co-phonebk".
     *
     * ICU4C doesn't do automatic conversion between legacy and Unicode
     * keywords and values in getters and setters (as opposed to ICU4J).
     *
     * @param keywordName name of the keyword to be set.
     * @param keywordValue value of the keyword to be set. If 0-length or
     *  nullptr, will result in the keyword being removed. No error is given if
     *  that keyword does not exist.
     * @param status Returns any error information while performing this operation.
     * @stable ICU 63
     */
    void setUnicodeKeywordValue(StringPiece keywordName, StringPiece keywordValue, UErrorCode& status);

    /**
     * returns the locale's three-letter language code, as specified
     * in ISO draft standard ISO-639-2.
     * @return      An alias to the code, or an empty string
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    const char * getISO3Language() const;

    /**
     * Fills in "name" with the locale's three-letter ISO-3166 country code.
     * @return      An alias to the code, or an empty string
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    const char * getISO3Country() const;

    /**
     * Returns the Windows LCID value corresponding to this locale.
     * This value is stored in the resource data for the locale as a one-to-four-digit
     * hexadecimal number.  If the resource is missing, in the wrong format, or
     * there is no Windows LCID value that corresponds to this locale, returns 0.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    uint32_t getLCID() const;

    /**
     * Returns whether this locale's script is written right-to-left.
     * If there is no script subtag, then the likely script is used, see uloc_addLikelySubtags().
     * If no likely script is known, then false is returned.
     *
     * A script is right-to-left according to the CLDR script metadata
     * which corresponds to whether the script's letters have Bidi_Class=R or AL.
     *
     * Returns true for "ar" and "en-Hebr", false for "zh" and "fa-Cyrl".
     *
     * @return true if the locale's script is written right-to-left
     * @stable ICU 54
     */
    UBool isRightToLeft() const;

    /**
     * Fills in "dispLang" with the name of this locale's language in a format suitable for
     * user display in the default locale.  For example, if the locale's language code is
     * "fr" and the default locale's language code is "en", this function would set
     * dispLang to "French".
     * @param dispLang  Receives the language's display name.
     * @return          A reference to "dispLang".
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    UnicodeString&  getDisplayLanguage(UnicodeString&   dispLang) const;

    /**
     * Fills in "dispLang" with the name of this locale's language in a format suitable for
     * user display in the locale specified by "displayLocale".  For example, if the locale's
     * language code is "en" and displayLocale's language code is "fr", this function would set
     * dispLang to "Anglais".
     * @param displayLocale  Specifies the locale to be used to display the name.  In other words,
     *                  if the locale's language code is "en", passing Locale::getFrench() for
     *                  displayLocale would result in "Anglais", while passing Locale::getGerman()
     *                  for displayLocale would result in "Englisch".
     * @param dispLang  Receives the language's display name.
     * @return          A reference to "dispLang".
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    UnicodeString&  getDisplayLanguage( const   Locale&         displayLocale,
                                                UnicodeString&  dispLang) const;

    /**
     * Fills in "dispScript" with the name of this locale's script in a format suitable
     * for user display in the default locale.  For example, if the locale's script code
     * is "LATN" and the default locale's language code is "en", this function would set
     * dispScript to "Latin".
     * @param dispScript    Receives the scripts's display name.
     * @return              A reference to "dispScript".
     * @stable ICU 2.8
     */
    UnicodeString&  getDisplayScript(          UnicodeString& dispScript) const;

    /**
     * Fills in "dispScript" with the name of this locale's country in a format suitable
     * for user display in the locale specified by "displayLocale".  For example, if the locale's
     * script code is "LATN" and displayLocale's language code is "en", this function would set
     * dispScript to "Latin".
     * @param displayLocale      Specifies the locale to be used to display the name.  In other
     *                      words, if the locale's script code is "LATN", passing
     *                      Locale::getFrench() for displayLocale would result in "", while
     *                      passing Locale::getGerman() for displayLocale would result in
     *                      "".
     * @param dispScript    Receives the scripts's display name.
     * @return              A reference to "dispScript".
     * @stable ICU 2.8
     */
    UnicodeString&  getDisplayScript(  const   Locale&         displayLocale,
                                               UnicodeString&  dispScript) const;

    /**
     * Fills in "dispCountry" with the name of this locale's country in a format suitable
     * for user display in the default locale.  For example, if the locale's country code
     * is "FR" and the default locale's language code is "en", this function would set
     * dispCountry to "France".
     * @param dispCountry   Receives the country's display name.
     * @return              A reference to "dispCountry".
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    UnicodeString&  getDisplayCountry(          UnicodeString& dispCountry) const;

