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<!doctype html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US">
<head>
<title>Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA Module 1.1</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<script src="https://www.w3.org/Tools/respec/respec-w3c" class="remove"></script>
<script src="../common/script/resolveReferences.js" class="remove"></script>
<script src="../common/biblio.js" class="remove" defer="defer"></script>
<script src="../common/script/participants.js" class="remove"></script>
<link href="../common/css/common.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<script class="remove" src="../common/script/ariaChild.js"></script>
<script class="remove" src="../common/script/roleInfo.js"></script>
<script class="remove">
var respecConfig = {
// wg: "Publishing Working Group",
specStatus: "WD",
shortName: "dpub-aria-1.1",
crEnd: "2023-08-29",
implementationReportURI: "https://www.w3.org/2021/04/wpt-fyi-snapshot.html?filter=dpub-aam&date=2025-03-06" ,
edDraftURI: "https://w3c.github.io/dpub-aria/",
editors: [
{
name: "Matt Garrish",
company: "DAISY Consortium",
companyURL: "https://daisy.org",
w3cid: 51655,
},
{
name: "Tzviya Siegman",
url: "https://www.w3.org/staff/#tzviya",
company: "W3C",
companyURL: "https://www.w3.org",
w3cid: 65542,
},
],
formerEditors: [
{
name: "Shane McCarron",
url: "http://blog.halindrome.com",
company: "Spec-Ops",
companyURL: "https://www.spec-ops.io",
w3cid: 89030,
},
{
name: "Markus Gylling",
url: "https://www.daisy.org",
company: "DAISY Consortium",
companyURL: "https://www.daisy.org",
w3cid: 21614,
},
],
group: "aria",
/*
otherLinks:[ {
key: "Repository",
data:[ {
value: "Github Repository",
href: "https://github.com/w3c/dpub-aria"
}]
}, {
key: "Changes",
data:[{
value: "https://github.com/w3c/dpub-aria/commits/",
href: "https://github.com/w3c/dpub-aria/commits/"
// value: "Diff to previous version",
// href: "diff.html"
}]}],
*/
copyrightStart: "2015",
processVersion: 2018,
github: "w3c/dpub-aria",
doJsonLd: true,
trace: true,
maxTocLevel: 4,
dpubModURLs: {
ED: "",
WD: "",
CRD: "",
REC: "",
},
// spec URLs
ariaSpecURLs: {
ED: "https://w3c.github.io/aria/",
FPWD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.3/",
WD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.3/",
CR: "https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.3/",
REC: "https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.3/",
},
accNameURLs: {
ED: "https://w3c.github.io/accname/",
WD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/accname-1.2/",
FPWD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/accname-1.2/",
CR: "https://www.w3.org/TR/accname-1.2/",
REC: "https://www.w3.org/TR/accname-1.2/",
},
coreMappingURLs: {
ED: "https://w3c.github.io/core-aam/",
WD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/core-aam-1.2/",
FPWD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/core-aam-1.2/",
CR: "https://www.w3.org/TR/core-aam-1.2/",
REC: "https://www.w3.org/TR/core-aam-1.2/",
},
dpubModURLs: {
ED: "https://w3c.github.io/dpub-aria/",
FPWD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/dpub-aria-1.1/",
WD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/dpub-aria-1.1/",
REC: "https://www.w3.org/TR/dpub-aria-1.1/",
},
graphicsMappingModURLs: {
ED: "https://w3c.github.io/graphics-aam/",
FPWD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/graphics-aam-1.0/",
WD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/graphics-aam-1.0/",
CR: "https://www.w3.org/TR/graphics-aam-1.0/",
PR: "https://www.w3.org/TR/graphics-aam-1.0/",
REC: "https://www.w3.org/TR/graphics-aam-1.0/",
},
graphicsModURLs: {
ED: "https://w3c.github.io/graphics-aria/",
FPWD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/graphics-aria/",
WD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/graphics-aria/",
REC: "https://www.w3.org/TR/graphics-aria/",
},
htmlMappingURLs: {
ED: "https://w3c.github.io/html-aam/",
FPWD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/html-aam-1.0/",
WD: "https://www.w3.org/TR/html-aam/",
REC: "https://www.w3.org/TR/html-aam/",
},
practicesURLs: {
ED: "https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/",
WD: "https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/",
FPWD: "https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/",
CR: "https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/",
REC: "https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/",
},
preProcess: [linkCrossReferences, getParticipants],
postProcess: [ariaAttributeReferences],
definitionMap: [],
xref: ["core-aam", "accname", "wai-aria", "dom", "infra"],
};
</script>
</head>
<body>
<section id="abstract">
<p>
Enabling users of assistive technologies to find their way through web content requires embedding semantic metadata about web document structural divisions. This is particularly important for
structural divisions of long-form documents and goes along with embedding semantic metadata about web-application widgets and behaviors for assistive technologies. This specification defines a
set of WAI-ARIA roles specific to helping users of assistive technologies navigate through such long-form documents.
