BREAK: drop support for Python 3.9

docs/_extend_docstrings.py

@@ -9,10 +9,13 @@
 import inspect
 import logging
 import textwrap
-from typing import Callable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import qrules
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+
 logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.ERROR)
 
 

docs/usage.ipynb

@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.9.18"
+   "version": "3.13.8"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,

docs/usage/conservation.ipynb

@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.11.7"
+   "version": "3.13.8"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,

docs/usage/custom-topology.ipynb

@@ -290,6 +290,18 @@
    "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
    "language": "python",
    "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.8"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,

docs/usage/ls-coupling.ipynb

@@ -336,6 +336,18 @@
    "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
    "language": "python",
    "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.8"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,

docs/usage/particle.ipynb

@@ -467,6 +467,18 @@
    "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
    "language": "python",
    "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.8"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,

docs/usage/reaction.ipynb

@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.12.11"
+   "version": "3.13.8"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,

docs/usage/visualize.ipynb

@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.12.8"
+   "version": "3.13.8"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,

pyproject.toml

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ classifiers = [
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
     "Programming Language :: Python",
     "Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Physics",
     "Topic :: Scientific/Engineering",
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ keywords = [
 license = {file = "LICENSE"}
 maintainers = [{email = "[email protected]"}]
 name = "qrules"
-requires-python = ">=3.9"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
 viz = ["graphviz"]
@@ -303,6 +302,11 @@ env = {EXECUTE_NB = "yes"}
 help = "Set up a server to directly preview changes to the HTML pages with cached notebook execution"
 sequence = ["doclive"]
 
+[tool.poe.tasks.lab]
+args = [{name = "paths", default = "", positional = true}]
+cmd = "jupyter lab ${paths}"
+help = "Run Jupyter Lab"
+
 [tool.poe.tasks.linkcheck]
 cmd = """
 uv run --group doc --isolated --no-dev \

src/qrules/argument_handling.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 import inspect
 from fractions import Fraction
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Generic, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generic, TypeVar, Union
 
 import attrs
 
@@ -21,11 +21,10 @@
 from qrules.quantum_numbers import EdgeQuantumNumber, NodeQuantumNumber, Parity
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Sequence
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
 
-Scalar = Union[int, float, Fraction]
-
-Rule = Union[GraphElementRule, EdgeQNConservationRule, ConservationRule]
+Scalar = int | float | Fraction
+Rule = GraphElementRule | EdgeQNConservationRule | ConservationRule
 """Any type of rule"""
 
 _ElementType = TypeVar("_ElementType")
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ def wrapper(states_list: Sequence[Any]) -> bool:
 
 def _check_all_arguments(checks: list[Callable]) -> Callable[..., bool]:
     def wrapper(*args: Any) -> bool:
-        return all(check(arg) for check, arg in zip(checks, args))
+        return all(check(arg) for check, arg in zip(checks, args, strict=False))
 
     return wrapper
 
@@ -171,7 +170,7 @@ def wrapper(states_list: Sequence[Any]) -> list[Any]:
 
 def _build_all_arguments(checks: list[Callable]) -> Callable:
     def wrapper(*args: Any) -> list[Any]:
-        return [check(arg) for check, arg in zip(checks, args) if arg]
+        return [check(arg) for check, arg in zip(checks, args, strict=False) if arg]
 
     return wrapper
 

src/qrules/combinatorics.py

@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@
 
 import itertools
 from collections import OrderedDict
-from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
 from copy import deepcopy
 from fractions import Fraction
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from qrules.argument_handling import Scalar
 from qrules.particle import ParticleWithSpin
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@
 
 
 StateWithSpins = tuple[str, Sequence[Fraction]]
-StateDefinition = Union[str, StateWithSpins]
+StateDefinition = str | StateWithSpins
 """Particle name, optionally with a list of spin projections."""
-StateDefinitionInput = Union[str, tuple[str, Sequence[Scalar]]]
+StateDefinitionInput = str | tuple[str, Sequence[Scalar]]
 """Input type for `StateDefinition` permitting also `int` and `float`"""
 InitialFacts = MutableTransition[ParticleWithSpin, InteractionProperties]
 """A `.Transition` with only initial and final state information."""
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ def __create_states_with_spin_projections(
         msg = "Number of state definitions is not same as number of edge IDs"
         raise ValueError(msg)
     states = __safe_set_spin_projections(state_definitions, particle_db)
-    return dict(zip(edge_ids, states))
+    return dict(zip(edge_ids, states, strict=True))
 
 
 def __safe_set_spin_projections(
@@ -289,7 +289,9 @@ def strip_spin(state: StateDefinitionInput) -> str:
     states = list(initial_state) + list(final_state)
     return _generate_kinematic_permutations(
         topology,
-        particle_names={i: strip_spin(s) for i, s in zip(edge_ids, states)},
+        particle_names={
+            i: strip_spin(s) for i, s in zip(edge_ids, states, strict=True)
+        },
         allowed_kinematic_groupings=__get_kinematic_groupings(final_state_groupings),
     )
 
