zot’s dist-spec authorization middleware infers the required action for PUT /v2/{name}/manifests/{reference} as create by default, and only switches to update when the tag already exists and reference != "latest".

as a result, when latest already exists, a user who is allowed to create (but not allowed to update) can still pass the authorization check for an overwrite attempt of latest.

affected component

• file: pkg/api/authz.go (DistSpecAuthzHandler)
• condition: slices.Contains(tags, reference) && reference != "latest" (line 352 at the pinned commit)

severity

HIGH
category: CWE-863 (incorrect authorization)

note: impact depends on how a deployment uses latest (for example, if latest is treated as a protected or “push-once” tag), and on how access control is provisioned (users with create but without update). the attached poc demonstrates a real overwrite of latest (tag digest changes) under a create-only policy.

steps to reproduce

1. configure access control so user attacker has create but not update on a repository.
2. ensure the repository has an existing tag named latest.
3. attempt to push a new manifest to /v2/acme/app/manifests/latest (example repository name).
4. observe that the authorization check is evaluated as create (not update) for latest, so the request passes authorization even though the tag already exists.

the attached poc demonstrates this deterministically with canonical.log and control.log markers.

expected vs actual

• expected: overwriting an existing tag should require update permission, including latest (or latest should be explicitly documented as exempt).
• actual: when reference=="latest" and the tag exists, the middleware keeps the action as create instead of switching to update.

security impact

this can break least-privilege expectations in deployments that rely on the create vs update split to prevent tag overwrites (for example, “push-once” policies). if latest is used as a high-trust tag in ci/cd, this can create supply-chain risk because a create-only principal can overwrite an existing latest tag while other existing tags correctly require update.

suggested fix

remove the special-case exemption for latest when determining whether an existing tag requires update permission (treat latest the same as other tags), or document and enforce an explicit policy rule for latest.

notes / rationale

• oci distribution spec does not define a standard authorization model; this report is about zot’s own create vs update semantics and the observable behavior in DistSpecAuthzHandler.
• zot documentation describes immutable tags as being enforceable via authorization policies (create-only “push once”, update disallowed). if latest is exempt, this control does not apply to latest unless documented otherwise.

addendum.md
poc.zip
PR_DESCRIPTION.md
RUNNABLE_POC.md

References

• GHSA-85jx-fm8m-x8c6
• https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-31801
• https://github.com/project-zot/zot/releases/tag/v2.1.15