Add a timeout in CI and enable verbose tests for truffleruby

* To investigate hangs like https://github.com/Shopify/liquid-c/actions/runs/8191329021/job/22400306482

.github/workflows/liquid.yml

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ on: [push, pull_request]
 jobs:
   test:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 10
     strategy:
       matrix:
         include:
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ jobs:
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.allowed-failure }}
         env:
           LIQUID_C_PEDANTIC: 'true'
+          TEST_OPTS: '-v -s0'
         if: matrix.ruby == 'truffleruby-head'
 
       - run: bundle exec rubocop