@@ -331,6 +333,7 @@ def _permutate_outer_edges(topology: Topology) -> list[Topology]:
             permutation = zip(
                 initial_state_ids + final_state_ids,
                 initial_state_permutation + final_state_permutation,
+                strict=True,
             )
             new_topology = topology.relabel_edges(dict(permutation))
             topologies.add(new_topology)
@@ -460,10 +463,12 @@ def _external_edge_identical_particle_combinatorics(
         ext_edge_combinations = []
         ref_node_origin = get_originating_node_list(graph.topology, edge_group)
         for comb in combinations:
-            temp_edge_node_mapping = tuple(sorted(zip(comb, ref_node_origin)))
+            temp_edge_node_mapping = tuple(
+                sorted(zip(comb, ref_node_origin, strict=False))
+            )
             if temp_edge_node_mapping not in graph_combinations:
                 graph_combinations.add(temp_edge_node_mapping)
-                ext_edge_combinations.append(dict(zip(edge_group, comb)))
+                ext_edge_combinations.append(dict(zip(edge_group, comb, strict=True)))
         temp_new_graphs = []
         for new_graph in new_graphs:
             for combination in ext_edge_combinations:

src/qrules/conservation_rules.py

@@ -46,11 +46,12 @@
 """
 
 import operator
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from copy import deepcopy
 from fractions import Fraction
 from functools import reduce
 from textwrap import dedent
-from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Protocol, Union
+from typing import Any, Protocol
 
 from attrs import define, field, frozen
 from attrs.converters import optional
@@ -232,7 +233,7 @@ def parity_conservation_helicity(
 class CParityEdgeInput:
     spin_magnitude: EdgeQN.spin_magnitude = field(converter=to_fraction)
     pid: EdgeQN.pid = field(converter=int)
-    c_parity: Optional[EdgeQN.c_parity] = field(
+    c_parity: EdgeQN.c_parity | None = field(
         converter=optional(to_parity), default=None
     )
 
@@ -256,7 +257,7 @@ def c_parity_conservation(
 
     def _get_c_parity_multiparticle(
         part_qns: list[CParityEdgeInput], interaction_qns: CParityNodeInput
-    ) -> Optional[int]:
+    ) -> int | None:
         c_parities_part = [x.c_parity.value for x in part_qns if x.c_parity]
         # if all states have C parity defined, then just multiply them
         if len(c_parities_part) == len(part_qns):
@@ -290,7 +291,7 @@ class GParityEdgeInput:
     isospin_magnitude: EdgeQN.isospin_magnitude = field(converter=to_fraction)
     spin_magnitude: EdgeQN.spin_magnitude = field(converter=to_fraction)
     pid: EdgeQN.pid = field(converter=int)
-    g_parity: Optional[EdgeQN.g_parity] = field(
+    g_parity: EdgeQN.g_parity | None = field(
         converter=optional(to_parity), default=None
     )
 
@@ -314,7 +315,7 @@ def g_parity_conservation(  # noqa: C901
     def check_multistate_g_parity(
         isospin: EdgeQN.isospin_magnitude,
         double_state_qns: tuple[GParityEdgeInput, GParityEdgeInput],
-    ) -> Optional[int]:
+    ) -> int | None:
         if _is_particle_antiparticle_pair(
             double_state_qns[0].pid, double_state_qns[1].pid
         ):
@@ -434,8 +435,8 @@ def _check_particles_identical(
 
