Include ruff as part of the tooling

[diego-plan9]

Summary

Introduce ruff as an additional linter, in order to cover some more checks (and automated fixes) with minimal performance hit:

• the ruleset is a combination of Qiskit and samplomatic, tuned to this project
• changes are a result of the --fix option, except for hand-introduced noqa entries
• invocation is part of the make lint target

Details and comments

Fixes #2513

[yaelbh]

Do qiskit and samplomatic also employ both pylint and ruff?

[diego-plan9]

Do qiskit and samplomatic also employ both pylint and ruff?

Qiskit employs both (ruff in an experimental capability) and samplomatic just ruff.

[yaelbh]

We should also use only ruff, there's no reason to spend time with two linters. Not in this PR of course.

[diego-plan9]

We should also use only ruff, there's no reason to spend time with two linters. Not in this PR of course.

I like that thought actually - pylint is more strict, but ruff supports a subset (plus has more rulesets that can be enabled and might match the desires). Part of a longer conversation indeed!