    /**
     * Fills in "dispCountry" with the name of this locale's country in a format suitable
     * for user display in the locale specified by "displayLocale".  For example, if the locale's
     * country code is "US" and displayLocale's language code is "fr", this function would set
     * dispCountry to "&Eacute;tats-Unis".
     * @param displayLocale      Specifies the locale to be used to display the name.  In other
     *                      words, if the locale's country code is "US", passing
     *                      Locale::getFrench() for displayLocale would result in "&Eacute;tats-Unis", while
     *                      passing Locale::getGerman() for displayLocale would result in
     *                      "Vereinigte Staaten".
     * @param dispCountry   Receives the country's display name.
     * @return              A reference to "dispCountry".
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    UnicodeString&  getDisplayCountry(  const   Locale&         displayLocale,
                                                UnicodeString&  dispCountry) const;

    /**
     * Fills in "dispVar" with the name of this locale's variant code in a format suitable
     * for user display in the default locale.
     * @param dispVar   Receives the variant's name.
     * @return          A reference to "dispVar".
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    UnicodeString&  getDisplayVariant(      UnicodeString& dispVar) const;

    /**
     * Fills in "dispVar" with the name of this locale's variant code in a format
     * suitable for user display in the locale specified by "displayLocale".
     * @param displayLocale  Specifies the locale to be used to display the name.
     * @param dispVar   Receives the variant's display name.
     * @return          A reference to "dispVar".
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    UnicodeString&  getDisplayVariant(  const   Locale&         displayLocale,
                                                UnicodeString&  dispVar) const;

    /**
     * Fills in "name" with the name of this locale in a format suitable for user display
     * in the default locale.  This function uses getDisplayLanguage(), getDisplayCountry(),
     * and getDisplayVariant() to do its work, and outputs the display name in the format
     * "language (country[,variant])".  For example, if the default locale is en_US, then
     * fr_FR's display name would be "French (France)", and es_MX_Traditional's display name
     * would be "Spanish (Mexico,Traditional)".
     * @param name  Receives the locale's display name.
     * @return      A reference to "name".
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    UnicodeString&  getDisplayName(         UnicodeString&  name) const;

    /**
     * Fills in "name" with the name of this locale in a format suitable for user display
     * in the locale specified by "displayLocale".  This function uses getDisplayLanguage(),
     * getDisplayCountry(), and getDisplayVariant() to do its work, and outputs the display
     * name in the format "language (country[,variant])".  For example, if displayLocale is
     * fr_FR, then en_US's display name would be "Anglais (&Eacute;tats-Unis)", and no_NO_NY's
     * display name would be "norv&eacute;gien (Norv&egrave;ge,NY)".
     * @param displayLocale  Specifies the locale to be used to display the name.
     * @param name      Receives the locale's display name.
     * @return          A reference to "name".
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    UnicodeString&  getDisplayName( const   Locale&         displayLocale,
                                            UnicodeString&  name) const;

    /**
     * Generates a hash code for the locale.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    int32_t hashCode() const;

    /**
     * Sets the locale to bogus
     * A bogus locale represents a non-existing locale associated
     * with services that can be instantiated from non-locale data
     * in addition to locale (for example, collation can be
     * instantiated from a locale and from a rule set).
     * @stable ICU 2.1
     */
    void setToBogus();

    /**
     * Gets the bogus state. Locale object can be bogus if it doesn't exist
     * @return false if it is a real locale, true if it is a bogus locale
     * @stable ICU 2.1
     */
    inline UBool isBogus() const;

    /**
     * Returns a list of all installed locales.
     * @param count Receives the number of locales in the list.
     * @return      A pointer to an array of Locale objects.  This array is the list
     *              of all locales with installed resource files.  The called does NOT
     *              get ownership of this list, and must NOT delete it.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static const Locale* U_EXPORT2 getAvailableLocales(int32_t& count);

    /**
     * Gets a list of all available 2-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166.  This is a
     * pointer to an array of pointers to arrays of char.  All of these pointers are
     * owned by ICU-- do not delete them, and do not write through them.  The array is
     * terminated with a null pointer.
     * @return a list of all available country codes
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static const char* const* U_EXPORT2 getISOCountries();

    /**
     * Returns a list of all unique language codes defined in ISO 639.
     * They can be 2 or 3 letter codes, as defined by
     * <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.html#section-2.2.1">
     * BCP 47, section 2.2.1</a>. This is a pointer
     * to an array of pointers to arrays of char.  All of these pointers are owned
     * by ICU-- do not delete them, and do not write through them.  The array is
     * terminated with a null pointer.
     * @return a list of all available language codes
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static const char* const* U_EXPORT2 getISOLanguages();