</p>
<p>This document is part of the WAI-ARIA suite described in the <a href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/aria.php">WAI-ARIA Overview</a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="sotd">
<p>
While feedback on any aspect of the specification is encouraged, we would particularly like feedback on the addition of the <rref>doc-pageheader</rref> and <rref>doc-pagefooter</rref> roles.
</p>
<p>There have been only <a href="#changelog-recent">minor clarifications</a> since the First Public Working Draft.</p>
</section>
<section id="toc"></section>
<section class="informative" id="introduction">
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> is a technical specification that defines a common host language semantic accessibility API and framework that enables web
browsers to map the accessibility semantics in web content to platform-specific accessibility APIs. This enables web content to be interoperable with platform assistive technologies similar to
native platform applications without platform dependencies.
</p>
<p>
This specification is a modular extension of <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> designed for the digital publishing industry. The goals of this specification
include:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Expanding [[WAI-ARIA]] to produce structural semantic extensions to accommodate the digital publishing industry.</li>
<li>Align with a new governance model for modularization and extensions to <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr>.</li>
<li>Provide structural semantics extensions that will support both assistive technologies and enable semantic navigation, styling and interactive features used by readers.</li>
</ul>
<p>The roles defined in this specification are derived from the <a href="https://idpf.github.io/epub-vocabs/structure/">EPUB Structural Semantics Vocabulary</a>.</p>
<p>
For a more detailed explanation of <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> please refer to the
<a href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/aria">WAI-ARIA Introduction</a> and how it applies to Rich Internet Application Accessibility.
</p>
<section id="target-audience">
<h3>Target Audience</h3>
<p>
This specification defines a module of <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> for digital publishing, including [=roles=], [=states=], [=ARIA/properties=] and
values. It impacts several audiences:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
[=User agents=] that process content containing <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> and Digital Publishing
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> features;
</li>
<li>[=assistive technology|Assistive technologies=] that provide specialized reading experiences to users with disabilities;</li>
<li>Authors of digital publications;</li>
<li>Authoring tools that help authors create conforming digital publications; and</li>
<li>
Conformance checkers, that verify appropriate use of <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> and this Digital Publishing
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> module.
</li>
</ul>
<p>Each conformance requirement indicates the audience to which it applies.</p>
<p>
Although this specification is applicable to the above audiences, it is not specifically targeted to, nor is it intended to be the sole source of information for, any of these audiences. In
the future, additional documents will be created to assist authors in applying these <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> semantics for the publishing industry
and to define how the information in this document is mapped to platform accessibility APIs.
</p>
</section>
<section id="ua-support">
<h3>User Agent Support</h3>
<p>
This module builds on the general <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/#ua-support">User Agent support principles</a> defined in [[WAI-ARIA]] by also providing the ability for user
agents to enhance the general user interface presented to readers.
</p>
</section>
<section id="co-evolution">
<h3>Co-Evolution of <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> and Host Languages</h3>
<p>
The Digital Publishing <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> module follows the model for
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/#co-evolution">co-evolution of <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> and host languages</a> defined in [[WAI-ARIA]].
It is intended to augment semantics in supporting languages like [[HTML]], [[SVG2]] and EPUB, or to be used as an accessibility enhancement technology in other markup-based languages that do
not explicitly include support for ARIA. It clarifies semantics to assistive technologies when authors create new types of objects, via style and script, that are not yet directly supported
by the language of the page, because the invention of new types of objects is faster than standardized support for them appears in web languages.
