Project/mihai

.cargo/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[target.thumbv8m.main-none-eabihf]
+runner = "probe-rs run --chip RP2350A"
+rustflags = [
+  "-C", "link-arg=--nmagic",
+  "-C", "link-arg=-Tlink.x",
+]
+
+[build]
+target = "thumbv8m.main-none-eabihf"

.gitignore

@@ -33,4 +33,7 @@ dist
 index.html
 .remote-assets
 components.d.ts
-.idea/
+.idea/
+/target
+Cargo.lock
+*.uf2

Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+[package]
+name = "smartwatch2"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "smartwatch2"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+rp235x-hal = { version = "0.2", features = ["critical-section-impl", "rt"] }
+cortex-m = { version = "0.7", features = ["inline-asm"] }
+cortex-m-rt = "0.7"
+embedded-graphics = "0.8"
+embedded-graphics-core = "0.4"
+heapless = "0.8"
+embedded-hal = "1.0"
+panic-halt = "0.2"
+fugit = "0.3"
+
+[profile.dev]
+opt-level = 1
+debug = 2
+
+[profile.release]
+opt-level = "z"
+debug = 2
+lto = true

README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
 # MA Website
 
 This is the website for the MA course delivered to ACS CC and FILS English.
+\# DIY Smartwatch — Raspberry Pi Pico 2W + Rust
+
+
+
+Proiect realizat de Alex22-ai.
+
+Documentatie completa in smartwatch\_documentation.docx
+
+Schema KiCad in smartwatch\_schema.kicad\_sch
+

