calc_variable_from_constraint: guard against expression overflow

[jsiirola]

Fixes #3540 .

Summary/Motivation:

This adds additional guards to calculate_variable_from_constraint() to catch OverflowError exceptions when evaluating the constraint during the initial linear test and during the line search.

Changes proposed in this PR:

• Guard against OverflowError exceptions during function evaluations
• Add test (from calculate_variable_from_constraint is unreliable for exponential functions #3540)

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[Robbybp]

FBBT may be nice as well, but I see no reason not to do this.