</p>
<p>
It is not appropriate to create objects with style and script when the host language provides a semantic element for that type of objects. While
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> can improve the accessibility of these objects, accessibility is best provided by allowing the user agent to handle the
object natively. For example, it is not better to use a <rref>heading</rref> role on a <code>div</code> element than it is to use a native heading element, such as an <code>h1</code>.
</p>
<p>
It is expected that, over time, host languages will evolve to provide semantics for objects that currently can only be declared with this specification. This is natural and desirable, as one
goal of <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> is to help stimulate the emergence of more semantic and accessible markup. When native semantics for a given
feature become available, it is appropriate for authors to use the native feature and stop using this module for that feature. Legacy content may continue to use the Digital Publishing
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> module, however, so the need for user agents to support it remains.
</p>
<p>
While specific features of this module may lose importance over time, the general possibility of the Digital Publishing
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> module to add semantics to web pages or open web-based standards, such as EPUB, is expected to be a persistent need. Host
languages may not implement all the semantics this module provides, and various host languages may implement different subsets of the features. New types of objects are continually being
developed, and one goal of this specification is to provide a way to make such objects accessible, because authoring practices often advance faster than host language standards. In this way,
this module and host languages both evolve together but at different rates.
</p>
<p>
Some host languages exist to create semantics for features other than the user interface. For example, SVG expresses the semantics behind production of graphical objects, not of user
interface components that those objects may represent. Host languages such as these might, by design, not provide native semantics that map to this specification's features. In these cases,
the Digital Publishing <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> module could be adopted as a long-term approach to add semantic information to these host
languages.
</p>
</section>
<section id="authoring_practices">
<h3>Authoring Practices</h3>
<section id="authoring_tools">
<h4>Authoring Tools</h4>
<p>
Many of the requirements in the definitions of the <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> and Digital Publishing
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> [=roles=], [=states=] and [=ARIA/properties=] can be checked automatically during the development process, similar to
other quality control processes used for validating code. To assist authors who are creating digital publications, such as EPUB, can compare the semantic structure of Digital Publishing
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> roles from the <abbr title="Document Object Model">DOM</abbr> to that defined in this specification and notify the
author of errors or simply create templates that enforce that structure.
</p>
</section>
<section id="authoring_testing">
<h4>Testing Practices and Tools</h4>
<p>
The accessibility of interactive content cannot be confirmed by static checks alone. Developers of interactive content should test for device-independent access to
<a data-lt="widget">widgets</a> and applications, and should verify accessibility <abbr title="application programing interface">API</abbr> access to all content and changes during user
interaction.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="at_support">
<h3>Assistive Technologies</h3>
<p>
Programmatic access to accessibility semantics is essential for assistive technologies. For more information, refer to the
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/#at_support">Assistive Technologies</a> section in [[WAI-ARIA]].
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section class="normative" id="conformance">
<p>Normative sections provide requirements that authors, user agents and assistive technologies MUST follow for an implementation to conform to this specification.</p>
<p>
Non-normative sections provide information useful to understanding the specification. Such sections may contain examples of recommended practice, but it is not required to follow such
recommendations to conform to this specification.
</p>
</section>
<section class="normative" id="roles">
<h2>Digital Publishing Roles</h2>
<p>
This section defines additions to the <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> <a class="termref">roles</a> model and describes the characteristics and properties of
all <a data-lt="role" class="termref">roles</a>. See <a href="#roles" class="specref">ARIA Roles</a> for descriptions of the fields provided by this module.
</p>
<section id="role_definitions">
<h3>Definition of Roles</h3>
<p>
Below is an alphabetical list of <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> <a data-lt="role" class="termref">roles</a> to be used by rich internet application
authors.
