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Flight School Guide to Swift Strings Cover

Guide to Swift Strings Sample Code

This repository contains sample code used in the Flight School Guide to Swift Strings.

Chapter 2: Working with Strings in Swift
Chapter 3: Swift String Protocols and Supporting Types
Chapter 4: Working with Foundation String APIs
Chapter 5: Binary-to-Text Encoding
Chapter 6: Parsing Data From Text
Chapter 7: Natural Language Processing

Chapter 2

String Literals

You can construct string values in Swift using string literals. This Playground has examples of each variety, from the conventional, single-line to the raw, multi-line.

let multilineRawString = #"""
 \-----------------------\
  \                       \
   \      ___              \
    \    (_  /'_ /_/        \        __
     \   /  (/(//)/          \       | \
      >      _/               >------|  \       ______
     /     __                /       --- \_____/**|_|_\____  |
    /     (  _ /     /      /          \_______ --------- __>-}
   /     __)( /)()()(      /              /  \_____|_____/   |
  /                       /               *         |
 /-----------------------/                         {o}
"""#

String Indexes

Swift strings have opaque index types. One consequence of this is that you can't access character by integer position directly, as you might in other languages. This Playground shows various strategies for working with string indices and ranges.

let string = "Hello"

string[string.startIndex] // "H"
string[string.index(after: string.startIndex)] // "e"
string[string.index(string.startIndex, offsetBy: 4)] // "o"

Canonical Equivalence

In Swift, two String values are considered equal if they are canonically equivalent, even if they comprise different Unicode scalar values.

let precomposed = "expos\u{00E9}" // é LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
let decomposed = "expose\u{0301}" // ´ COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT

precomposed == decomposed
precomposed.elementsEqual(decomposed) // true

precomposed.unicodeScalars.elementsEqual(decomposed.unicodeScalars) // false

Unicode Views

Swift String values provide views to their UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32 code units. This Playground shows the correspondence between the characters in a string and their various encoding forms.

let string = "東京 🇯🇵"
for unicodeScalar in character.unicodeScalars {
    print(unicodeScalar.codePoint, terminator: "\t")
}

Character Number Values

In Swift 5, you can access several Unicode properties of Character values, which allow you to determine things like Unicode general category membership, whether a character has case mapping (lowercase / uppercase / titlecase), and whether the character has an associated number value.

// U+2460 CIRCLED DIGIT ONE
("①" as Character).isNumber // true
("①" as Character).isWholeNumber // true
("①" as Character).wholeNumberValue // 1

Emoji Detection

For more direct access to the aforementioned character information, you can do so through the properties property on Unicode.Scalar values. For example, the isEmoji property does... well, exactly what you'd expect it to do.

("👏" as Unicode.Scalar).properties.isEmoji // true

Chapter 3

String as ___

In Swift, String functionality is inherited from a complex hierarchy of interrelated protocols, including Sequence, Collection, BidirectionalCollection, RangeReplaceableCollection, StringProtocol, and others.

Each of the protocols mentioned has their own Playground demonstrating the specific functionality they provide.

"Boeing 737-800".filter { $0.isCased }
                .map { $0.uppercased() }
["B", "O", "E", "I", "N", "G"]

Unicode Logger

The print function can direct its output to a custom type conforming to the TextOutputStream protocol. This example implements a logger that prints the Unicode code points of the provided string.

var logger = UnicodeLogger()
print("👨‍👩‍👧‍👧", to: &logger)

// 0: 👨 U+1F468	MAN
// 1: ‍ U+200D	ZERO WIDTH JOINER
// 2: 👩 U+1F469	WOMAN
// 3: ‍ U+200D	ZERO WIDTH JOINER
// 4: 👧 U+1F467	GIRL
// 5: ‍ U+200D	ZERO WIDTH JOINER
// 6: 👧 U+1F467	GIRL

Stderr Output Stream

Text output streams can also be used to direct print statements from the default stdout destination. In this example, the print function is directed to write to stderr.

var standardError = StderrOutputStream()
print("Error!", to: &standardError)

Booking Class

Swift allows any type that conforms to ExpressibleByStringLiteral to be initialized from a string literal. This Playground provides a simple example through the BookingClass type.

("J" as BookingClass) // Business Class

Flight Code

Types conforming to the LosslessStringConvertible protocol can be initialized directly from String values. This Playground shows a FlightCode type that adopts both the LosslessStringConvertible and ExpressibleByStringLiteral protocols.

let flight: FlightCode = "AA 1"

flight.airlineCode
flight.flightNumber

FlightCode(String(flight))

Unicode Styling

Swift 5 makes it possible to customize the behavior of interpolation in string literals by way of the ExpressibleByStringInterpolation protocol. To demonstrate this, we implement a StyledString type that allows interpolation segments to specify a style, such as bold, italic, and 𝔣𝔯𝔞𝔨𝔱𝔲𝔯.

let name = "Johnny"
let styled: StyledString = """
Hello, \(name, style: .fraktur(bold: true))!
"""

print(styled)

Chapter 4

Range Conversion

Objective-C APIs that take NSString parameters or have NSString return values are imported by Swift to use String values instead. However, some of these APIs still specify ranges using the NSRange type instead of Range<String.Index>. This Playground demonstrates how to convert back and forth between the two range types.

import Foundation

let string = "Hello, world!"
let nsRange = NSRange(string.startIndex..<string.endIndex, in: string)
let range = Range(nsRange, in: string)

Localized String Operations

Foundation augments the Swift String type by providing localized string operations, including case mapping, searching, and comparison. Be sure to use localized string operations (ideally, the standard variant, if applicable) when working with text written or read by users.

import Foundation

"Éclair".contains("E") // false
"Éclair".localizedStandardContains("E") // true

Numeric String Sorting

Another consideration for localized string sorting is how to handle numbers. By default, strings sort digits lexicographically; 7 follows 3, but 7 also follows 36. This Playground demonstrates proper use of the localizedStandardCompare comparator, which is what Finder uses to sort filenames.

import Foundation

let files: [String] = [
    "File 3.txt",
    "File 7.txt",
    "File 36.txt"
]

let order: ComparisonResult = .orderedAscending

files.sorted { lhs, rhs in
    lhs.localizedStandardCompare(rhs) == order
}
// ["File 3.txt", "File 7.txt", "File 36.txt"]

Normalization Forms

Foundation provides APIs for accessing normalization forms for strings, including NFC and NFD, as demonstrated in this example.

import Foundation

let string = "ümlaut"

let nfc = string.precomposedStringWithCanonicalMapping
nfc.unicodeScalars.first

let nfd = string.decomposedStringWithCanonicalMapping
nfd.unicodeScalars.first

String Encoding Conversion

Foundation offers support for many different legacy string encodings, as shown in this example.

import Foundation

"Hello, Macintosh!".data(using: .macOSRoman)

String from Data

Foundation provides APIs to read and write String values from data values and files.

import Foundation

let url = Bundle.main.url(forResource: "file", withExtension: "txt")!
try String(contentsOf: url) // "Hello!"

let data = try Data(contentsOf: url)
String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) // "Hello!"

String Transformation

Another cool bit of functionality String inherits from NSString is the ability to apply ICU string transforms, as seen in this example.

import Foundation

"Avión".applyingTransform(.stripDiacritics, reverse: false)
// "Avion"

"©".applyingTransform(.toXMLHex, reverse: false)
// "&#xA9;"

"🛂".applyingTransform(.toUnicodeName, reverse: false)
// "\\N{PASSPORT CONTROL}"

"マット".applyingTransform(.fullwidthToHalfwidth, reverse: false)
// "ﾏｯﾄ"

Trimming

Foundation's CharacterSet is used in various string APIs, but it's perhaps most well-known for its role in the trimmingCharacters(in:) method, as shown in this Playground.

import Foundation

"""

            ✈️

""".trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) // "✈️"

URL Encoding

Only certain characters are allowed in certain positions of a URLs. By importing Foundation, you can encode URL query parameters with confidence with the addingPercentEncoding(withAllowedCharacters:) method.

import Foundation

"q=lax to jfk".addingPercentEncoding(withAllowedCharacters: .urlQueryAllowed)
// q=lax%20to%20jfk

String Format

When you import the Foundation framework, String gets sprintf-style initializers. This Playground serves as an exhaustive reference for all of the available formatting specifiers, modifiers, flags, and arguments.

import Foundation

String(format: "%X", 127) // "7F"

Chapter 5

Base2 and Base16 Encoding

These examples show you how to use the String(_:radix:uppercase:) initializer to produce binary and hexadecimal representations of binary integer values.

let byte: UInt8 = 0xF0

String(byte, radix: 2) // "11110000"
String(byte, radix: 16, uppercase: true) // "F0"

Base64 Encoding

Foundation provides APIs for base64 encoding and decoding data, which are demonstrated in this Playground.

import Foundation

let string = "Hello!"

let data = string.data(using: .utf8)!
let encodedString = data.base64EncodedString() // "SGVsbG8h"

Base🧑 Encoding

Anticipating emoji's role in the forthcoming collapse of human communication, we present a novel binary-to-text encoding format that represents data using human face emoji combined with skin tone and hair style modifiers.

let data = "Fly".data(using: .utf8)!
let encodedString = data.base🧑EncodedString() // "👨🏽‍🦱👩🏻‍🦲👩🏽‍🦳👩🏿‍🦱"

Human Readable Encoding

In this example, we implement the 11-bit binary-to-text encoding described in RFC 1751: "A Convention for Human-Readable 128-bit Keys". "Why?" you ask? Why indeed!

import Foundation

let data = Data(bytes: [0xB2, 0x03, 0xE2, 0x8F,
                        0xA5, 0x25, 0xBE, 0x47])

data.humanReadableEncodedString()
// "LONG IVY JULY AJAR BOND LEE"

Chapter 6

Parsing with Scanner

One of Foundation's many offerings is the Scanner class: a sort of lexer/parser combo deal with some convenient features. This Playground demonstrates how to make it even more convenient in Swift, and how to use it to parse information from an AFTN message.

import Foundation

let scanner = Scanner(string: string)
scanner.charactersToBeSkipped = .whitespacesAndNewlines

try scanner.scan("ZCZC")
let transmission = try scanner.scan(.alphanumerics)
let additionalServices = try scanner.scan(.decimalDigits)
let priority = try scanner.scan(.uppercaseLetters)
let destination = try scanner.scan(.uppercaseLetters)
let time = try scanner.scan(.decimalDigits)
let origin = try scanner.scan(.uppercaseLetters)
let text = try scanner.scan(upTo: "NNNN")

Parsing with Regular Expressions

Foundation's NSRegularExpression offers the closest thing to built-in regex support in Swift. Underneath the hood, it wraps the ICU regular expression engine; we take advantage of a bunch of its advanced features in this Playground to parse the same message as before using a different approach.

import Foundation

let pattern = #"""
(?x-i)
\A
ZCZC \h
(?<transmission>[A-Z]{3}[0-9]{3}) \h (?<additionalService>[0-9]{0,8}) \n
(?<priority>[A-Z]{2}) \h (?<destination>[A-Z]{8}) \n
(?<time>[0-9]{6}) \h (?<origin>[A-Z]{8}) \n+
(?<text>[[A-Z][0-9]\h\n]+) \s*
NNNN
\Z
"""#

let regex = try NSRegularExpression(pattern: pattern,
                                    options: [])

Parsing with ANTLR4

ANTLR is a parser generator with support for Swift code generation. This example provides a functional integration between ANTLR4 and the Swift Package Manager to demonstrate yet another approach to parsing the same AFTN message from the previous examples.

import AFTN

let message = try Message(string)!
message.priority
message.destination.location
message.destination.organization
message.destination.department
message.filingTime
message.text

Chapter 7

Tokenization

The NaturalLanguage framework's NLTokenizer class can tokenize text by word, sentence, and paragraph, as demonstrated in this example.

import NaturalLanguage

let string = "Welcome to New York, where the local time is 9:41 AM."
let tokenizer = NLTokenizer(unit: .word)
tokenizer.string = string

let stringRange = string.startIndex..<string.endIndex
tokenizer.enumerateTokens(in: stringRange) { (tokenRange, _) in
    let token = string[tokenRange]
    print(token, terminator: "\t")
    return true // continue processing
}
// Prints: "Welcome	to	New	York	where	the	local	time	is	9	41	AM	"

Language Tagging

You can use the NLTagger class to detect the language and script for a piece of natural language text, as seen in this Playground.

import NaturalLanguage

let string = """
Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,
herzlich willkommen in Frankfurt.
"""

let tagSchemes: [NLTagScheme] = [.language, .script]
let tagger = NLTagger(tagSchemes: tagSchemes)
tagger.string = string

for scheme in tagSchemes {
    if case let (tag?, _) = tagger.tag(at: string.startIndex,
                                       unit: .word,
                                       scheme: scheme) {
        print(scheme.rawValue, tag.rawValue)
    }
}
// Prints:
// "Language de"
// "Script Latn"

Part of Speech Tagging

To tag part of speech for words (noun, verb, etc.) use the NLTagger class with the .lexicalClass tag scheme.

import NaturalLanguage

let string = "The sleek white jet soars over the hazy fog."

let tagger = NLTagger(tagSchemes: [.lexicalClass])
tagger.string = string

let stringRange = string.startIndex..<string.endIndex

let options: NLTagger.Options = [.omitWhitespace, .omitPunctuation]
tagger.enumerateTags(in: stringRange,
                     unit: .word,
                     scheme: .lexicalClass,
                     options: options) { (tag, tagRange) in
    if let partOfSpeech = tag?.rawValue {
        print("\(string[tagRange]): \(partOfSpeech)")
    }

    return true // continue processing
}
// Prints:
// "The: Determiner"
// "sleek: Adjective"
// "white: Adjective"
// "jet: Noun"
// ...

Named Entity Recognition

NLTagger can also be used to detect named entities, including people, places, and organizations. This example shows how to do just that.

import NaturalLanguage

let string = """
Fang Liu of China is the current Secretary General of ICAO.
"""

let tagger = NLTagger(tagSchemes: [.nameType])
tagger.string = string

let stringRange = string.startIndex..<string.endIndex

let options: NLTagger.Options = [.omitWhitespace, .omitPunctuation, .joinNames]
tagger.enumerateTags(in: stringRange,
                     unit: .word,
                     scheme: .nameType,
                     options: options) { (tag, tagRange) in
    if let nameType = tag?.rawValue, tag != .otherWord {
        print("\(string[tagRange]): \(nameType)")
    }

    return true // continue processing
}
// Prints:
// "Fang Liu: PersonalName"
// "China: PlaceName"
// "ICAO: OrganizationName"

Keyword Extraction

Short of implementing a more complete natural language parser, you can use NLTagger to extract keywords by part of speech as a first approximation for interpreting commands.

import NaturalLanguage

let string = "What's the current temperature in Tokyo?"

let tagger = NLTagger(tagSchemes: [.nameTypeOrLexicalClass])
tagger.string = string

var taggedKeywords: [(NLTag, String)] = []

let stringRange = string.startIndex..<string.endIndex
let options: NLTagger.Options = [.omitWhitespace,
                                 .omitPunctuation,
                                 .joinNames]
tagger.enumerateTags(in: stringRange,
                     unit: .word,
                     scheme: .nameTypeOrLexicalClass,
                     options: options) { (tag, tagRange) in
    guard let tag = tag else { return true }
    switch tag {
    case .noun, .placeName:
        print(tag.rawValue, String(string[tagRange]))
    default:
        break
    }

    return true // continue processing
}
// Prints:
// "Noun temperature"
// "PlaceName Tokyo"

Lemmatization

This example demonstrates the .lemma tag scheme and how it resolves conjugations of various words.

import NaturalLanguage

let string = """
Flying flights fly flyers flown.
"""

let tagger = NLTagger(tagSchemes: [.lemma])
tagger.string = string

tagger.enumerateTags(in: string.startIndex..<string.endIndex,
                     unit: .word,
                     scheme: .lemma,
                     options: []) { (tag, tagRange) in
    if let lemma = tag?.rawValue {
        print("\(string[tagRange]): \(lemma)")
    }

    return true // continue processing
}
// Prints:
// "Flying: fly"
// "flights: flight"
// "fly: fly"
// "flyers: flyer"
// "flown: fly"

Language Recognizer

The NLLanguageRecognizer provides a configurable classifier for determining the language used in a piece of text. Here, we demonstrate how to use the languageHints property to resolve a sentence that could be understood in either Norwegian Bokmål (nb) or Danish (da).

import NaturalLanguage

let string = """
God morgen mine damer og herrer.
"""

let languageRecognizer = NLLanguageRecognizer()
languageRecognizer.processString(string)

languageRecognizer.dominantLanguage // da

languageRecognizer.languageHints = [.norwegian: 0.75,
                                    .swedish: 0.25]

languageRecognizer.dominantLanguage // nb

Naive Bayes Classifier

This example provides a reference implementation for a Naive Bayes "bag of words" classifier in Swift.

enum Sentiment: String, Hashable {
    case positive, negative
}

let classifier = NaiveBayesClassifier<Sentiment, String>()
classifier.trainText("great flight", for: .positive)
classifier.trainText("flight was late and turbulent", for: .negative)

classifier.classifyText("I had a great flight") // positive

Sentiment Classification

Using Create ML, we can build a Core ML classifier model that can be used by the Natural Language framework to determine if a piece of natural language text expresses positive, negative, or neutral sentiment.

import NaturalLanguage

let url = Bundle.main.url(forResource: "SentimentClassifier",
                          withExtension: "mlmodelc")!
let model = try NLModel(contentsOf: url)

model.predictedLabel(for: "Nice, smooth flight") // positive

N-Grams

This Playground provides a Swift implementation of n-grams, which, combined with NLTokenizer, can produce bigrams and trigrams of words in a piece of natural language text.

import NaturalLanguage

let string = """
Please direct your attention to flight attendants
as we review the safety features of this aircraft.
"""

let tokenizer = NLTokenizer(unit: .word)
tokenizer.string = string
let words = tokenizer.tokens(for: string.startIndex..<string.endIndex)
                     .map { String(string[$0]) }
bigrams(words)
// [("Please", "direct"), ("direct", "your"), ...]

Markov Chain

Using n-grams to determine the conditional probability of transitions from one word to another, we can construct a model that randomly generates text that trivially resembles the provided source. In this example, we feed in a corpus of Air Traffic Control transcripts.

import Foundation
import NaturalLanguage

// https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC94S14A
let url = Bundle.main.url(forResource: "LDC94S14A-sample",
                          withExtension: "txt")!
let text = try String(contentsOf: url)
var markovChain = MarkovChain(sentencesAndWords(for: text))

for word in markovChain {
    print(word, terminator: " ")
}

// Prints: "CACTUS EIGHT OH EIGHT TURN LEFT HEADING ONE SEVENTY HEAVY"

Soundex

Soundex is a classic phonetic coding system used to resolve ambiguity in the spelling of surnames. This example provides a Swift implementation of the standard algorithm.

let names: [String] = [
    "Washington",
    "Lee",
    "Smith",
    "Smyth"
]

for name in names {
    print("\(name): \(soundex(name))")
}
// Prints:
// "Washington: W252"
// "Lee: L000"
// "Smith: S530"
// "Smyth: S530"

Levenshtein Distance

You can use a string metric like Levenshtein edit distance to quantify the similarity between two sequences.

/*
 |     |     |  S  |  a  |  t  |  u  |  r  |  d  |  a  |  y  |
 |-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
 |     | _0_ |  1  |  2  |  3  |  4  |  5  |  6  |  7  |  8  |
 |   S |  1  | _0_ | _1_ | _2_ |  3  |  4  |  5  |  6  |  7  |
 |   u |  2  |  1  |  1  |  2  | _2_ |  3  |  4  |  5  |  6  |
 |   n |  3  |  2  |  2  |  2  |  3  | _3_ |  4  |  5  |  6  |
 |   d |  4  |  3  |  3  |  3  |  3  |  4  | _3_ |  4  |  5  |
 |   a |  5  |  4  |  3  |  4  |  4  |  4  |  4  | _3_ |  4  |
 |   y |  6  |  5  |  4  |  4  |  5  |  5  |  5  |  4  | _3_ |
*/
levenshteinDistance(from: "Saturday", to: "Sunday") // 3

Spell Checker

Using the Levenshtein distance function from the previous example, and combining it with a corpus of frequently-used words, you can create a reasonably effective spell checker with very little additional code.

import Foundation

// https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2006T13
guard let url = Bundle.main.url(forResource: "LDC2006T13-sample",
                                withExtension: "txt")
else {
    fatalError("Missing required resource")
}

let spellChecker = try SpellChecker(contentsOf: url)

spellChecker.suggestions(for: "speling")
// ["spelling", "spewing", "sperling"]

License

MIT

About Flight School

Flight School is a book series for advanced Swift developers that explores essential topics in iOS and macOS development through concise, focused guides.

If you'd like to get in touch, feel free to message us on Twitter or email us at info@flight.school.

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