diff --git a/examples/config.html b/examples/config.html
index cda00fd..84785c2 100644
--- a/examples/config.html
+++ b/examples/config.html
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 	cameraControls.mouseButtons.left =
 	<select onchange="cameraControls.mouseButtons.left = CameraControls.ACTION[ this.value ]">
 		<option value="ROTATE" selected>CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE</option>
+		<option value="ROTATE_AZIMUTH">CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH</option>
+		<option value="ROTATE_POLAR">CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR</option>
 		<option value="TRUCK">CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK</option>
 		<option value="SCREEN_PAN">CameraControls.ACTION.SCREEN_PAN</option>
 		<option value="FORWARD_ROTATE">CameraControls.ACTION.FORWARD_ROTATE</option>
@@ -29,6 +31,8 @@
 	cameraControls.mouseButtons.middle =
 	<select onchange="cameraControls.mouseButtons.middle = CameraControls.ACTION[ this.value ]">
 		<option value="ROTATE">CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE</option>
+		<option value="ROTATE_AZIMUTH">CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH</option>
+		<option value="ROTATE_POLAR">CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR</option>
 		<option value="TRUCK">CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK</option>
 		<option value="SCREEN_PAN">CameraControls.ACTION.SCREEN_PAN</option>
 		<option value="FORWARD_ROTATE">CameraControls.ACTION.FORWARD_ROTATE</option>
@@ -41,6 +45,8 @@
 	cameraControls.mouseButtons.right =
 	<select onchange="cameraControls.mouseButtons.right = CameraControls.ACTION[ this.value ]">
 		<option value="ROTATE">CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE</option>
+		<option value="ROTATE_AZIMUTH">CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH</option>
+		<option value="ROTATE_POLAR">CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR</option>
 		<option value="TRUCK" selected>CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK</option>
 		<option value="SCREEN_PAN">CameraControls.ACTION.SCREEN_PAN</option>
 		<option value="FORWARD_ROTATE">CameraControls.ACTION.FORWARD_ROTATE</option>
@@ -53,6 +59,8 @@
 	cameraControls.mouseButtons.wheel =
 	<select onchange="cameraControls.mouseButtons.wheel = CameraControls.ACTION[ this.value ]">
 		<option value="ROTATE">CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE</option>
+		<option value="ROTATE_AZIMUTH">CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH</option>
+		<option value="ROTATE_POLAR">CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR</option>
 		<option value="TRUCK">CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK</option>
 		<option value="SCREEN_PAN">CameraControls.ACTION.SCREEN_PAN</option>
 		<option value="FORWARD_ROTATE">CameraControls.ACTION.FORWARD_ROTATE</option>
@@ -66,6 +74,8 @@
 	cameraControls.touches.one =
 	<select onchange="cameraControls.touches.one = CameraControls.ACTION[ this.value ]">
 		<option value="TOUCH_ROTATE" selected>CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE</option>
+		<option value="TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH</option>
+		<option value="TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR</option>
 		<option value="TOUCH_TRUCK">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK</option>
 		<option value="TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN</option>
 		<option value="OFFSET">CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET</option>
@@ -87,6 +97,8 @@
 		<option value="TOUCH_DOLLY">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY</option>
 		<option value="TOUCH_ZOOM">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM</option>
 		<option value="TOUCH_ROTATE">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE</option>
+		<option value="TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH</option>
+		<option value="TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR</option>
 		<option value="TOUCH_TRUCK">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK</option>
 		<option value="TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN</option>
 		<option value="TOUCH_OFFSET">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET</option>
@@ -105,6 +117,8 @@
 		<option value="TOUCH_DOLLY">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY</option>
 		<option value="TOUCH_ZOOM">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM</option>
 		<option value="TOUCH_ROTATE">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE</option>
+		<option value="TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH</option>
+		<option value="TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR</option>
 		<option value="TOUCH_TRUCK" selected>CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK</option>
 		<option value="TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN</option>
 		<option value="TOUCH_OFFSET">CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET</option>
diff --git a/readme.md b/readme.md
index ded14f8..98efec6 100644
--- a/readme.md
+++ b/readme.md
@@ -216,10 +216,10 @@ Working example: [user input config](https://yomotsu.github.io/camera-controls/e
 
 | button to assign      | behavior |
 | --------------------- | -------- |
-| `mouseButtons.left`   | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
-| `mouseButtons.right`  | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
-| `mouseButtons.wheel` ¹ | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
-| `mouseButtons.middle` ² | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
+| `mouseButtons.left`   | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
+| `mouseButtons.right`  | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
+| `mouseButtons.wheel` ¹ | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
+| `mouseButtons.middle` ² | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
 