</p>
<p id="index_role">Placeholder for compact list of roles</p>
<div class="role">
<rdef>doc-abstract</rdef>
<div class="role-description">
<p>A short summary of the principal ideas, concepts, and conclusions of the work, or of a section or excerpt within it.</p>
<pre class="example highlight">
<section role="doc-abstract" aria-label="Abstract">
<p>Accessibility of web content requires semantic information about widgets, structures,
and behaviors …</p>
</section></pre
>
</div>
<table class="role-features">
<caption>
Characteristics of
<code>doc-abstract</code
>:
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Characteristic</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="role-abstract-head" scope="row">Is Abstract:</th>
<td class="role-abstract"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-parent-head" scope="row">Superclass Role:</th>
<td class="role-parent"><rref>section</rref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-children-head" scope="row">Subclass Roles:</th>
<td class="role-children"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-base-head" scope="row">Base Concept:</th>
<td class="role-base"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-related-head" scope="row">Related Concepts:</th>
<td class="role-related">EPUB <a href="https://idpf.github.io/epub-vocabs/structure/#abstract">abstract</a> [[EPUB-SSV]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-scope-head" scope="row">Required Context Role:</th>
<td class="role-scope"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-mustcontain-head" scope="row">Required Owned Elements:</th>
<td class="role-mustcontain"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-required-properties-head">Required States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-required-properties"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-properties-head" scope="row">Supported States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-properties"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherited States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-inherited"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namefrom-head" scope="row">Name From:</th>
<td class="role-namefrom">author</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-head" scope="row">Accessible Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired">False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherits Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired-inherited"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-childpresentational-head" scope="row">Children Presentational:</th>
<td class="role-childpresentational"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-presentational-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherits Presentational:</th>
<td class="role-presentational-inherited"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="implicit-values-head">Implicit Value for Role:</th>
<td class="implicit-values"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="role">
<rdef>doc-acknowledgments</rdef>
<div class="role-description">
<p>A section or statement that acknowledges significant contributions by persons, organizations, governments, and other entities to the realization of the work.</p>
<pre class="example highlight">
<section role="doc-acknowledgments">
<p>I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to … </p>
</section></pre
>
</div>
<table class="role-features">
<caption>
Characteristics of
<code>doc-acknowledgments</code
>:
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Characteristic</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="role-abstract-head" scope="row">Is Abstract:</th>
<td class="role-abstract"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-parent-head" scope="row">Superclass Role:</th>
<td class="role-parent"><rref>landmark</rref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-children-head" scope="row">Subclass Roles:</th>
<td class="role-children"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-base-head" scope="row">Base Concept:</th>
<td class="role-base"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-related-head" scope="row">Related Concepts:</th>
<td class="role-related">EPUB <a href="https://idpf.github.io/epub-vocabs/structure/#acknowledgments">acknowledgments</a> [[EPUB-SSV]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-scope-head" scope="row">Required Context Role:</th>
<td class="role-scope"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-mustcontain-head" scope="row">Required Owned Elements:</th>
<td class="role-mustcontain"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-required-properties-head">Required States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-required-properties"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-properties-head" scope="row">Supported States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-properties"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherited States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-inherited"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namefrom-head" scope="row">Name From:</th>
<td class="role-namefrom">author</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-head" scope="row">Accessible Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired">False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherits Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired-inherited"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-childpresentational-head" scope="row">Children Presentational:</th>
<td class="role-childpresentational"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-presentational-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherits Presentational:</th>
<td class="role-presentational-inherited"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="implicit-values-head">Implicit Value for Role:</th>
<td class="implicit-values"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="role">
<rdef>doc-afterword</rdef>
<div class="role-description">
<p>
A closing statement from the author or a person of importance, typically providing insight into how the content came to be written, its significance, or related events that have
transpired since its timeline.
