v2ray does not work on raspberry pi but works fine on x64 laptop with same config

[VarmRay]

I have two machines, one laptop with a debian 12 x64 linux and a raspberry pi (rasbian). Both should connect to a server via v2ray. I downloaded and ran v2ray v5.28.0 successfully on the server and the laptop. The connection works fine and applications on the laptop have the server as proxy.

When I try the same thing on the raspberry pi, all applications trying to connect report a kindof of empty response error. E.g. curl:

$ curl --socks5-hostname localhost:1080 startpage.com
curl: (52) Empty reply from server

Firefox shows a Secure Connection Failed page with PR_END_OF_FILE_ERROR error code. There are many things that are same between the laptop and rasbperry pi:

• they are in the same network, connected via DHCP
• they use the same configuration except the "id" field. I even tried using the exact same configuration, though not at the same time.
• Same systemd configuration between the two
• No firewall enabled on both the laptop as well as the raspberry pi (sudo nft list ruleset produces no output)

I also tried switching to v2ray v5.29.3 on the raspberry pi, but it didn't help. The server does not show any logs from the raspberry pi. Only when I use the v2ray client on the laptop, some v2ray logs show up on the server. The setup on the server is a v2ray behind nginx for obfuscation, but since it works on the laptop in the end, I guess it shouldn't matter?

Does anyone have an idea what has gone wrong or why v2ray doesn't work on the raspberry pi? Thanks!