 1. Mouse wheel event for scroll "up/down" on mac "up/down/left/right"
 2. Mouse click on wheel event "button"
@@ -228,12 +228,13 @@ Working example: [user input config](https://yomotsu.github.io/camera-controls/e
 - The default of `mouseButtons.wheel` is:
   - `DOLLY` for Perspective camera.
   - `ZOOM` for Orthographic camera, and can't set `DOLLY`.
+- `ROTATE` is equivalent to `ROTATE_AZIMUTH | ROTATE_POLAR`; use `ROTATE_AZIMUTH` or `ROTATE_POLAR` to restrict rotation to a single axis. The same applies to `TOUCH_ROTATE` / `TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH` / `TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR`.
 
 | fingers to assign     | behavior |
 | --------------------- | -------- |
-| `touches.one` | `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` | `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` | `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
-| `touches.two` | `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_SCREEN_PAN` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
-| `touches.three` | `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_SCREEN_PAN` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
+| `touches.one` | `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
+| `touches.two` | `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_SCREEN_PAN` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
+| `touches.three` | `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_SCREEN_PAN` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
 
 - \* is the default.
 - The default of `touches.two` and `touches.three` is:
diff --git a/src/CameraControls.ts b/src/CameraControls.ts
index ee77ff1..f7a7bd9 100644
--- a/src/CameraControls.ts
+++ b/src/CameraControls.ts
@@ -309,10 +309,10 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 	 *
 	 * | button to assign      | behavior |
 	 * | --------------------- | -------- |
-	 * | `mouseButtons.left`   | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
-	 * | `mouseButtons.right`  | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
-	 * | `mouseButtons.wheel` ¹ | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
-	 * | `mouseButtons.middle` ² | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
+	 * | `mouseButtons.left`   | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
+	 * | `mouseButtons.right`  | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
+	 * | `mouseButtons.wheel` ¹ | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
+	 * | `mouseButtons.middle` ² | `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
 	 *
 	 * 1. Mouse wheel event for scroll "up/down" on mac "up/down/left/right"
 	 * 2. Mouse click on wheel event "button"
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 	 *
 	 * | fingers to assign     | behavior |
 	 * | --------------------- | -------- |
-	 * | `touches.one` | `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` | `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` | `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
+	 * | `touches.one` | `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE`* \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.DOLLY` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
 	 * | `touches.two` | `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
 	 * | `touches.three` | `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET` \| `ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET` \| `CameraControls.ACTION.NONE` |
 	 *
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 
 			if (
 				this.dollyToCursor ||
-				this.mouseButtons.wheel === ACTION.ROTATE ||
+				( this.mouseButtons.wheel & ACTION.ROTATE ) !== 0 ||
 				this.mouseButtons.wheel === ACTION.TRUCK
 			) {
 
@@ -775,9 +775,11 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 			const controlMode = ! event.ctrlKey ? this.mouseButtons.wheel : this.touches.two;
 			switch ( controlMode ) {
 
-				case ACTION.ROTATE: {
+				case ACTION.ROTATE:
+				case ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH:
+				case ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR: {
 
-					this._rotateInternal( event.deltaX, event.deltaY );
+					this._rotateInternal( event.deltaX, event.deltaY, controlMode );
 					this._isUserControllingRotate = true;
 					break;
 
@@ -943,10 +945,7 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 			// stop current movement on drag start
 			// - rotate
 			if (
-				( this._state & ACTION.ROTATE ) === ACTION.ROTATE ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE
+				( this._state & ( ACTION.ROTATE | ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE ) ) !== 0
 			) {
 
 				this._sphericalEnd.theta = this._spherical.theta;
@@ -958,14 +957,7 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 
 			// - truck and screen-pan
 			if (
-				( this._state & ACTION.TRUCK ) === ACTION.TRUCK ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.SCREEN_PAN ) === ACTION.SCREEN_PAN ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK ) === ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN ) === ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_SCREEN_PAN ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN
+				( this._state & ( ACTION.TRUCK | ACTION.SCREEN_PAN | ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK | ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN ) ) !== 0
 			) {
 
 				this._targetEnd.copy( this._target );
@@ -975,12 +967,7 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 
 			// - dolly
 			if (
-				( this._state & ACTION.DOLLY ) === ACTION.DOLLY ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE
+				( this._state & ( ACTION.DOLLY | ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY ) ) !== 0
 			) {
 
 				this._sphericalEnd.radius = this._spherical.radius;
@@ -990,12 +977,7 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 
 			// - zoom
 			if (
-				( this._state & ACTION.ZOOM ) === ACTION.ZOOM ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_SCREEN_PAN ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_SCREEN_PAN ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE
+				( this._state & ( ACTION.ZOOM | ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM ) ) !== 0
 			) {
 
 				this._zoomEnd = this._zoom;
@@ -1005,10 +987,7 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 
 			// - offset
 			if (
-				( this._state & ACTION.OFFSET ) === ACTION.OFFSET ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET ) === ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET
+				( this._state & ( ACTION.OFFSET | ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET ) ) !== 0
 			) {
 
 				this._focalOffsetEnd.copy( this._focalOffset );
@@ -1038,13 +1017,10 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 
 			// rotate
 			if (
-				( this._state & ACTION.ROTATE ) === ACTION.ROTATE ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE
+				( this._state & ( ACTION.ROTATE | ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE ) ) !== 0
 			) {
 