    /**
     * ICU "poor man's RTTI", returns a UClassID for this class.
     *
     * @stable ICU 2.2
     */
    static UClassID U_EXPORT2 getStaticClassID();

    /**
     * ICU "poor man's RTTI", returns a UClassID for the actual class.
     *
     * @stable ICU 2.2
     */
    virtual UClassID getDynamicClassID() const override;

    /**
     * A Locale iterator interface similar to a Java Iterator<Locale>.
     * @stable ICU 65
     */
    class U_COMMON_API Iterator /* not : public UObject because this is an interface/mixin class */ {
    public:
        /** @stable ICU 65 */
        virtual ~Iterator();

        /**
         * @return true if next() can be called again.
         * @stable ICU 65
         */
        virtual UBool hasNext() const = 0;

        /**
         * @return the next locale.
         * @stable ICU 65
         */
        virtual const Locale &next() = 0;
    };

    /**
     * A generic Locale iterator implementation over Locale input iterators.
     * @stable ICU 65
     */
    template<typename Iter>
    class RangeIterator : public Iterator, public UMemory {
    public:
        /**
         * Constructs an iterator from a begin/end range.
         * Each of the iterator parameter values must be an
         * input iterator whose value is convertible to const Locale &.
         *
         * @param begin Start of range.
         * @param end Exclusive end of range.
         * @stable ICU 65
         */
        RangeIterator(Iter begin, Iter end) : it_(begin), end_(end) {}

        /**
         * @return true if next() can be called again.
         * @stable ICU 65
         */
        UBool hasNext() const override { return it_ != end_; }

        /**
         * @return the next locale.
         * @stable ICU 65
         */
        const Locale &next() override { return *it_++; }

    private:
        Iter it_;
        const Iter end_;
    };

    /**
     * A generic Locale iterator implementation over Locale input iterators.
     * Calls the converter to convert each *begin to a const Locale &.
     * @stable ICU 65
     */
    template<typename Iter, typename Conv>
    class ConvertingIterator : public Iterator, public UMemory {
    public:
        /**
         * Constructs an iterator from a begin/end range.
         * Each of the iterator parameter values must be an
         * input iterator whose value the converter converts to const Locale &.
         *
         * @param begin Start of range.
         * @param end Exclusive end of range.
         * @param converter Converter from *begin to const Locale & or compatible.
         * @stable ICU 65
         */
        ConvertingIterator(Iter begin, Iter end, Conv converter) :
                it_(begin), end_(end), converter_(converter) {}

        /**
         * @return true if next() can be called again.
         * @stable ICU 65
         */
        UBool hasNext() const override { return it_ != end_; }

        /**
         * @return the next locale.
         * @stable ICU 65
         */
        const Locale &next() override { return converter_(*it_++); }

    private:
        Iter it_;
        const Iter end_;
        Conv converter_;
    };

protected: /* only protected for testing purposes. DO NOT USE. */
#ifndef U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API
    /**
     * Set this from a single POSIX style locale string.
     * @internal
     */
    void setFromPOSIXID(const char *posixID);
    /**
     * Minimize the subtags for this Locale, per the algorithm described
     * @param favorScript favor to keep script if true, to keep region if false.
     * @param status  error information if maximizing this Locale failed.
     *                If this Locale is not well-formed, the error code is
     *                U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR.
     * @internal
     */
    void minimizeSubtags(bool favorScript, UErrorCode& status);
#endif  /* U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API */

private:
    /**
     * Initialize the locale object with a new name.
     * Was deprecated - used in implementation - moved internal
     *
     * @param cLocaleID The new locale name.
     * @param canonicalize whether to call uloc_canonicalize on cLocaleID
     */
    Locale& init(const char* localeID, UBool canonicalize);
    /** @internal */
    Locale& init(StringPiece localeID, UBool canonicalize);

    /*
     * Internal constructor to allow construction of a locale object with
     *   NO side effects.   (Default constructor tries to get
     *   the default locale.)
     */
    enum ELocaleType {
        eBOGUS
    };
    Locale(ELocaleType);

    /**
     * Initialize the locale cache for commonly used locales
     */
    static Locale* getLocaleCache();

    char language[ULOC_LANG_CAPACITY];
    char script[ULOC_SCRIPT_CAPACITY];
    char country[ULOC_COUNTRY_CAPACITY];
    int32_t variantBegin;
    char* fullName;
    char fullNameBuffer[ULOC_FULLNAME_CAPACITY];
    // name without keywords
    char* baseName;
    void initBaseName(UErrorCode& status);

    UBool fIsBogus;

    static const Locale &getLocale(int locid);

    /**
     * A friend to allow the default locale to be set by either the C or C++ API.
     * @internal (private)
     */
    friend Locale *locale_set_default_internal(const char *, UErrorCode& status);

