An unauthenticated attacker can exhaust Redis connections by repeatedly opening and closing browser tabs on any NiceGUI application using Redis-backed storage. Connections are never released, leading to service degradation when Redis hits its connection limit.
NiceGUI continues accepting new connections - errors are logged but the app stays up with broken storage functionality.
Each tab creates a RedisPersistentDict with a Redis client connection and a pubsub subscription. These are never closed, accumulating until Redis maxclients is reached.
NiceGUI ready to go on http://localhost:8080, http://10.201.1.10:8080, http://127.94.0.1:8080, http://127.94.0.2:8080, and http://192.168.0.15:8080
2026-01-01 17:19:43,226 INFO stats: conns=12 tabs=1
2026-01-01 17:19:45,945 INFO stats: conns=14 tabs=1
2026-01-01 17:21:14,504 INFO stats: conns=16 tabs=2
2026-01-01 17:21:14,506 WARNING disconnect: tab_id=4c1fc610-0fa9-4e8f-bb7a-c7882d22e599 cleared, tabs=2
2026-01-01 17:21:16,339 INFO stats: conns=19 tabs=3
2026-01-01 17:21:16,963 ERROR delete: tab_id=None, tabs=3->3
2026-01-01 17:21:16,964 WARNING disconnect: tab_id=e62f8ff3-9b91-431c-a66e-ce64dc37fc41 cleared, tabs=3
2026-01-01 17:21:17,563 INFO stats: conns=20 tabs=3
2026-01-01 17:21:18,342 INFO stats: conns=21 tabs=3
2026-01-01 17:21:19,397 INFO stats: conns=23 tabs=4
2026-01-01 17:21:20,022 ERROR delete: tab_id=None, tabs=4->4
2026-01-01 17:21:20,022 WARNING disconnect: tab_id=acafc0de-83bd-4919-8a78-e7775eb5b0cb cleared, tabs=4
2026-01-01 17:21:21,952 INFO stats: conns=27 tabs=5
2026-01-01 17:21:23,204 ERROR delete: tab_id=None, tabs=5->5
2026-01-01 17:21:23,204 WARNING disconnect: tab_id=56df6fab-7342-4823-8cc4-0e997d9da40a cleared, tabs=5
2026-01-01 17:21:23,829 INFO stats: conns=28 tabs=5
2026-01-01 17:21:25,280 INFO stats: conns=29 tabs=5
2026-01-01 17:21:25,881 ERROR delete: tab_id=None, tabs=5->5
2026-01-01 17:21:26,578 INFO stats: conns=30 tabs=5
2026-01-01 17:21:27,567 INFO stats: conns=32 tabs=6
2026-01-01 17:21:27,569 WARNING disconnect: tab_id=f1f79c1e-80ef-4753-a228-fdc13eb29e19 cleared, tabs=6
2026-01-01 17:21:28,579 INFO stats: conns=34 tabs=6
2026-01-01 17:21:29,449 INFO stats: conns=35 tabs=7
2026-01-01 17:21:30,074 ERROR delete: tab_id=None, tabs=7->7
2026-01-01 17:21:30,075 WARNING disconnect: tab_id=9f1326eb-75d8-4ea3-99fb-e47f54d45371 cleared, tabs=7
2026-01-01 17:21:30,701 INFO stats: conns=36 tabs=7
2026-01-01 17:21:31,454 INFO stats: conns=37 tabs=7
2026-01-01 17:21:32,531 INFO stats: conns=40 tabs=8
2026-01-01 17:21:33,185 ERROR delete: tab_id=None, tabs=8->8
2026-01-01 17:21:33,185 WARNING disconnect: tab_id=5f0b0e71-0ea0-4488-b392-cda09299a8f2 cleared, tabs=8
2026-01-01 17:21:34,436 INFO stats: conns=40 tabs=9
2026-01-01 17:21:35,063 WARNING disconnect: tab_id=a6e014ed-e76e-449d-a6eb-e8676cca1cc5 cleared, tabs=9
2026-01-01 17:21:35,685 INFO stats: conns=41 tabs=9
2026-01-01 17:21:35,686 ERROR delete: tab_id=None, tabs=9->9
2026-01-01 17:21:36,411 INFO stats: conns=42 tabs=9
2026-01-01 17:21:37,479 INFO stats: conns=45 tabs=10
2026-01-01 17:21:38,112 ERROR delete: tab_id=None, tabs=10->10
2026-01-01 17:21:38,112 WARNING disconnect: tab_id=9dd7a6ca-50da-436a-966f-38c835b65f7b cleared, tabs=10
2026-01-01 17:21:39,342 INFO stats: conns=48 tabs=11
2026-01-01 17:21:39,600 ERROR max number of clients reached
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/nicegui/timer.py", line 111, in _invoke_callback
result = self.callback()
File "/Users/dyudelevich/dev/test_connection_leak.py", line 45, in log_stats
conns = client.info("clients")["connected_clients"]
~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/commands/core.py", line 1005, in info
return self.execute_command("INFO", section, *args, **kwargs)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/client.py", line 657, in execute_command
return self._execute_command(*args, **options)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/client.py", line 663, in _execute_command
conn = self.connection or pool.get_connection()
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/utils.py", line 196, in wrapper
return func(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 2601, in get_connection
connection.connect()
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 846, in connect
self.connect_check_health(check_health=True)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 869, in connect_check_health
self.on_connect_check_health(check_health=check_health)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 941, in on_connect_check_health
auth_response = self.read_response()
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 1133, in read_response
response = self._parser.read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding)
