Drop Python 3.9 support and add support for Python 3.13

[tomvothecoder]

Description

• Closes [DevOps]: Drop Python 3.9 support #896
• Remove Python 3.9 from build matrix and pyproject.toml
• Add Python 3.13 to build matrix and pyproject.toml
• Make Python >=3.10 the minimum version in dev.yml and ci.yml
• Update pyproject.toml and other config files to expect Python 3.10 as minimum
• Update conda-forge feedstock recipe Python min version
• Update all type annotations to use Python 3.10+ syntax

Checklist

• My code follows the style guidelines of this project
• I have performed a self-review of my own code
• My changes generate no new warnings
• Any dependent changes have been merged and published in downstream modules

If applicable:

• New and existing unit tests pass with my changes (locally and CI/CD build)
• I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my feature works
• I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I have made corresponding changes to the documentation
• I have noted that this is a breaking change for a major release (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)