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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>山木 · 庄子 · 华粹新学</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/common.css">
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</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="site-header" data-active="zongheng"></div>
<header class="chapter-header">
<div class="body-breadcrumb">
<a href="index.html">诸子思想</a>
<span class="sep">›</span>
<a href="daoism-index.html">道家</a>
<span class="sep">›</span>
<a href="zhuangzi-index.html">庄子</a>
<span class="sep">›</span>
<span class="current">山木</span>
</div>
<h1 class="chapter-title">山木</h1>
<p class="chapter-subtitle">《庄子》外篇第十三 · 材与不材之间,虚己以游世</p>
<div class="chapter-meta">
<div class="meta-item"><span class="label">难度</span>
<span class="difficulty"><span class="dot active"></span><span class="dot active"></span><span class="dot active"></span></span>
</div>
<div class="meta-item"><span class="label">阅读时长</span><span>约 13 分钟</span></div>
<div class="meta-item"><span class="label">所属流派</span><span>道家</span></div>
<div class="meta-item"><span class="label">成书时代</span><span>战国(庄子后学)</span></div>
</div>
<p class="chapter-intro">
山中的大树因"不成材"而免于被砍,家鹅却因"不会叫"而被杀。弟子问庄子该怎么办,他笑着说:我将处在"材与不材之间"。可这仍非最高境界——真正的处世,是像一条空船:即便撞上别人的船,对方也不会发怒。人若能虚己游世,谁还能加害于他?
</p>
</header>
<div class="reader-toolbar">
<div class="mode-switch">
<button class="mode-btn active" data-mode="both">原文白话对照</button>
<button class="mode-btn" data-mode="original">仅看原文</button>
<button class="mode-btn" data-mode="trans">仅看白话</button>
</div>
<span class="tip-text">将鼠标移到任一段落上,左右两侧会同步高亮</span>
</div>
<div class="reader-container">
<div class="reader-grid mode-both" id="readerGrid">
<div class="reader-col original">
<span class="col-label">原 文</span>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="1">
<p class="orig-para">
庄子行于山中,见大木,枝叶盛茂,<span class="annot" data-note="伐木者。">伐木者</span>止其旁而不取也。问其故,曰:"无所可用。"庄子曰:"此木以不材得终其天年。"夫子出于山,舍于故人之家。故人喜,命竖子杀雁而烹之。竖子请曰:"其一能鸣,其一不能鸣,请奚杀?"主人曰:"杀不能鸣者。"
</p>
</div>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="2">
<p class="orig-para">
明日,弟子问于庄子曰:"昨日山中之木,以不材得终其天年;今主人之雁,以不材死。先生将何处?"庄子笑曰:"周将处乎<span class="annot" data-note="成材与不成材之间。">材与不材之间</span>。材与不材之间,似之而非也,故未免乎累。若夫乘道德而浮游则不然。无誉无訾,一龙一蛇,与时俱化,而无肯专为;一上一下,以和为量,浮游乎万物之祖,物物而不物于物,则胡可得而累邪!"
</p>
</div>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="3">
<p class="orig-para">
市南宜僚见鲁侯,鲁侯有忧色。……市南子曰:"<span class="annot" data-note="大狐狸和有花纹的豹子。">丰狐文豹</span>,栖息于山林,潜伏于岩穴,静也;夜行昼居,戒也;虽饥渴隐约,犹且胥疏于江湖之上而求食焉,定也;然且不免于罔罗机辟之患。是何罪之有哉?其皮为之灾也。今鲁国独非君之皮邪?吾愿君刳形去皮,洒心去欲,而游于无人之野。"
</p>
</div>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="4">
<p class="orig-para">
君曰:"彼其道远而险,又有江山,我无舟车,奈何?"市南子曰:"君无形倨,无留居,以为君车。"君曰:"彼其道幽远而无人,吾谁与为邻?吾无粮,我无食,安得而至焉?"市南子曰:"少君之费,寡君之欲,虽无粮而乃足。君其涉于江而浮于海,望之而不见其崖,愈往而不知其所穷。送君者皆自崖而反,君自此远矣!"