index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+# DIY Smartwatch — Raspberry Pi Pico 2W + Rust
+
+**Technical Documentation v1.0 | May 2026 | Bucharest, Romania**
+
+A fully functional smartwatch built on a breadboard, featuring:
+
+- Real-time clock display (DS3231)
+- Heart rate monitoring (MAX30102)
+- Motion detection (MPU6050)
+- 240×240 round TFT display (GC9A01)
+- LiPo battery with USB-C charging
+- Written in Rust using Embassy framework
+
+---
+
+## 1. Project Overview
+
+This project is a DIY smartwatch built on a breadboard using the Raspberry Pi Pico 2W microcontroller, programmed entirely in Rust. The goal was to create a working smartwatch prototype while learning embedded systems programming with the Rust language and the Embassy async framework.
+
+The smartwatch communicates with its peripherals using two standard protocols: SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) for the high-speed display, and I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) for all sensors. The Pico 2W acts as the bus master for all communications.
+
+The project was built step-by-step: hardware assembly on breadboard → MicroPython testing to verify connections → Rust firmware development → final integration.
+
+![DIY Smartwatch Hardware](hardware.jpeg)
+
+### Key Features
+
+- Real-time clock display read from DS3231 RTC (backed by CR2032 battery)
+- Heart rate and SpO2 monitoring via MAX30102 optical sensor
+- Step counting and motion detection via MPU6050 6-axis IMU
+- 1.28" circular GC9A01 TFT display (240×240 pixels, RGB565)
+- LiPo battery with TP4056 USB-C charging circuit
+- Two physical push buttons for user interaction
+- Built-in WiFi and Bluetooth (Raspberry Pi Pico 2W)
+- Firmware written in Rust — memory safe, zero-cost abstractions
+
+### Programming Language & Framework
+
+The firmware is written in Rust (`no_std` environment) using the Embassy embedded async framework. Rust provides memory safety without a garbage collector, making it ideal for embedded systems.
+
+Target microcontroller architecture:
+```
+thumbv8m.main-none-eabihf  →  ARM Cortex-M33 (RP2350 on Pico 2W)
+```
+
+The Rust ecosystem used:
+```toml
+embassy-rp        = "0.1"   # RP2350 Hardware Abstraction Layer
+embassy-executor  = "0.5"   # Async task executor
+embassy-time      = "0.3"   # Timing primitives
+embedded-graphics = "0.8"   # 2D graphics rendering
+ds323x            = "0.5"   # DS3231 RTC driver
+cortex-m-rt       = "0.7"   # Cortex-M runtime
+```
+
+---
+
+## 2. Components List & Costs
+
+All components were sourced online from AliExpress, Romanian electronics shops, and local supermarkets. Prices are approximate and in Romanian Lei (RON).
+
+| Component | Model | Role | Source | Price (RON) | Protocol |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Raspberry Pi Pico 2W | RP2350 | Main MCU + WiFi/BT | AliExpress | ~55 RON | USB / SPI / I2C |
+| Round TFT Display | GC9A01 1.28" | Smartwatch screen | AliExpress | ~25 RON | SPI |
+| RTC Module | DS3231 ZS-042 | Real-time clock | AliExpress | ~15 RON | I2C (0x68) |
+| Heart Rate Sensor | MAX30102 | Pulse & SpO2 | AliExpress | ~20 RON | I2C (0x57) |
+| Accel. / Gyroscope | MPU6050 HW-123 | Motion / pedometer | AliExpress | ~12 RON | I2C (0x69) |
+| LiPo Charger | TP4056 USB-C | Battery charging | AliExpress | ~8 RON | — |
+| LiPo Battery | 3.7V 250mAh | Power supply | akyga.com | ~20 RON | — |
+| Tactile Buttons x2 | 6×6mm THT | User input | Local shop | ~2 RON | GPIO |
+| Breadboards x2 | 400 + 830 pt. | Component mounting | AliExpress | ~25 RON | — |
+| Jumper Wire Kit | M-M / M-F | Connections | AliExpress | ~10 RON | — |
+| Resistor Kit | 600pcs 1/4W | Pull-ups / limits | AliExpress | ~15 RON | — |
+| CR2032 Battery x4 | Duracell 3V | DS3231 backup | Supermarket | ~20 RON | — |
+| **TOTAL ESTIMATED** | | | | **~227 RON** | |
+
+---
+
+## 3. Hardware Connections
+
+The system uses two communication buses: SPI1 for the high-speed display, and I2C for all sensors (shared bus). Power (3.3V) is provided by the Pico 2W's onboard LDO regulator, fed by the LiPo battery via TP4056.
+
+![KiCad Schematic](schematic.png)
+
+### 3.1 Display — GC9A01 (SPI1)
+
+The GC9A01 is a 1.28" round TFT with 240×240 RGB565 resolution. It uses SPI1 at up to 32 MHz. RST is held high after initialization.
+
+| Display Pin | Pico 2W Pin | GP Number |
+|---|---|---|
+| VCC | 3V3 OUT | Pin 36 |
+| GND | GND | Pin 33 |
+| SCL (SCK) | GP10 | Pin 14 |
+| SDA (MOSI) | GP11 | Pin 15 |
+| DC | GP8 | Pin 11 |
+| CS | GP9 | Pin 12 |
+| RST | GP12 | Pin 16 |
+
+### 3.2 DS3231 Real-Time Clock (I2C, 0x68)
+
+The DS3231 is an ultra-precise RTC with integrated temperature-compensated crystal oscillator. A CR2032 coin cell keeps time when the main power is removed. I2C address: `0x68`.
+
+| DS3231 Pin | Pico 2W Pin | GP Number |
+|---|---|---|
+| VCC | 3V3 OUT | Pin 36 |
+| GND | GND | Pin 33 |
+| SDA | GP26 | Pin 31 |
+| SCL | GP27 | Pin 32 |
+
+### 3.3 MAX30102 Heart Rate Sensor (I2C, 0x57)
+
+The MAX30102 uses a red LED (660 nm) and an infrared LED (880 nm) to detect photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals for heart rate and SpO2 measurement. I2C address: `0x57`.
+
+| MAX30102 Pin | Pico 2W Pin | GP Number |
+|---|---|---|
+| VIN | 3V3 OUT | Pin 36 |
+| GND | GND | Pin 33 |
+| SDA | GP26 | Pin 31 |
+| SCL | GP27 | Pin 32 |
+
+### 3.4 MPU6050 Accelerometer & Gyroscope (I2C, 0x69)
+
+The MPU6050 provides 3-axis acceleration ±2g–±16g and 3-axis gyroscope ±250–±2000 °/s. Its default I2C address `0x68` conflicts with DS3231, so the AD0 pin is pulled HIGH to change it to `0x69`.
+
+| MPU6050 Pin | Pico 2W Pin | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| VCC | 3V3 OUT | 3.3V supply |