-				this._rotateInternal( deltaX, deltaY );
+				this._rotateInternal( deltaX, deltaY, this._state );
 				this._isUserControllingRotate = true;
 
 			}
@@ -1075,16 +1051,7 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 
 			// touch dolly or zoom
 			if (
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_SCREEN_PAN ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_SCREEN_PAN ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE
+				( this._state & ( ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY | ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM ) ) !== 0
 			) {
 
 				const dx = _v2.x - this._activePointers[ 1 ].clientX;
@@ -1097,11 +1064,7 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 				const dollyY = this.dollyToCursor ? ( lastDragPosition.y - this._elementRect.y ) / this._elementRect.height * - 2 + 1 : 0;
 
 				if (
-					( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY ||
-					( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE ||
-					( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK ||
-					( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN ||
-					( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET
+					( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY ) !== 0
 				) {
 
 					this._dollyInternal( dollyDelta * TOUCH_DOLLY_FACTOR, dollyX, dollyY );
@@ -1118,10 +1081,7 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 
 			// truck
 			if (
-				( this._state & ACTION.TRUCK ) === ACTION.TRUCK ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK ) === ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK
+				( this._state & ( ACTION.TRUCK | ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK ) ) !== 0
 			) {
 
 				this._truckInternal( deltaX, deltaY, false, false );
@@ -1131,10 +1091,7 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 
 			// screen-pan
 			if (
-				( this._state & ACTION.SCREEN_PAN ) === ACTION.SCREEN_PAN ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN ) === ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_SCREEN_PAN ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_SCREEN_PAN
+				( this._state & ( ACTION.SCREEN_PAN | ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN ) ) !== 0
 			) {
 
 				this._truckInternal( deltaX, deltaY, false, true );
@@ -1144,10 +1101,7 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 
 			// offset
 			if (
-				( this._state & ACTION.OFFSET ) === ACTION.OFFSET ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET ) === ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET ) === ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET ||
-				( this._state & ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET ) === ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET
+				( this._state & ( ACTION.OFFSET | ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET ) ) !== 0
 			) {
 
 				this._truckInternal( deltaX, deltaY, true, false );
@@ -3202,10 +3156,14 @@ export class CameraControls extends EventDispatcher {
 
 	};
 
-	protected _rotateInternal = ( deltaX: number, deltaY: number ): void => {
+	protected _rotateInternal = ( deltaX: number, deltaY: number, state: ACTION ): void => {
+
+		// gate each axis by whichever rotate bits (mouse or touch) are present in the state
+		const enableAzimuth = ( state & ( ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH | ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH ) ) !== 0;
+		const enablePolar   = ( state & ( ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR   | ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR ) )   !== 0;
 
-		const theta = PI_2 * this.azimuthRotateSpeed * deltaX / this._elementRect.height; // divide by *height* to refer the resolution
-		const phi   = PI_2 * this.polarRotateSpeed   * deltaY / this._elementRect.height;
+		const theta = enableAzimuth ? PI_2 * this.azimuthRotateSpeed * deltaX / this._elementRect.height : 0; // divide by *height* to refer the resolution
+		const phi   = enablePolar   ? PI_2 * this.polarRotateSpeed   * deltaY / this._elementRect.height : 0;
 		this.rotate( theta, phi, true );
 
 	};
diff --git a/src/types.ts b/src/types.ts
index b4b7aa5..4aded23 100755
--- a/src/types.ts
+++ b/src/types.ts
@@ -26,28 +26,58 @@ export const MOUSE_BUTTON = {
 } as const;
 export type MOUSE_BUTTON = typeof MOUSE_BUTTON[ keyof typeof MOUSE_BUTTON ];
 
