chore(ci): retry apt fetches in deb-verify to reduce flakes (#25367)

Set Acquire::Retries=5 and Acquire::http::Timeout=30 on the apt-get
calls in the deb-verify job so transient connection failures to the
Ubuntu mirrors don't fail the whole job.

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

Author: pront

.github/workflows/publish.yml

@@ -204,8 +204,8 @@ jobs:
       image: ${{ matrix.container }}
     steps:
       - run: |
-          apt-get update && \
-          apt-get install -y \
+          apt-get -o Acquire::Retries=5 -o Acquire::http::Timeout=30 update && \
+          apt-get -o Acquire::Retries=5 -o Acquire::http::Timeout=30 install -y \
           ca-certificates \
           curl \
           git \