    /**
     * @internal (private)
     */
    friend void U_CALLCONV locale_available_init();
};

inline bool
Locale::operator!=(const    Locale&     other) const
{
    return !operator==(other);
}

template<typename StringClass> inline StringClass
Locale::toLanguageTag(UErrorCode& status) const
{
    if (U_FAILURE(status)) { return {}; }
    StringClass result;
    StringByteSink<StringClass> sink(&result);
    toLanguageTag(sink, status);
    return result;
}

inline const char *
Locale::getCountry() const
{
    return country;
}

inline const char *
Locale::getLanguage() const
{
    return language;
}

inline const char *
Locale::getScript() const
{
    return script;
}

inline const char *
Locale::getVariant() const
{
    return fIsBogus ? "" : &baseName[variantBegin];
}

inline const char *
Locale::getName() const
{
    return fullName;
}

template<typename StringClass, typename OutputIterator> inline void
Locale::getKeywords(OutputIterator iterator, UErrorCode& status) const
{
    if (U_FAILURE(status)) { return; }
    LocalPointer<StringEnumeration> keys(createKeywords(status));
    if (U_FAILURE(status) || keys.isNull()) {
        return;
    }
    for (;;) {
        int32_t resultLength;
        const char* buffer = keys->next(&resultLength, status);
        if (U_FAILURE(status) || buffer == nullptr) {
            return;
        }
        *iterator++ = StringClass(buffer, resultLength);
    }
}

template<typename StringClass, typename OutputIterator> inline void
Locale::getUnicodeKeywords(OutputIterator iterator, UErrorCode& status) const
{
    if (U_FAILURE(status)) { return; }
    LocalPointer<StringEnumeration> keys(createUnicodeKeywords(status));
    if (U_FAILURE(status) || keys.isNull()) {
        return;
    }
    for (;;) {
        int32_t resultLength;
        const char* buffer = keys->next(&resultLength, status);
        if (U_FAILURE(status) || buffer == nullptr) {
            return;
        }
        *iterator++ = StringClass(buffer, resultLength);
    }
}

template<typename StringClass> inline StringClass
Locale::getKeywordValue(StringPiece keywordName, UErrorCode& status) const
{
    if (U_FAILURE(status)) { return {}; }
    StringClass result;
    StringByteSink<StringClass> sink(&result);
    getKeywordValue(keywordName, sink, status);
    return result;
}

template<typename StringClass> inline StringClass
Locale::getUnicodeKeywordValue(StringPiece keywordName, UErrorCode& status) const
{
    if (U_FAILURE(status)) { return {}; }
    StringClass result;
    StringByteSink<StringClass> sink(&result);
    getUnicodeKeywordValue(keywordName, sink, status);
    return result;
}

inline UBool
Locale::isBogus() const {
    return fIsBogus;
}

/**
 * <code>DataLocaleInformation</code> is an abstract base class for objects
 * that perform getLocale operations to query locale data resolution.
 */
class U_COMMON_API DataLocaleInformation : public UObject {
public:
    DataLocaleInformation() = default;

    /**
     * Initializes a DataLocaleInformation object from another
     * DataLocaleInformation object.
     *
     * @param other The DataLocaleInformation object being copied in.
     */
    DataLocaleInformation(const DataLocaleInformation& other);

    virtual ~DataLocaleInformation();

    /**
     * Set the locale meta-data for the service object wrapped by this
     * object.  If either parameter is zero, it is ignored.
     * @param valid the ID of the valid locale
     * @param actual the ID of the actual locale
     */
    virtual void setLocaleIDs(const char* valid, const char* actual);

    /** Get the locale for this object. You can choose between valid and actual locale.
     *  @param type type of the locale we're looking for (valid or actual)
     *  @param status error code for the operation
     *  @return the locale
     */
    virtual Locale getLocale(ULocDataLocaleType type, UErrorCode& status) const;

#ifndef U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API
    /** Get the locale for this object. You can choose between valid and actual locale.
     *  @param type type of the locale we're looking for (valid or actual)
     *  @param status error code for the operation
     *  @return the locale
     *  @internal
     */
    const char* getLocaleID(ULocDataLocaleType type, UErrorCode &status) const;
#endif  /* U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API */

    /**
     * Replaces the entire contents of *this with the specified value.
     *
     * @param other The DataLocaleInformation object being copied in.
     * @return      *this
     */
    DataLocaleInformation& operator=(const DataLocaleInformation& other);


private:
    CharString* validLocale = nullptr;
    CharString* actualLocale = nullptr;
};

U_NAMESPACE_END

#endif /* U_SHOW_CPLUSPLUS_API */

#endif