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/_parsers/resp2.py", line 15, in read_response
result = self._read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding)
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/_parsers/resp2.py", line 38, in _read_response
raise error
redis.exceptions.ConnectionError: max number of clients reached
2026-01-01 17:21:39,618 WARNING disconnect: tab_id=711835bb-3677-44cc-a406-abb8ae487370 cleared, tabs=11
2026-01-01 17:21:39,618 WARNING Could not load data from Redis with key nicegui:tab-711835bb-3677-44cc-a406-abb8ae487370
2026-01-01 17:21:40,242 INFO stats: conns=49 tabs=11
2026-01-01 17:21:40,244 ERROR delete: tab_id=None, tabs=11->11
2026-01-01 17:21:40,502 WARNING Could not load data from Redis with key nicegui:user-3876bd1e-5769-43ef-8c78-6e5e77ae3436
2026-01-01 17:21:40,502 ERROR max number of clients reached
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/nicegui/background_tasks.py", line 93, in _handle_exceptions
task.result()
~~~~~~~~~~~^^
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/nicegui/persistence/redis_persistent_dict.py", line 81, in backup
if not await self.redis_client.exists(self.key) and not self:
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/asyncio/client.py", line 720, in execute_command
conn = self.connection or await pool.get_connection()
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/asyncio/connection.py", line 1198, in get_connection
await self.ensure_connection(connection)
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/asyncio/connection.py", line 1231, in ensure_connection
await connection.connect()
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/asyncio/connection.py", line 298, in connect
await self.connect_check_health(check_health=True)
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/asyncio/connection.py", line 324, in connect_check_health
await self.on_connect_check_health(check_health=check_health)
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/asyncio/connection.py", line 410, in on_connect_check_health
auth_response = await self.read_response()
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/asyncio/connection.py", line 607, in read_response
response = await self._parser.read_response(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
disable_decoding=disable_decoding
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
)
^
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/_parsers/resp2.py", line 82, in read_response
response = await self._read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.13/site-packages/redis/_parsers/resp2.py", line 102, in _read_response
raise error
redis.exceptions.ConnectionError: max number of clients reached
Affects all NiceGUI deployments using Redis storage. No authentication required. Attacker opens/closes browser tabs until Redis refuses new connections. NiceGUI handles errors gracefully so the app stays up, but new users lose persistent storage (tab/user data not saved) and any Redis-dependent functionality breaks.
Summary
An unauthenticated attacker can exhaust Redis connections by repeatedly opening and closing browser tabs on any NiceGUI application using Redis-backed storage. Connections are never released, leading to service degradation when Redis hits its connection limit.
NiceGUI continues accepting new connections - errors are logged but the app stays up with broken storage functionality.
Details
When a client disconnects, tab_id is cleared at https://github.com/zauberzeug/nicegui/blob/main/nicegui/client.py#L307 before delete() is called at https://github.com/zauberzeug/nicegui/blob/main/nicegui/client.py#L319. By then tab_id is None, so there's no way to find the RedisPersistentDict and call https://github.com/zauberzeug/nicegui/blob/main/nicegui/persistence/redis_persistent_dict.py#L92.
Each tab creates a RedisPersistentDict with a Redis client connection and a pubsub subscription. These are never closed, accumulating until Redis maxclients is reached.
PoC
Test server (test_connection_leak.py)
Attack script (attack_connection_leak.py)
Steps to reproduce
redis-cli CONFIG SET maxclients 50NICEGUI_REDIS_URL=redis://localhost:6379/0 python test_connection_leak.pypython attack_connection_leak.py2026-01-01 17:21:39,600 ERROR max number of clients reached
redis.exceptions.ConnectionError: max number of clients reached
Impact
Affects all NiceGUI deployments using Redis storage. No authentication required. Attacker opens/closes browser tabs until Redis refuses new connections. NiceGUI handles errors gracefully so the app stays up, but new users lose persistent storage (tab/user data not saved) and any Redis-dependent functionality breaks.