</p>
</div>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="5">
<p class="orig-para">
方舟而济于河,有<span class="annot" data-note="空船,无人的船。虚,空。">虚船</span>来触舟,虽有惼心之人不怒。有一人在其上,则呼张歙之;一呼而不闻,再呼而不闻,于是三呼邪,则必以恶声随之。向也不怒而今也怒,向也虚而今也实。人能虚己以游世,其孰能害之!
</p>
</div>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="6">
<p class="orig-para">
庄周游于雕陵之樊,睹一异鹊自南方来者,翼广七尺,目大运寸,感周之颡而集于栗林。庄周曰:"此何鸟哉,翼殷不逝,目大不睹?"蹇裳躩步,执弹而留之。睹一蝉,方得美荫而忘其身;<span class="annot" data-note="即螳螂,举起前臂去捕蝉。">螳螂</span>执翳且搏之,见得而忘其形;异鹊从而利之,见利而忘其真。庄周怵然曰:"噫!物固相累,二类相召也!"捐弹而反走,虞人逐而谇之。
</p>
</div>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="7">
<p class="orig-para">
阳子之宋,宿于逆旅。逆旅人有妾二人,其一人美,其一人恶,恶者贵而美者贱。阳子问其故,逆旅小子对曰:"其美者自美,吾不知其美也;其恶者自恶,吾不知其恶也。"阳子曰:"弟子记之!行贤而去自贤之心,安往而不爱哉!"
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="reader-col translation">
<span class="col-label">白 话 翻 译</span>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="1">
<p class="trans-para">
庄子在山中行走,看见一棵大树,枝叶十分繁茂,伐木的人停在树旁却不去砍伐。问是什么缘故,回答说:"这树没有什么用处。"庄子说:"这棵树因为不成材,得以享尽天然的年寿。"庄子出山后,住在老朋友家里。朋友很高兴,叫童仆杀一只鹅款待他。童仆请示说:"一只鹅会叫,一只不会叫,请问杀哪一只?"主人说:"杀那只不会叫的。"
</p>
<!-- 漫画1:山木与雁 -->
<div class="comic-block">
<svg class="comic-svg" viewBox="0 0 500 300" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<defs>
<linearGradient id="ssky1" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
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<rect width="500" height="300" fill="url(#ssky1)"/>
<!-- 远山 -->
<path d="M0 180 L80 120 L150 160 L230 100 L310 155 L400 110 L500 150 L500 220 L0 220 Z" fill="#7a8a6a" opacity="0.35"/>
<!-- 左侧:不材之大树(安然存活,歪斜臃肿) -->
<g transform="translate(110, 250)">
<!-- 粗壮歪斜的树干(看起来无用、纹理扭曲) -->
<path d="M-20 0 Q-25 -60 -10 -120 Q5 -150 -5 -180 Q-15 -150 -25 -110 Q-35 -60 -28 0 Z" fill="#6a4a2a"/>
<path d="M-10 -120 Q20 -140 40 -130" stroke="#5a3a1a" stroke-width="6" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<path d="M-18 -80 Q-45 -95 -60 -85" stroke="#5a3a1a" stroke-width="5" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<!-- 繁茂但扭曲的枝叶 -->
<g fill="#5a7a4a" opacity="0.75">
<ellipse cx="30" cy="-145" rx="40" ry="28"/>
<ellipse cx="-50" cy="-100" rx="32" ry="24"/>
<ellipse cx="10" cy="-190" rx="35" ry="26"/>
<ellipse cx="-25" cy="-160" rx="28" ry="20"/>
</g>
<!-- 伐木者在树下(摆手、不取) -->
<g transform="translate(45, 10)">
<circle cx="0" cy="0" r="6" fill="#e8c8a8"/>
<rect x="-5" y="6" width="10" height="18" rx="2" fill="#7a5a3a"/>
<!-- 摆手的姿态 -->
<line x1="-5" y1="10" x2="-14" y2="2" stroke="#e8c8a8" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="5" y1="10" x2="14" y2="0" stroke="#e8c8a8" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="-3" y1="24" x2="-6" y2="36" stroke="#5a4a3a" stroke-width="2.5"/>
<line x1="3" y1="24" x2="7" y2="36" stroke="#5a4a3a" stroke-width="2.5"/>
<!-- 斧子闲置在旁 -->
<line x1="16" y1="30" x2="28" y2="20" stroke="#6a4a2a" stroke-width="2"/>
<path d="M28 20 L34 16 L32 24 Z" fill="#888"/>
</g>
<text x="0" y="55" font-size="11" fill="#5a7a4a" text-anchor="middle" font-family="serif">不材 · 终天年</text>
</g>
<!-- 中间:庄子与弟子对话 -->
<g transform="translate(250, 210)">
<ellipse cx="0" cy="40" rx="40" ry="8" fill="#000" opacity="0.08"/>
<!-- 庄子(长袍,笑而指点) -->
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<circle cx="0" cy="-30" r="9" fill="#e8c8a8"/>
<circle cx="0" cy="-40" r="6" fill="#3a3028"/>
<path d="M-3,-27 Q0,-24 3,-27" stroke="#2b2418" stroke-width="0.8" fill="none"/>
<!-- 弟子(旁立拱手) -->
<g transform="translate(30,5)">
<path d="M-10,5 Q-13,-10 0,-15 Q13,-10 10,5 Z" fill="#7a6a4a"/>
<circle cx="0" cy="-22" r="7" fill="#e8c8a8"/>
<circle cx="0" cy="-30" r="5" fill="#3a3028"/>
</g>
</g>
<!-- 右侧:不鸣之鹅(被缚、将烹) -->
<g transform="translate(400, 240)">
<!-- 鹅(被倒挂/绑着) -->
<g transform="rotate(15)">
<ellipse cx="0" cy="-15" rx="20" ry="14" fill="#e8e0c8"/>
<path d="M0,-28 Q-3,-40 5,-42" stroke="#d8d0b0" stroke-width="6" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<circle cx="6" cy="-42" r="5" fill="#e8e0c8"/>
<path d="M10,-42 L16,-40 L10,-39 Z" fill="#d8893a"/>
<!-- 绑绳 -->
<path d="M-15,-20 Q-25,-30 -20,-45" stroke="#8a5a2a" stroke-width="1.5" fill="none" stroke-dasharray="3,2"/>
<!-- 不会鸣(一个叉号在嘴边) -->
<g stroke="#b23a2e" stroke-width="1.5">
<line x1="18" y1="-46" x2="24" y2="-40"/>
<line x1="24" y1="-46" x2="18" y2="-40"/>
</g>
</g>
<!-- 锅/火(示意将烹) -->
<g transform="translate(5, 15)">
<path d="M-15,0 Q-15,15 0,15 Q15,15 15,0 Z" fill="#5a4a3a"/>
<path d="M-10,-2 Q0,5 10,-2" stroke="#c25a2a" stroke-width="1.5" fill="none"/>
</g>
<text x="0" y="55" font-size="11" fill="#b23a2e" text-anchor="middle" font-family="serif">不材 · 见杀</text>
</g>
</svg>
<div class="comic-caption">山木以不材终天年,主人之雁以不材死——材与不材,孰安?</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="2">
<p class="trans-para">
第二天,弟子问庄子:"昨天山里的大树因为不成材得以享尽天年;如今主人的鹅却因为不成材而被杀。先生您将如何自处呢?"庄子笑着说:"我庄周将处在成材与不成材之间。成材与不成材之间,看起来近似大道,其实不然,所以还是免不了牵累。若是顺应道德而浮游于世就不是这样了。没有赞誉也没有毁谤,时而像龙一样飞腾,时而像蛇一样蛰伏,顺着时令一同变化,而不肯偏滞一端;时上时下,以和顺为尺度,浮游于万物的本源,主宰外物而不被外物役使,那样怎么还会受到牵累呢!"
</p>
</div>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="3">
<p class="trans-para">
市南宜僚去见鲁侯,鲁侯面带忧色。……市南子说:"那大狐狸和花豹子,栖息在山林里,潜伏在岩洞中,可算沉静了;夜里出行,白天待着,可算警戒了;虽然饥渴,还是远远地到江湖边上去求食,可算镇定了;然而还是免不了罗网机关的祸患。它们有什么罪过呢?是它们身上的皮给自己招来的灾祸啊。如今鲁国不就是您的皮吗?我希望您剖空形体、剥去皮毛,洗净内心、去除欲望,遨游于没有人烟的旷野。"
</p>
</div>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="4">
<p class="trans-para">
鲁侯说:"那条道路遥远而艰险,又有江山阻隔,我没有船和车,怎么办呢?"市南子说:"您不要矜持傲慢,不要执著停留,这就可以作为您的车。"鲁侯说:"那条道路幽远而无人,我和谁做邻居呢?我没有粮食、没有吃的,怎么能到呢?"市南子说:"减少您的耗费,节制您的欲望,即使没有粮食也够用。您渡过江河、浮游大海,望去看不见岸边,越往前走越不知道它的尽头。送您的人都从岸边返回,您从此就远走高飞了!"
</p>
</div>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="5">
<p class="trans-para">
两条船并在一起渡河,有一条空船撞过来,即使是心地狭窄的人也不会发怒。如果船上有一个人,那被撞的船上就会喊"撑开、退后";喊一声没听见,喊第二声还没听见,于是第三声就一定会跟着恶声恶气地骂起来。刚才不发怒而现在发怒,是因为刚才船是空的、现在船上有人。人如果能虚己以游世,谁还能伤害他呢!
</p>
<!-- 漫画2:虚舟触舟 -->
<div class="comic-block">
<svg class="comic-svg" viewBox="0 0 500 280" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<defs>
<linearGradient id="swater" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
<stop offset="0%" stop-color="#7a9aaa"/>
<stop offset="100%" stop-color="#4a6b7a"/>
</linearGradient>
</defs>
<rect width="500" height="280" fill="#d8d0b8"/>
<!-- 水面 -->
<path d="M0 110 Q125 100 250 108 T500 105 L500 280 L0 280 Z" fill="url(#swater)"/>
<g stroke="#9ab4c0" stroke-width="1.2" fill="none" opacity="0.6">
<path d="M0 140 Q80 132 160 140 T320 138 T500 142"/>
<path d="M0 170 Q100 162 200 170 T400 168 T500 172"/>
<path d="M0 205 Q90 198 180 205 T360 203 T500 207"/>
<path d="M0 240 Q110 232 220 240 T440 238 T500 242"/>
</g>
<!-- 左侧:被撞的方舟(有人,正要发怒) -->
<g transform="translate(140, 150)">
<path d="M-60,0 Q-55,22 0,24 Q55,22 60,0 Z" fill="#6a4a2a"/>
<path d="M-55,-2 Q0,6 55,-2 L55,2 Q0,10 -55,2 Z" fill="#8a6a42"/>
<!-- 船上的人(发怒、张嘴、伸手呼喊) -->
<g transform="translate(-15,-25)">
<ellipse cx="0" cy="0" rx="13" ry="16" fill="#5a4a6a"/>
<circle cx="0" cy="-22" r="9" fill="#e8c8a8"/>
<!-- 怒眉 -->
<line x1="-5" y1="-26" x2="-1" y2="-24" stroke="#2b2418" stroke-width="1.5"/>
<line x1="1" y1="-24" x2="5" y2="-26" stroke="#2b2418" stroke-width="1.5"/>
<!-- 张嘴怒吼 -->
<ellipse cx="0" cy="-17" rx="2.5" ry="3" fill="#8a2a2a"/>
<!-- 挥手指向空船 -->
<line x1="10" y1="-8" x2="35" y2="-25" stroke="#e8c8a8" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
</g>
<g transform="translate(20,-22)">
<ellipse cx="0" cy="0" rx="11" ry="14" fill="#6a5a4a"/>
<circle cx="0" cy="-19" r="8" fill="#e8c8a8"/>
</g>
<!-- 怒气符号(几条短线) -->
<g stroke="#b23a2e" stroke-width="1.5" fill="none">
<path d="M-5 -45 L-12 -52 M0 -48 L0 -57 M5 -45 L12 -52"/>
</g>
</g>
<!-- 右侧:空船漂来撞向方舟 -->
<g transform="translate(310, 148)">
<path d="M-35,0 Q-32,15 0,16 Q32,15 35,0 Z" fill="#7a5a32"/>
<!-- 船上空无一人 -->
<!-- 表示空的虚线框/气 -->
<text x="0" y="-12" font-size="10" fill="#5a4a2a" text-anchor="middle" font-family="serif" opacity="0.7">虚</text>
<!-- 碰撞的水花/冲击线 -->
<g stroke="#fff" stroke-width="2" opacity="0.7">
<line x1="-40" y1="-2" x2="-50" y2="-10"/>
<line x1="-42" y1="4" x2="-54" y2="2"/>
</g>
</g>
<!-- 对比:上半部若虚船则不怒(小图标:平静) -->
<g transform="translate(250, 40)" opacity="0.5">
<text x="0" y="0" font-size="11" fill="#3a4a5a" text-anchor="middle" font-family="serif">向也虚 —— 虽惼心不怒</text>
</g>
<g transform="translate(250, 75)" opacity="0.6">
<text x="0" y="0" font-size="11" fill="#b23a2e" text-anchor="middle" font-family="serif">今也实 —— 恶声随之</text>
</g>
</svg>
<div class="comic-caption">虚船来触,虽惼心之人不怒——人能虚己以游世,孰能害之</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="6">
<p class="trans-para">
庄周到雕陵的栗园里游玩,看见一只奇异的喜鹊从南方飞来,翅膀宽七尺,眼睛直径有一寸,擦过庄周的额头停在栗树林中。庄周说:"这是什么鸟啊,翅膀大却飞不远,眼睛大却看不清?"于是提起衣裳快步走过去,拿着弹弓守候着。这时看见一只蝉,正停在浓密的树荫下而忘了自身;一只螳螂举臂去捕蝉,抓住了猎物就忘了自己的形体;那只异鹊跟着从中取利,见到利益就忘了自己的本性。庄周惊惧地说:"唉!万物本来就是这样互相牵累,彼此互相招惹啊!"于是扔下弹弓转身就跑,管园的人追着骂他。
</p>
<!-- 漫画3:螳螂捕蝉,异鹊在后 -->
<div class="comic-block">
<svg class="comic-svg" viewBox="0 0 500 280" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<defs>
<linearGradient id="sleaf" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
<stop offset="0%" stop-color="#6a8a5a"/>
<stop offset="100%" stop-color="#4a6a42"/>
</linearGradient>
</defs>
<rect width="500" height="280" fill="#e8dcc0"/>
<!-- 栗树枝叶(顶部) -->
<path d="M0 0 L500 0 L500 90 Q400 70 250 80 Q100 70 0 90 Z" fill="url(#sleaf)"/>
<g fill="#5a7a4a" opacity="0.7">
<ellipse cx="80" cy="50" rx="50" ry="25"/>
<ellipse cx="250" cy="40" rx="70" ry="30"/>
<ellipse cx="420" cy="55" rx="55" ry="26"/>
</g>
<!-- 栗果(小刺球) -->
<g fill="#7a5a32">
<circle cx="120" cy="75" r="5"/>
<circle cx="300" cy="68" r="5"/>
<circle cx="380" cy="78" r="5"/>
</g>
<!-- 一条主枝 -->
<path d="M0 85 Q200 75 500 95" stroke="#5a3a22" stroke-width="8" fill="none"/>
<!-- 食物链:从左到右,一个盯一个 -->
<!-- 1. 蝉(停在叶下) -->
<g transform="translate(90, 150)">
<ellipse cx="0" cy="0" rx="16" ry="8" fill="#3a4a2a"/>
<ellipse cx="-2" cy="-4" rx="12" ry="5" fill="#5a7a4a" opacity="0.7"/>
<circle cx="-10" cy="-2" r="3" fill="#2a2a22"/>
<!-- 蝉正惬意饮露 -->
<path d="M-14,5 Q-18,12 -16,18" stroke="#5a7a4a" stroke-width="1" fill="none"/>
<text x="0" y="28" font-size="10" fill="#4a6a42" text-anchor="middle" font-family="serif">蝉 · 忘其身</text>
</g>
<!-- 2. 螳螂(举臂捕蝉) -->
<g transform="translate(180, 145)">
<!-- 身体 -->
<ellipse cx="0" cy="5" rx="14" ry="7" fill="#6a8a3a"/>
<ellipse cx="-10" cy="0" rx="8" ry="6" fill="#7a9a4a"/>
<!-- 两只大刀臂(举起朝蝉) -->
<path d="M-14,-2 L-28,-18 L-24,-20 L-10,-6 Z" fill="#8aaa5a"/>
<path d="M-12,-5 L-24,-22 L-20,-24 L-8,-9 Z" fill="#7a9a4a"/>
<!-- 眼盯蝉 -->
<circle cx="-14" cy="-1" r="2" fill="#1a1a1a"/>
<!-- 箭头朝蝉 -->
<path d="M-40,-15 L-30,-18" stroke="#b23a2e" stroke-width="1" marker-end="url(#sarr)"/>
<text x="0" y="32" font-size="10" fill="#5a7a2a" text-anchor="middle" font-family="serif">螳螂 · 忘其形</text>
</g>
<!-- 3. 异鹊(盯螳螂) -->
<g transform="translate(310, 130)">
<!-- 翅膀(收起但微张) -->
<path d="M-25,10 Q-30,-15 -5,-10 Q-10,5 -15,15 Z" fill="#3a3a4a"/>
<path d="M25,10 Q30,-15 5,-10 Q10,5 15,15 Z" fill="#3a3a4a"/>
<!-- 身体 -->
<ellipse cx="0" cy="8" rx="18" ry="14" fill="#4a4a5a"/>
<!-- 头、大眼(目大运寸) -->
<circle cx="0" cy="-12" r="12" fill="#5a5a6a"/>
<circle cx="-4" cy="-13" r="4" fill="#d8d8b8"/>
<circle cx="4" cy="-13" r="4" fill="#d8d8b8"/>
<circle cx="-4" cy="-13" r="2" fill="#1a1a1a"/>
<circle cx="4" cy="-13" r="2" fill="#1a1a1a"/>
<!-- 尖喙指向螳螂 -->
<path d="M-12,-10 L-22,-12 L-12,-7 Z" fill="#b8893a"/>
<!-- 箭头朝螳螂 -->
<text x="0" y="42" font-size="10" fill="#3a3a4a" text-anchor="middle" font-family="serif">异鹊 · 忘其真</text>
</g>
<!-- 4. 庄周(执弹在后,将要射鹊) -->
<g transform="translate(420, 170)">
<!-- 弹弓举起 -->
<path d="M-5,-25 Q-20,-40 0,-50 Q20,-40 5,-25" stroke="#6a4a2a" stroke-width="2.5" fill="none"/>
<line x1="-18" y1="-42" x2="18" y2="-42" stroke="#8a6a3a" stroke-width="1" stroke-dasharray="2,2"/>
<!-- 人 -->
<path d="M-12,5 Q-16,-12 0,-18 Q16,-12 12,5 Z" fill="#5a4a6a"/>
<circle cx="0" cy="-26" r="9" fill="#e8c8a8"/>
<circle cx="0" cy="-36" r="6" fill="#3a3028"/>
<!-- 眼盯异鹊 -->
<circle cx="-3" cy="-26" r="1" fill="#2b2418"/>
<line x1="-13" y1="-20" x2="-5" y2="-25" stroke="#e8c8a8" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<text x="0" y="55" font-size="10" fill="#5a4a6a" text-anchor="middle" font-family="serif">庄周 · 执弹留之</text>
</g>
<defs>
<marker id="sarr" markerWidth="8" markerHeight="8" refX="6" refY="4" orient="auto">
<polygon points="0 0, 8 4, 0 8" fill="#b23a2e"/>
</marker>
</defs>
<!-- 连锁箭头:一层吃一层 -->
<g stroke="#b23a2e" stroke-width="1" fill="none" opacity="0.5" stroke-dasharray="3,2">
<path d="M115 140 L150 138" marker-end="url(#sarr)"/>
<path d="M210 140 L275 130" marker-end="url(#sarr)"/>
<path d="M340 145 L400 165" marker-end="url(#sarr)"/>
</g>
</svg>
<div class="comic-caption">螳螂捕蝉,异鹊在后,庄周执弹——物固相累,二类相召</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="para-pair" data-idx="7">
<p class="trans-para">
阳子到宋国去,住在旅店里。旅店主人有两个妾,一个美丽,一个丑陋。丑陋的受尊宠,美丽的反被冷落。阳子问是什么缘故,旅店的童子回答说:"那个美丽的自以为美丽,我并不觉得她美;那个丑陋的自以为丑陋,我并不觉得她丑。"阳子说:"弟子们记住!品行贤良而又能去掉自以为贤良的心思,到哪里会不受人敬爱呢!"
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<section class="section">
<h2 class="section-title"><span class="icon">📜</span>背景与语境</h2>
<div class="context-grid">
<div class="context-card">
<h4>谁在说话</h4>
<p>《山木》是《庄子》外篇第十三,篇名取首句"庄子行于山中"的"山木"二字。一般认为是庄子后学所作,但保存了许多关于庄子本人的精彩故事,由九则寓言连缀而成,核心是乱世中的处世之道。</p>
</div>
<div class="context-card">
<h4>当时的处境</h4>
<p>战国乱世,士人出仕有杀身之祸,归隐又难免贫寒。成材的树被砍,不成材的鹅被杀——无论有用无用都可能遭殃。庄子这一派要回答的是一个极现实的问题:在权力和灾祸之间,人究竟如何保全自己、又不丧失精神的自由?</p>
</div>
<div class="context-card">
<h4>古人怎么理解</h4>
<p>郭象注特别强调"材与不材之间"并非和稀泥,而是"无不可"、顺势而为。"虚舟"之喻、"螳螂捕蝉"的警示深刻影响了后世的处世智慧:谦退、忘我、不居功、不自贤。"行贤而去自贤之心"成为传统修身的重要格言。</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="section">
<h2 class="section-title"><span class="icon">🔍</span>现代视角</h2>
<div class="perspective-grid">
<div class="persp-card good">
<div class="persp-label">✦ 仍有价值</div>
<p>"虚舟"的比喻极具穿透力。我们生活中大量的愤怒,并非来自事情本身,而是来自"有人故意针对我"的判断。如果把对方想象成一条"空船"——他的冒犯并非出于恶意,而是无知、无心或身不由己——怒气往往就消了大半。这是一种极高的情绪管理智慧,与现代认知行为疗法调整归因的思路相通。</p>
</div>
<div class="persp-card discuss">
<div class="persp-label">◆ 需要辨析</div>
<p>"材与不材之间"容易被误解为投机、骑墙、和稀泥。庄子真正的意思不是世故地钻营,而是超越"有用/无用"的二元对立,不被任何一个固定身份绑死。"与时俱化,而无肯专为"。今天理解它,应是保持灵活、不执一端,而不是毫无原则地见风使舵。</p>
</div>
<div class="persp-card warn">
<div class="persp-label">▲ 明确过时</div>
<p>"螳螂捕蝉"中庄周因盯着异鹊而被管园人追骂,故事本身是好的警示,但其中"游于无人之野""刳形去皮"等出世主张,带有逃避社会的倾向。现代人无法、也不必退到没有人烟的旷野。合理的态度是:在积极承担社会责任的同时,保持内心的清醒和不被外物役使的自由。</p>
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<h4>思考题</h4>
<p>回想最近一次让你愤怒的冲突,如果把对方想象成一条"空船"——他的行为并非针对你,而是出于他自己的局限、恐惧或无心——你的怒气会减少几分?再想一想:在你的工作或生活里,你有没有过像那只蝉或螳螂一样,盯住眼前的"猎物"(一个目标、一点利益),却忘了身后更大的风险?"行贤而去自贤之心"——你身边有没有那种做了好事却总挂在嘴上、反而让人疏远的人?</p>
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<h2 class="section-title"><span class="icon">🔗</span>延伸阅读</h2>
<div class="further-grid">
<a href="zhuangzi-renjianshi.html" class="further-card">
<div class="fc-tag">本书相关</div>
<div class="fc-title">《庄子·人间世》</div>
<div class="fc-desc">内篇专论乱世处世,"心斋""无用之用"皆出此篇,《山木》正是其在外篇的延续与展开。</div>
</a>
<a href="zhuangzi-dasheng.html" class="further-card">
<div class="fc-tag">本书相关</div>
<div class="fc-title">《庄子·达生》</div>
<div class="fc-desc">外篇论修养,讲"用志不分、形全精复",与本篇"虚己游世"互为表里,一是对内、一是对外。</div>
</a>
<a href="#" class="further-card">
<div class="fc-tag">跨流派对话</div>
<div class="fc-title">《老子》第二十二章</div>
<div class="fc-desc">"不自见故明,不自是故彰,不自伐故有功",与本篇"行贤而去自贤之心"可相互发明。</div>
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