🚀 How to Deploy Rook Ceph on Kubernetes — The Ultimate Step-by-Step Guide for Cloud-Native Storage

Kubernetes makes deploying applications easy.
But what about persistent storage — the data that actually matters?
That’s where things get tricky.

If you’ve ever struggled to make databases or stateful workloads reliable on Kubernetes, you’ve probably heard of Ceph — a powerful, distributed storage system that can handle block, file, and object storage at scale.

But deploying Ceph manually is complex.
That’s where Rook comes in — a Kubernetes operator that automates the entire Ceph lifecycle: deployment, scaling, healing, and upgrades — all using native Kubernetes resources.

In this guide, I’ll walk you through deploying Rook + Ceph from scratch and show you how to verify and manage it like a pro.

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🧠 What You’ll Learn

By the end of this guide, you’ll know how to:

• Deploy the Rook Operator and Ceph Cluster
• Verify Ceph cluster health from inside Kubernetes
• Choose and configure one storage type: RBD, CephFS, or Object Store
• Apply production-grade best practices

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⚙️ Prerequisites

You’ll need:

• A running Kubernetes cluster (3+ nodes recommended)
• kubectl access
• Raw disks or block devices attached to your nodes (for OSDs)
• Basic knowledge of YAML and Kubernetes resources

💡 Pro tip: Use Minikube or KIND for learning, and real multi-node clusters with physical disks for production.

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🏗️ Step 1: Install Rook Operator and CRDs

Rook extends Kubernetes with Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs) representing Ceph components like clusters, pools, filesystems, and gateways.

We’ll install those first, then deploy the Rook Operator.

🧩 1. Apply CRDs

kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rook/rook/master/deploy/examples/crds.yaml

Registers Ceph-related APIs with Kubernetes.

🧩 2. Apply Common Resources

kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rook/rook/master/deploy/examples/common.yaml

Creates the rook-ceph namespace and RBAC roles required by the operator.

🧠 3. Deploy the Operator

kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rook/rook/master/deploy/examples/operator.yaml

Check the pod:

kubectl -n rook-ceph get pods

NAME                                  READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
rook-ceph-operator-6b5d6bb79f-h8x6j   1/1     Running   0          2m

The operator now watches for Ceph CRDs and orchestrates deployment.

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🧱 Step 2: Create the Ceph Cluster

The CephCluster resource defines how Rook should build and configure Ceph — monitors, managers, and OSDs.

apiVersion: ceph.rook.io/v1
kind: CephCluster
metadata:
  name: rook-ceph
  namespace: rook-ceph
spec:
  cephVersion:
    image: quay.io/ceph/ceph:v18
  dataDirHostPath: /var/lib/rook
  mon:
    count: 3
    allowMultiplePerNode: false
  mgr:
    modules:
      - name: pg_autoscaler
        enabled: true
  dashboard:
    enabled: true
  storage:
    useAllNodes: false

⚠️ Important: Avoid useAllDevices: true in production — it will claim all disks.

Apply:

kubectl apply -f ceph-cluster.yaml

Check pods:

kubectl -n rook-ceph get pods

NAME                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
rook-ceph-mon-a-6f6b5d79f7-pt7qx     1/1     Running   0          3m
rook-ceph-mgr-a-5d79bcbf7c-8b6dh     1/1     Running   0          2m
rook-ceph-osd-0-7cc94b8b9c-hjs2t     1/1     Running   0          1m
rook-ceph-osd-1-7cc94b8b9c-mtlxm     1/1     Running   0          1m

Your Ceph Cluster is now running — let’s verify it.

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🧰 Step 3: Deploy the Rook Toolbox (and Check Cluster Health)

The Rook Toolbox is an administrative pod that includes the ceph CLI.

Deploy:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rook/rook/master/deploy/examples/toolbox.yaml

When it’s ready:

kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it deploy/rook-ceph-tools -- bash

Check cluster health:

ceph status

cluster:
  id: a1b2c3d4
  health: HEALTH_OK
  services:
    mon: 3 daemons, quorum a,b,c
    mgr: active: a
    osd: 3 osds: 3 up, 3 in

✅ Your Ceph cluster is healthy and operational!

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🧭 Step 4: Choose Your Storage Type

Once healthy, choose one storage interface to deploy (per cluster).