+| GND | GND | Common ground |
+| SDA | GP26 | Shared I2C bus |
+| SCL | GP27 | Shared I2C bus |
+| AD0 | 3V3 | Address → 0x69 |
+
+### 3.5 Power Supply — TP4056 + LiPo 3.7V
+
+The TP4056 module charges the LiPo battery at up to 1A via USB-C. Its output feeds the Pico 2W's VSYS pin. The Pico 2W has an internal RT6150 buck-boost converter that produces a stable 3.3V for all peripherals.
+
+| TP4056 Pin | Connected To | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| IN+ / IN- | USB-C port | 5V charging input |
+| BAT+ / BAT- | LiPo 3.7V | JST connector |
+| OUT+ | VSYS (Pico 2W) | Battery voltage out |
+| OUT- | GND | Common ground |
+
+---
+
+## 4. Software Architecture
+
+The firmware is structured as a bare-metal Rust application with no operating system. The Embassy framework provides cooperative async/await concurrency suitable for embedded systems.
+
+### 4.1 Project Structure
+
+```
+smartwatch/
+├── src/
+│   └── main.rs        # Main firmware — init + main loop
+├── Cargo.toml         # Dependencies and build config
+├── memory.x           # Linker script for RP2350 memory layout
+├── .cargo/
+│   └── config.toml    # Rust target and runner configuration
+└── README.md          # Project documentation
+```
+
+### 4.2 Memory Layout (RP2350)
+
+```
+MEMORY {
+  FLASH : ORIGIN = 0x10000000, LENGTH = 2048K
+  RAM   : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 520K
+}
+```
+
+### 4.3 Custom GC9A01 Display Driver
+
+No compatible Rust crate existed for the GC9A01 with Embassy 0.1 (embedded-hal version conflict), so a complete custom SPI driver was implemented. It implements the `embedded-graphics` `DrawTarget` trait for text and shape rendering.
+
+Driver initialization sequence:
+
+1. Toggle RST pin LOW → HIGH with delays
+2. Send 40+ initialization commands via SPI (manufacturer sequence)
+3. Set pixel format: RGB565 (16-bit, `0x3A = 0x05`)
+4. Send Sleep Out (`0x11`) → wait 120ms
+5. Send Display On (`0x29`) → wait 20ms
+
+Pixel rendering uses the `RAMWR` command (`0x2C`) with column/row address set commands (`0x2A`, `0x2B`) before each pixel write.
+
+### 4.4 Main Application Loop
+
+The main loop runs at approximately 500ms intervals:
+
+1. Read current time from DS3231 over I2C
+2. Clear the display (fill with black)
+3. Render clock time as white text at display center
+4. Render heart rate (BPM) as text below clock
+5. Check button GPIO states for user interaction
+6. Delay 500ms via `cortex_m::asm::delay()`
+
+### 4.5 Build & Flash Instructions
+
+Prerequisites: Rust toolchain, `elf2uf2-rs` tool.
+
+1. Add the ARM Cortex-M33 target:
+```bash
+rustup target add thumbv8m.main-none-eabihf
+```
+
+2. Build the release binary:
+```bash
+cargo build --release
+```
+
+3. Enter BOOTSEL mode on Pico 2W: Hold the BOOTSEL button, plug in USB, release the button. The RP2350 drive appears.
+
+4. Flash the firmware:
+```bash
+elf2uf2-rs -d target/thumbv8m.main-none-eabihf/release/smartwatch
+```
+
+---
+
+## 5. Challenges & Solutions
+
+| Challenge | Root Cause | Solution |
+|---|---|---|
+| MPU register bug in rp2040-hal | New Rust compiler changed cortex-m MPU register layout (RASR removed) | Replaced `install_stack_guard()` with empty `Ok(())` stub |
+| GC9A01 crate incompatible | gc9a01 v0.2 requires embedded-hal 0.2, Embassy needs 1.0 — version conflict | Wrote custom SPI driver implementing `embedded-graphics` `DrawTarget` |
+| Display not responding | Wrong GPIO pins connected (breadboard wiring errors) | Used MicroPython to scan all pin combos and identify correct GPIOs |
+| I2C address conflict | DS3231 and MPU6050 both default to I2C address 0x68 | Connected MPU6050 AD0 pin to 3V3 → address changes to 0x69 |
+| embassy-time linker error | Missing `_embassy_time_schedule_wake` symbol when using async Timer | Replaced async Timer with blocking `cortex_m::asm::delay()` |
+| Defective display module | GC9A01 module was damaged — no response even to RST signal | Ordered replacement; firmware is ready and tested to compile correctly |
+| TP4056 has no breadboard pins | TP4056 uses SMD pads, not through-hole pins | Soldered wires directly to SMD pads using soldering iron |
+
+---
+
+## 6. Future Improvements
+
+- NTP time synchronization via built-in WiFi (Pico 2W)
+- Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) notifications from smartphone
+- Proper heart rate algorithm with peak detection on MAX30102 data
+- Step counter implementation using MPU6050 accelerometer data
+- 3D-printed wristband case designed in FreeCAD
+- Custom PCB designed in KiCad to replace the breadboard
+- Menu system navigated via the two push buttons
+- Power-saving deep sleep mode between display updates
+- Over-the-air (OTA) firmware updates via WiFi
+- Real-time data logging to MicroSD card
+
+---
+
+## 7. References
+
+| Resource | Description / URL |
+|---|---|
+| Embedded Rust 101 | https://embedded-rust-101.wyliodrin.com — Course used for reference |
+| Embassy Framework | https://embassy.dev — Async embedded Rust framework |
+| Pico 2W Datasheet | https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/pico/pico-2-datasheet.pdf |
+| embedded-graphics | https://docs.rs/embedded-graphics — 2D graphics for embedded systems |
+| ds323x crate | https://docs.rs/ds323x — DS3231 Rust driver |
+| GC9A01 Datasheet | Galaxycore GC9A01 LCD controller datasheet |
+| MAX30102 Datasheet | Maxim Integrated MAX30102 High-Sensitivity Pulse Oximeter |
+| MPU6050 Datasheet | InvenSense MPU-6050 Product Specification Revision 3.4 |

memory.x

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+MEMORY {
+    FLASH : ORIGIN = 0x10000000, LENGTH = 2048K
+    RAM   : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 520K
+}