posix: implement `posix_trace_timedgetnext_event()`

[ycsin]

This is part of the See POSIX Roadmap for LTSv3 (RFC #51211).

posix_trace_timedgetnext_event() is required as part of _POSIX_TIMEOUTS Option Group.

For more information, please refer to https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/posix_trace_timedgetnext_event.html