+// primitive action bits — one capability per bit
+const ROTATE_AZIMUTH       = 0b1;
+const ROTATE_POLAR         = 0b10;
+const TRUCK                = 0b100;
+const SCREEN_PAN           = 0b1000;
+const OFFSET               = 0b10000;
+const DOLLY                = 0b100000;
+const ZOOM                 = 0b1000000;
+const TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH = 0b10000000;
+const TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR   = 0b100000000;
+const TOUCH_TRUCK          = 0b1000000000;
+const TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN     = 0b10000000000;
+const TOUCH_OFFSET         = 0b100000000000;
+const TOUCH_DOLLY          = 0b1000000000000;
+const TOUCH_ZOOM           = 0b10000000000000;
+
+// composite shorthands
+const ROTATE       = ROTATE_AZIMUTH | ROTATE_POLAR;
+const TOUCH_ROTATE = TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH | TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR;
+
 export const ACTION = Object.freeze( {
 	NONE:                   0b0,
-	ROTATE:                 0b1,
-	TRUCK:                  0b10,
-	SCREEN_PAN:             0b100,
-	OFFSET:                 0b1000,
-	DOLLY:                  0b10000,
-	ZOOM:                   0b100000,
-	TOUCH_ROTATE:           0b1000000,
-	TOUCH_TRUCK:            0b10000000,
-	TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN:       0b100000000,
-	TOUCH_OFFSET:           0b1000000000,
-	TOUCH_DOLLY:            0b10000000000,
-	TOUCH_ZOOM:             0b100000000000,
-	TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK:      0b1000000000000,
-	TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN: 0b10000000000000,
-	TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET:     0b100000000000000,
-	TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE:     0b1000000000000000,
-	TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK:       0b10000000000000000,
-	TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET:      0b100000000000000000,
-	TOUCH_ZOOM_SCREEN_PAN:  0b1000000000000000000,
-	TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE:      0b10000000000000000000,
+
+	// mouse primitives
+	ROTATE_AZIMUTH,
+	ROTATE_POLAR,
+	ROTATE, // = ROTATE_AZIMUTH | ROTATE_POLAR
+	TRUCK,
+	SCREEN_PAN,
+	OFFSET,
+	DOLLY,
+	ZOOM,
+
+	// touch primitives
+	TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH,
+	TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR,
+	TOUCH_ROTATE, // = TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH | TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR
+	TOUCH_TRUCK,
+	TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN,
+	TOUCH_OFFSET,
+	TOUCH_DOLLY,
+	TOUCH_ZOOM,
+
+	// touch composites
+	TOUCH_DOLLY_TRUCK:      TOUCH_DOLLY | TOUCH_TRUCK,
+	TOUCH_DOLLY_SCREEN_PAN: TOUCH_DOLLY | TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN,
+	TOUCH_DOLLY_OFFSET:     TOUCH_DOLLY | TOUCH_OFFSET,
+	TOUCH_DOLLY_ROTATE:     TOUCH_DOLLY | TOUCH_ROTATE,
+	TOUCH_ZOOM_TRUCK:       TOUCH_ZOOM | TOUCH_TRUCK,
+	TOUCH_ZOOM_OFFSET:      TOUCH_ZOOM | TOUCH_OFFSET,
+	TOUCH_ZOOM_SCREEN_PAN:  TOUCH_ZOOM | TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN,
+	TOUCH_ZOOM_ROTATE:      TOUCH_ZOOM | TOUCH_ROTATE,
 } as const );
 
 // Bit OR of Action
@@ -62,10 +92,12 @@ export interface PointerInput {
 	mouseButton: MOUSE_BUTTON | null;
 }
 
-type mouseButtonAction = typeof ACTION.ROTATE | typeof ACTION.TRUCK | typeof ACTION.SCREEN_PAN | typeof ACTION.OFFSET  | typeof ACTION.DOLLY | typeof ACTION.ZOOM | typeof ACTION.NONE;
-type mouseWheelAction  = typeof ACTION.ROTATE | typeof ACTION.TRUCK | typeof ACTION.SCREEN_PAN | typeof ACTION.OFFSET  | typeof ACTION.DOLLY | typeof ACTION.ZOOM | typeof ACTION.NONE;
+type mouseButtonAction = typeof ACTION.ROTATE | typeof ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH | typeof ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR | typeof ACTION.TRUCK | typeof ACTION.SCREEN_PAN | typeof ACTION.OFFSET  | typeof ACTION.DOLLY | typeof ACTION.ZOOM | typeof ACTION.NONE;
+type mouseWheelAction  = typeof ACTION.ROTATE | typeof ACTION.ROTATE_AZIMUTH | typeof ACTION.ROTATE_POLAR | typeof ACTION.TRUCK | typeof ACTION.SCREEN_PAN | typeof ACTION.OFFSET  | typeof ACTION.DOLLY | typeof ACTION.ZOOM | typeof ACTION.NONE;
 type singleTouchAction =
 	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE |
+	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH |
+	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR |
 	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK |
 	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN |
 	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET |
@@ -82,6 +114,8 @@ type multiTouchAction =
 	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_DOLLY |
 	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_ZOOM |
 	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE |
+	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_AZIMUTH |
+	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_ROTATE_POLAR |
 	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_TRUCK |
 	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_SCREEN_PAN |
 	typeof ACTION.TOUCH_OFFSET |