</p>
<pre class="example highlight">
<section role="doc-afterword">
<h2>Afterword: Why I Wrote This Book</h2>
…
</section></pre
>
</div>
<table class="role-features">
<caption>
Characteristics of
<code>doc-afterword</code
>:
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Characteristic</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="role-abstract-head" scope="row">Is Abstract:</th>
<td class="role-abstract"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-parent-head" scope="row">Superclass Role:</th>
<td class="role-parent"><rref>landmark</rref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-children-head" scope="row">Subclass Roles:</th>
<td class="role-children"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-base-head" scope="row">Base Concept:</th>
<td class="role-base"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-related-head" scope="row">Related Concepts:</th>
<td class="role-related">EPUB <a href="https://idpf.github.io/epub-vocabs/structure/#afterword">afterword</a> [[EPUB-SSV]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-scope-head" scope="row">Required Context Role:</th>
<td class="role-scope"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-mustcontain-head" scope="row">Required Owned Elements:</th>
<td class="role-mustcontain"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-required-properties-head">Required States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-required-properties"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-properties-head" scope="row">Supported States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-properties"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherited States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-inherited"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namefrom-head" scope="row">Name From:</th>
<td class="role-namefrom">author</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-head" scope="row">Accessible Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired">False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherits Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired-inherited"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-childpresentational-head" scope="row">Children Presentational:</th>
<td class="role-childpresentational"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-presentational-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherits Presentational:</th>
<td class="role-presentational-inherited"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="implicit-values-head">Implicit Value for Role:</th>
<td class="implicit-values"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="role">
<rdef>doc-appendix</rdef>
<div class="role-description">
<p>A section of supplemental information located after the primary content that informs the content but is not central to it.</p>
<pre class="example highlight">
<section role="doc-appendix">
<h2>Appendix A. Historical Timeline</h2>
…
</section></pre
>
</div>
<table class="role-features">
<caption>
Characteristics of
<code>doc-appendix</code
>:
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Characteristic</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="role-abstract-head" scope="row">Is Abstract:</th>
<td class="role-abstract"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-parent-head" scope="row">Superclass Role:</th>
<td class="role-parent"><rref>landmark</rref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-children-head" scope="row">Subclass Roles:</th>
<td class="role-children"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-base-head" scope="row">Base Concept:</th>
<td class="role-base"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-related-head" scope="row">Related Concepts:</th>
<td class="role-related">EPUB <a href="https://idpf.github.io/epub-vocabs/structure/#appendix">appendix</a> [[EPUB-SSV]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-scope-head" scope="row">Required Context Role:</th>
<td class="role-scope"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-mustcontain-head" scope="row">Required Owned Elements:</th>
<td class="role-mustcontain"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-required-properties-head">Required States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-required-properties"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-properties-head" scope="row">Supported States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-properties"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherited States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-inherited"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namefrom-head" scope="row">Name From:</th>
<td class="role-namefrom">author</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-head" scope="row">Accessible Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired">False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherits Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired-inherited"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-childpresentational-head" scope="row">Children Presentational:</th>
<td class="role-childpresentational"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-presentational-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherits Presentational:</th>
<td class="role-presentational-inherited"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="implicit-values-head">Implicit Value for Role:</th>
<td class="implicit-values"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="role">
<rdef>doc-backlink</rdef>
<div class="role-description">
<p>A link that allows the user to return to a related location in the content (e.g., from a footnote to its reference or from a glossary definition to where a term is used).</p>
<pre class="example highlight">
<aside id="fn01" role="doc-footnote">
<a role="doc-backlink" href="#fnref01">1.</a>
Additional results of this study and
similar studies can be found at …
</aside></pre
>
</div>
<table class="role-features">
<caption>
Characteristics of
<code>doc-backlink</code
>:
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Characteristic</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="role-abstract-head" scope="row">Is Abstract:</th>
<td class="role-abstract"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-parent-head" scope="row">Superclass Role:</th>
<td class="role-parent"><rref>link</rref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-children-head" scope="row">Subclass Roles:</th>
<td class="role-children"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-base-head" scope="row">Base Concept:</th>
<td class="role-base"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-related-head" scope="row">Related Concepts:</th>
<td class="role-related">EPUB <a href="https://idpf.github.io/epub-vocabs/structure/#backlink">referrer</a> [[EPUB-SSV]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-scope-head" scope="row">Required Context Role:</th>
<td class="role-scope"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-mustcontain-head" scope="row">Required Owned Elements:</th>
<td class="role-mustcontain"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-required-properties-head">Required States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-required-properties"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-properties-head" scope="row">Supported States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-properties"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherited States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-inherited"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namefrom-head" scope="row">Name From:</th>
<td class="role-namefrom">
<ul>
<li>contents</li>
<li>author</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-head" scope="row">Accessible Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired">True</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherits Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired-inherited"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-childpresentational-head" scope="row">Children Presentational:</th>
<td class="role-childpresentational"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-presentational-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherits Presentational:</th>
<td class="role-presentational-inherited"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="implicit-values-head">Implicit Value for Role:</th>
<td class="implicit-values"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="role">
<rdef>doc-biblioentry</rdef>
<div class="role-description">
<p>
[Deprecated in DPUB-ARIA 1.1] A single reference to an external source in a bibliography. A biblioentry typically provides more detailed information than its reference(s) in the content
(e.g., full title, author(s), publisher, publication date, etc.).
</p>
<p class="note">
The <code>doc-biblioentry</code> <a>role</a> was designed for use as a list item, but due to clarifications in the WAI-ARIA specification, it is not valid as a child of the
<rref>list</rref> role. As the <rref>doc-bibliography</rref> role already identifies a section of bibliography entries, authors are instead advised to use the <rref>list</rref> and
<rref>listitem</rref> roles when native HTML elements cannot be used to structure the entries.
</p>
</div>
<table class="role-features">
<caption>
Characteristics of
<code>doc-biblioentry</code
>:
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Characteristic</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="role-abstract-head" scope="row">Is Abstract:</th>
<td class="role-abstract"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-parent-head" scope="row">Superclass Role:</th>
<td class="role-parent"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-children-head" scope="row">Subclass Roles:</th>
<td class="role-children"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-base-head" scope="row">Base Concept:</th>
<td class="role-base"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-related-head" scope="row">Related Concepts:</th>
<td class="role-related">EPUB <a href="https://idpf.github.io/epub-vocabs/structure/#biblioentry">biblioentry</a> [[EPUB-SSV]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-scope-head" scope="row">Required Context Role:</th>
<td class="role-scope"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-mustcontain-head" scope="row">Required Owned Elements:</th>
<td class="role-mustcontain"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-required-properties-head">Required States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-required-properties"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-properties-head" scope="row">Supported States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-properties"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherited States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-inherited"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namefrom-head" scope="row">Name From:</th>
<td class="role-namefrom">author</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-head" scope="row">Accessible Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired">True</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherits Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired-inherited"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-childpresentational-head" scope="row">Children Presentational:</th>
<td class="role-childpresentational"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-presentational-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherits Presentational:</th>
<td class="role-presentational-inherited"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="implicit-values-head">Implicit Value for Role:</th>
<td class="implicit-values"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="role">
<rdef>doc-bibliography</rdef>
<div class="role-description">
<p>A list of external references cited in the work, which may be to print or digital sources.</p>
<p>
The element carrying the <code>doc-bibliography</code> <a class="termref">role</a> MUST contain at least one descendant list containing the bibliography entries (if the entries are
subdivided, for example alphabetically, the element would contain more than one list).
</p>
<p>Authors MUST NOT apply the <code>doc-bibliography</code> role directly to the list containing the entries.</p>
<pre class="example highlight">
<section role="doc-bibliography">
<h2>Select Bibliography</h2>
<ul>
…
</ul>
</section></pre
>
</div>
<table class="role-features">
<caption>
Characteristics of
<code>doc-bibliography</code
>:
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Characteristic</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="role-abstract-head" scope="row">Is Abstract:</th>
<td class="role-abstract"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-parent-head" scope="row">Superclass Role:</th>
<td class="role-parent"><rref>landmark</rref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-children-head" scope="row">Subclass Roles:</th>
<td class="role-children"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-base-head" scope="row">Base Concept:</th>
<td class="role-base"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-related-head" scope="row">Related Concepts:</th>
<td class="role-related">EPUB <a href="https://idpf.github.io/epub-vocabs/structure/#bibliography">bibliography</a> [[EPUB-SSV]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-scope-head" scope="row">Required Context Role:</th>
<td class="role-scope"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-mustcontain-head" scope="row">Required Owned Elements:</th>
<td class="role-mustcontain"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-required-properties-head">Required States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-required-properties"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-properties-head" scope="row">Supported States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-properties"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherited States and Properties:</th>
<td class="role-inherited"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namefrom-head" scope="row">Name From:</th>
<td class="role-namefrom">author</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-head" scope="row">Accessible Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired">False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="role-namerequired-inherited-head" scope="row">Inherits Name Required:</th>
<td class="role-namerequired-inherited"></td>
</tr>
<tr>