Storage Type	Description	Ideal Use Case
🧊 RBD (Block Storage)	Dynamic PVCs backed by RBD volumes	Databases, StatefulSets
📁 CephFS (Filesystem)	Shared POSIX-compliant filesystem	Shared app data, Prometheus
☁️ Object Store (RGW)	S3-compatible object storage	Backups, S3 API apps

⚠️ Note: Deploy only one storage type per cluster based on your application needs.

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🧩 Step 5: (Optional) Deploy Multiple Ceph Clusters

For separate environments (e.g., production and staging), apply a second cluster manifest:

kubectl apply -f cluster-second.yaml

Guidelines:

• Different namespace (e.g., rook-ceph-test)
• Unique cluster name and FSID
• Separate node and disk sets

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🧭 Rook Ceph Architecture Overview

Here’s how Rook and Ceph integrate within a Kubernetes cluster 👇

┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                   Kubernetes Cluster                       │
│                                                            │
│   ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│   │                   Rook Operator                    │   │
│   │   (Manages Ceph CRDs and orchestrates daemons)     │   │
│   └───────────────────────┬────────────────────────────┘   │
│                           │                                │
│           ┌───────────────▼────────────────┐               │
│           │           Ceph Cluster         │               │
│           │     (MON / MGR / OSD Pods)     │               │
│           └───────────────┬────────────────┘               │
│                           │                                │
│               Choose One Storage Interface                 │
│       ┌──────────────────┼───────────────────┐             │
│       │                  │                   │             │
│   ┌───▼───┐          ┌───▼────┐          ┌───▼────┐        │
│   │  RBD  │          │ CephFS │          │  RGW   │        │
│   │ Block │          │  File  │          │ Object │        │
│   │ Store │          │ System │          │  Store │        │
│   └───────┘          └────────┘          └────────┘        │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

🧩 In short:

• Rook Operator manages Ceph lifecycle via CRDs.
• Ceph Cluster runs daemons (MON, MGR, OSD).
• You can expose one interface — RBD, CephFS, or RGW — depending on your needs.

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⚡ Performance & Best Practices

• Separate roles: Dedicate nodes to OSDs via taints/tolerations.
• Avoid useAllDevices:true in production.
• Enable monitoring: Expose Prometheus metrics to Grafana.
• Replication: 3× replicas for critical data, erasure coding for bulk data.
• Routine checks: Run ceph health detail regularly.

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🎯 Wrapping Up

You’ve built a self-healing, scalable storage system inside Kubernetes — powered by Rook and Ceph.

Rook simplifies Ceph operations; Ceph delivers enterprise-grade resilience and performance.
Together they form a foundation for stateful, cloud-native workloads.

Next steps:

• Enable the Ceph Dashboard
• Connect Prometheus + Grafana
• Explore CephFS or RGW
• Learn backup and recovery workflows

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✨ Final Thoughts

Kubernetes isn’t just for stateless apps anymore — with Rook Ceph, it becomes a true data platform.

If you found this helpful, follow me for future posts in my Rook Ceph Deep Dive Series, where I’ll cover:

• 🧰 Ceph Dashboard setup and metrics
• 💾 CephFS and RGW performance tuning
• 🛡️ Recovery from OSD or MON failures

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🧑‍💻 About the Author

Hi there! I’m Dhinakaran J, a Site Reliability Engineer at the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) — where I help ensure the availability, scalability, and reliability of India’s critical payment infrastructure.

I work extensively with Kubernetes, Rook Ceph, Argo CD, Prometheus, Docker, RKE, Jenkins, MinIO, and Grafana, building automated and observable cloud-native systems that keep payment services running smoothly at scale.

My passion lies in infrastructure reliability, monitoring, and distributed storage systems — especially leveraging Rook Ceph to deliver highly resilient and transparent platforms in Kubernetes.

When I’m not optimizing clusters or debugging production workloads, I enjoy exploring open-source technologies, mentoring engineers, and writing hands-on DevOps guides to make complex systems simple for everyone.

💬 Follow me on Medium for practical guides on Kubernetes, Ceph, Argo CD, and Observability — drawn from real-world SRE experience.

📎 Connect with me on LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/dhinakaran-j-1b777832b