 @frozen
 class _Spin:
-    magnitude: Union[Fraction, NodeQN.s_magnitude, NodeQN.l_magnitude]
-    projection: Union[Fraction, NodeQN.s_projection, NodeQN.l_projection]
+    magnitude: Fraction | NodeQN.s_magnitude | NodeQN.l_magnitude
+    projection: Fraction | NodeQN.s_projection | NodeQN.l_projection
 
 
 def _is_clebsch_gordan_coefficient_zero(
@@ -480,7 +481,7 @@ def ls_spin_validity(spin_input: SpinNodeInput) -> bool:
 def _check_magnitude(
     in_part: list[Fraction],
     out_part: list[Fraction],
-    interaction_qns: Optional[Union[SpinMagnitudeNodeInput, SpinNodeInput]],
+    interaction_qns: SpinMagnitudeNodeInput | SpinNodeInput | None,
 ) -> bool:
     def couple_mags(j_1: Fraction, j_2: Fraction) -> list[Fraction]:
         return [
@@ -490,7 +491,7 @@ def couple_mags(j_1: Fraction, j_2: Fraction) -> list[Fraction]:
 
     def couple_magnitudes(
         magnitudes: list[Fraction],
-        interaction_qns: Optional[Union[SpinMagnitudeNodeInput, SpinNodeInput]],
+        interaction_qns: SpinMagnitudeNodeInput | SpinNodeInput | None,
     ) -> set[Fraction]:
         if len(magnitudes) == 1:
             return set(magnitudes)
@@ -523,7 +524,7 @@ def couple_magnitudes(
 def _check_spin_couplings(
     in_part: list[_Spin],
     out_part: list[_Spin],
-    interaction_qns: Optional[SpinNodeInput],
+    interaction_qns: SpinNodeInput | None,
 ) -> bool:
     in_tot_spins = __calculate_total_spins(in_part, interaction_qns)
     out_tot_spins = __calculate_total_spins(out_part, interaction_qns)
@@ -533,7 +534,7 @@ def _check_spin_couplings(
 
 def __calculate_total_spins(
     spins: list[_Spin],
-    interaction_qns: Optional[SpinNodeInput] = None,
+    interaction_qns: SpinNodeInput | None = None,
 ) -> set[_Spin]:
     total_spins = set()
     if len(spins) == 1:
@@ -785,31 +786,31 @@ def helicity_conservation(
 @frozen
 class GellMannNishijimaInput:
     charge: EdgeQN.charge = field(converter=EdgeQN.charge)
-    isospin_projection: Optional[EdgeQN.isospin_projection] = field(
+    isospin_projection: EdgeQN.isospin_projection | None = field(
         converter=optional(EdgeQN.isospin_projection), default=None
     )
-    strangeness: Optional[EdgeQN.strangeness] = field(
+    strangeness: EdgeQN.strangeness | None = field(
         converter=optional(EdgeQN.strangeness), default=None
     )
-    charmness: Optional[EdgeQN.charmness] = field(
+    charmness: EdgeQN.charmness | None = field(
         converter=optional(EdgeQN.charmness), default=None
     )
-    bottomness: Optional[EdgeQN.bottomness] = field(
+    bottomness: EdgeQN.bottomness | None = field(
         converter=optional(EdgeQN.bottomness), default=None
     )
-    topness: Optional[EdgeQN.topness] = field(
+    topness: EdgeQN.topness | None = field(
         converter=optional(EdgeQN.topness), default=None
     )
-    baryon_number: Optional[EdgeQN.baryon_number] = field(
+    baryon_number: EdgeQN.baryon_number | None = field(
         converter=optional(EdgeQN.baryon_number), default=None
     )
-    electron_lepton_number: Optional[EdgeQN.electron_lepton_number] = field(
+    electron_lepton_number: EdgeQN.electron_lepton_number | None = field(
         converter=optional(EdgeQN.electron_lepton_number), default=None
     )
-    muon_lepton_number: Optional[EdgeQN.muon_lepton_number] = field(
+    muon_lepton_number: EdgeQN.muon_lepton_number | None = field(
         converter=optional(EdgeQN.muon_lepton_number), default=None
     )
-    tau_lepton_number: Optional[EdgeQN.tau_lepton_number] = field(
+    tau_lepton_number: EdgeQN.tau_lepton_number | None = field(
         converter=optional(EdgeQN.tau_lepton_number), default=None
     )
 
@@ -863,7 +864,7 @@ def calculate_hypercharge(
 @frozen
 class MassEdgeInput:
     mass: EdgeQN.mass = field(converter=EdgeQN.mass)
-    width: Optional[EdgeQN.width] = field(converter=EdgeQN.width, default=None)
+    width: EdgeQN.width | None = field(converter=EdgeQN.width, default=None)
 
 
 class MassConservation: