[TOC]
↗ Universe, Self-Awareness, and Intelligence
- ↗ Mathematical Modeling & Abstraction
- ↗ Mathematical Analysis (& Analytical Mathematics)
- ↗ Cybernetics & Control Theory
- ↗ Game Theory & Decision Making in Multi-Agents Environments
- ↗ Operations Research (OR)
《论系统工程（新世纪版）》钱学森
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_sciences_organizations This list of systems sciences organizations gives an overview of global and local organizations in the field of systems science. This list shows all kinds of organizations and institutes listed thematically.
🔗 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_science 🔗 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_system 🔗 https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6
系统科学是指从系统的角度观察研究客观世界的一门学科。“系统”指的是由相互联系、相互作用的要素（或部分）组成的具有一定结构和功能的有机整体；准确来说，“要素”加上“结构”等于“系统”。研究的领域横跨自然科学与社会科学，却除去其中较为狭窄的物理、生物、心理、经济意义，而把研究重心放在探究各个系统的本质规律上。系统科学主要研究系统的要素（或元素）、结构、系统的行为（性质）
著名科学家钱学森提出系统科学的层次模型，其详细分类如下：
第一层：系统观。次是系统学，它是系统科学的基本理论。这是系统的哲学和方法论的观点，是系统科学通向马克思主义哲学的桥梁和中介； 第二层：技术科学层次。有运筹学、系统理论、控制论、信息论等，是系统工程的直接理论； 第三层：工程技术层次。系统工程、自动化技术、通信技术等，这是直接改造自然界的。
- 基础理论
- 技术科学
- 工程技术
Systems theory is the transdisciplinary study of systems, i.e. cohesive groups of interrelated, interdependent components that can be natural or artificial. Every system has causal boundaries, is influenced by its context, defined by its structure, function and role, and expressed through its relations with other systems. A system is "more than the sum of its parts" when it expresses synergy or emergent behavior.
Changing one component of a system may affect other components or the whole system. It may be possible to predict these changes in patterns of behavior. For systems that learn and adapt, the growth and the degree of adaptation depend upon how well the system is engaged with its environment and other contexts influencing its organization. Some systems support other systems, maintaining the other system to prevent failure. The goals of systems theory are to model a system's dynamics, constraints, conditions, and relations; and to elucidate principles (such as purpose, measure, methods, tools) that can be discerned and applied to other systems at every level of nesting, and in a wide range of fields for achieving optimized equifinality.
General systems theory is about developing broadly applicable concepts and principles, as opposed to concepts and principles specific to one domain of knowledge. It distinguishes dynamic or active systems from static or passive systems. Active systems are activity structures or components that interact in behaviours and processes or interrelate through formal contextual boundary conditions (attractors). Passive systems are structures and components that are being processed. For example, a computer program is passive when it is a file stored on the hard drive and active when it runs in memory. The field is related to systems thinking, machine logic, and systems engineering.
Theoretical Fields
- Chaos theory
- Complex system
- Control theory and cybernetics
- Dynamical systems theory
- Earth system science
- Ecological systems theory
- Industrial ecology
- Living systems theory
- Sociotechnical system
- Systemics
- Telecoupling
- Urban metabolism
- World-systems theory
System Types
- Biological
- Complex
- Conceptual
- Coordinate
- Deterministic (philosophy)
- Digital ecosystem
- Experimental
- Writing
- Coupled human–environment
- Database
- Deterministic (science)
- Mathematical
- Energy
- Holarchical
- Information
- Measurement
- Multi-agent
- Nonlinear
- Operating
- Planetary
- Social
- Star
The standard assumptions that underlie many conceptual and quantitative frameworks do not hold for many complex physical, biological, and social systems. Complex systems science clarifies when and why such assumptions fail and provides alternative frameworks for understanding the properties of complex systems. This review introduces some of the basic principles of complex systems science, including complexity profiles, the tradeoff between efficiency and adaptability, the necessity of matching the complexity of systems to that of their environments, multi-scale analysis, and evolutionary processes. Our focus is on the general properties of systems as opposed to the modeling of specific dynamics; rather than provide a comprehensive review, we pedagogically describe a conceptual and analytic approach for understanding and interacting with the complex systems of our world. With the exception of a few footnotes, this paper assumes only a high school mathematical and scientific background, so that it may be accessible to academics in all fields, decision-makers in industry, government, and philanthropy, and anyone who is interested in systems and society.